1
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Ming W, Lu WL, Pannecouque C, Chen J, Wang HF, Xiao YQ, Hu S, Gu SX, Zhu YY, Chen FE. Hybrids of delavirdine and piperdin-4-yl-aminopyrimidines (DPAPYs) as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs: Design, synthesis and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115114. [PMID: 36640458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The hybrids of delavirdine and piperdin-4-yl-aminopyrimidine (DPAPYs) were designed from two excellent HIV-1 NNRTIs delavirdine and piperidin-4-yl-aminopyrimidine via molecular hybridization. The target compounds 4a-r were prepared and evaluated for their cellular anti-HIV activities and cytotoxicities as well as the inhibitory activities against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). All the newly synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate to excellent potency against wild-type (WT) HIV-1 with EC50 values in a range of 5.7 to 0.0086 μM and against RT with IC50 values ranging from 12.0 to 0.11 μM, indicating that the DPAPYs were specific RT inhibitors. Among all, 4d displayed the most potent activity against WT HIV-1 (EC50 = 8.6 nM, SI = 2151). Gratifyingly, it exhibited good to excellent potency against the single HIV-1 mutants L100I, K103N, Y181C, Y188L, E138K, as well as the double mutant F227L + V106A. Furthermore, the preliminary structure-activity relationships were summarized, molecular modeling was conducted to explore the binding mode of DPAPYs and HIV-1 RT, and their physicochemical properties were also predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ming
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Wen-Long Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Ya-Qi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Sha Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China; Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
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2
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Chapala VL, Paidikondala K, M GP, Katari NK, Kerru N, Jonnalagadda SB. A New Method for Preparation of Rilpivirine Intermediate. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1933105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Lakshmi Chapala
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kalyani Paidikondala
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Giri Prasad M
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, India
- School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nagaraju Kerru
- Department of Chemistry. GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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3
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Scott JA, Soto-Velasquez M, Hayes MP, LaVigne JE, Miller HR, Kaur J, Ejendal KFK, Watts VJ, Flaherty DP. Optimization of a Pyrimidinone Series for Selective Inhibition of Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclase 1 Activity for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4667-4686. [PMID: 35271288 PMCID: PMC9390083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) is involved in signaling for chronic pain sensitization in the central nervous system and is an emerging target for the treatment of chronic pain. AC1 and a closely related isoform AC8 are also implicated to have roles in learning and memory signaling processes. Our team has carried out cellular screening for inhibitors of AC1 yielding a pyrazolyl-pyrimidinone scaffold with low micromolar potency against AC1 and selectivity versus AC8. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to analogues with cellular IC50 values as low as 0.25 μM, selectivity versus AC8 and other AC isoforms as well as other common neurological targets. A representative analogue displayed modest antiallodynic effects in a mouse model of inflammatory pain. This series represents the most potent and selective inhibitors of Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated AC1 activity to date with improved drug-like physicochemical properties making them potential lead compounds for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael P Hayes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Heath R Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karin F K Ejendal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr. West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr. West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Zhang T, Zhou Z, Zalloum WA, Wang Z, Fu Z, Cherukupalli S, Feng D, Sun Y, Gao S, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Design, synthesis, and antiviral evaluation of novel piperidine-substituted arylpyrimidines as HIV-1 NNRTIs by exploring the hydrophobic channel of NNIBP. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105353. [PMID: 34536931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, alkenylpiperidine and alkynylpiperidine moieties were introduced into the left wing of DAPYs (diarylpyrimidines) to explore the new site of the NNIBP (non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket) protein-solvent interface region via the structure-based drug design strategy. All the synthesized compounds displayed nanomolar to submicromolar activity against WT (wild-type) HIV-1. Among all, compound FT1 (EC50 = 19 nM) was found to be the most active molecule, which is better than NVP (EC50 = 0.10 μM). In addition, most of the compounds displayed micromolar activity against K103N and E138K mutant strains, while FT1 (EC50(K103N) = 50 nM, EC50(E138K) = 0.19 µM) still has the most effective activity. The molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the presence of pyridine moiety of FT1 was essential and played a significant role in its binding with RT (reverse transcriptase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba, P.O Box 2882, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Da Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanying Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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5
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Fu Z, Zhang T, Zhou Z, Kang D, Sun L, Gao S, Cherukupalli S, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Liu X, Zhan P. Exploiting the hydrophobic channel of the NNIBP: Discovery of novel diarylpyrimidines as HIV-1 NNRTIs against wild-type and K103N mutant viruses. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116239. [PMID: 34090079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To further explore the chemical space surrounding the "hydrophobic channel" of the NNRTI binding pocket (NNIBP), a new series of diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) were designed and synthesized as potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). The target compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV potency in MT-4 cells. Most of the synthesized DAPYs exhibited moderate to excellent activity against the HIV-1 wild-type (WT) strain with EC50 values ranging from 16 nM to 0.722 µM. Interestingly, few compounds displayed remarkable activity in inhibiting K103N mutant virus with EC50 values ranging from 39 nM to 1.708 µM. Notably, FS2 (EC50(IIIB) = 16 nM, EC50(K103N) = 39 nM, SI = 294) was identified as the most significant compound, which was considerably more potent than nevirapine, lamivudine, and comparable to zidovudine. Additionally, the HIV-1 RT inhibition assay confirmed their binding target. Preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) and molecular modeling studies were also performed, providing significant suggestions for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China; China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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6
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Ding L, Zhuang C, Chen F. Druggability modification strategies of the diarylpyrimidine-type non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1255-1290. [PMID: 33497504 DOI: 10.1002/med.21760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a hot field in medicinal chemistry community for many years. The diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) are the second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) targeting reverse transcriptase, playing a great irreplaceable role in HIV transcriptional therapy. However, fast-growing drug-resistant mutations as nonnegligible challenge are still unpredictably appeared in the clinical practice, leading to deactivate or reduce the existing drugs. In the last 20 years, more and more novel DAPY derivatives have developed with the purpose to counter the mutants. Nevertheless, most of them have dissatisfactory pharmacokinetics (PK) or poor antiviral activity toward resistant mutant strains. In this article, we will analyze the NNRTI derivatives with promising druggability, and summarize a series of druggability modification strategies to improve the antiviral activity, reduce toxicity and improve the PK properties in recent years. The prospects of DAPYs and the directions for future efforts will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Gu SX, Zhu YY, Wang C, Wang HF, Liu GY, Cao S, Huang L. Recent discoveries in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 54:166-172. [PMID: 33176248 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are indispensable components of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has achieved great success in controlling AIDS epidemic in reducing drastically the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. RTIs are divided into two categories, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In this review, the recent discoveries in NRTIs and NNRTIs, including approved anti-HIV drugs and noteworthy drug candidates in different development stages, are summarized, and their future direction is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China; Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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8
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Xiao T, Tang JF, Meng G, Pannecouque C, Zhu YY, Liu GY, Xu ZQ, Wu FS, Gu SX, Chen FE. Indazolyl-substituted piperidin-4-yl-aminopyrimidines as HIV-1 NNRTIs: Design, synthesis and biological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 186:111864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Recent progress in HIV-1 inhibitors targeting the entrance channel of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor binding pocket. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:277-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Čechová L, Dejmek M, Baszczyňski O, Šaman D, Gao L, Hu E, Stepan G, Jansa P, Janeba Z, Šimon P. Synthesis and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of substituted ( o,o-difluorophenyl)-linked-pyrimidines as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother 2019; 27:2040206619826265. [PMID: 30788976 PMCID: PMC6376552 DOI: 10.1177/2040206619826265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the worldwide number of human immunodeficiency virus positive patients stagnant and the increasing emergence of viral strains resistant to current treatment, the development of novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus drug candidates is a perpetual quest of medicinal chemists. Herein, we report a novel group of diarylpyrimidines, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which represents an important class of current anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy. Series of diarylpyrimidines containing o,o-difluorophenyl (A-arm), 4-cyanophenylamino (B-arm), and a small substituent (e.g. NH2, OMe) at positions 2, 4, and 6 of the pyrimidine ring were prepared. The A-arm was modified in the para position (F or OMe) and linked to the central pyrimidine core with a variable spacer (CO, O, NH). Antiviral activities of 20 compounds were measured against wild type human immunodeficiency virus-1 and mutant reverse transcriptase strains (K103N, Y181C) using a cytoprotection assay. To the most promising structural motives belong the o,o-difluoro-p-methoxy A-arm in position 4, and the amino group in position 6 of pyrimidine. Single digit nanomolar activities with no significant toxicity (CC50 > 17,000 nM) were found for compounds 35 (EC50 = 2 nM), 37 (EC50 = 3 nM), and 13 (EC50 = 4 nM) having O, NH, and CO linkers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Čechová
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liping Gao
- 2 Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, USA
| | - Eric Hu
- 2 Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, USA
| | | | - Petr Jansa
- 2 Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimon
- 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Zhou Z, Liu T, Wu G, Kang D, Fu Z, Wang Z, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Targeting the hydrophobic channel of NNIBP: discovery of novel 1,2,3-triazole-derived diarylpyrimidines as novel HIV-1 NNRTIs with high potency against wild-type and K103N mutant virus. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3202-3217. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,2,3-triazole-derived diarylpyrimidines were discovered as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Zhipeng Fu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- K.U. Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
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12
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Gu SX, Lu HH, Liu GY, Ju XL, Zhu YY. Advances in diarylpyrimidines and related analogues as HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:371-392. [PMID: 30223123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have been playing an important role in the fight against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) as the second generation NNRTIs, represented by etravirine (TMC125) and rilpivirine (TMC278), have attracted extensive attention due to their extraordinary potency, high specificity and low toxicity. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant virus strains and dissatisfactory pharmacokinetics of DAPYs present new challenges. In the past two decades, an increasing number of novel DAPY derivatives have emerged, which significantly enriched the structure-activity relationship of DAPYs. Studies of crystallography and molecular modeling have afforded a lot of useful information on structural requirements of NNRTIs, which contributes greatly to the improvement of their resistance profiles. In this review, we reviewed the discovery history and their evolution of DAPYs including their structural modification, derivatization and scaffold hopping in continuous pursuit of excellent anti-HIV drugs. And also, we discussed the prospect of DAPYs and the directions of future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Huan-Huan Lu
- Yichang Humanwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443005, PR China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiu-Lian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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13
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Liu G, Wang W, Wan Y, Ju X, Gu S. Application of 3D-QSAR, Pharmacophore, and Molecular Docking in the Molecular Design of Diarylpyrimidine Derivatives as HIV-1 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051436. [PMID: 29751616 PMCID: PMC5983643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs), acting as HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), have been considered to be one of the most potent drug families in the fight against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To better understand the structural requirements of HIV-1 NNRTIs, three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR), pharmacophore, and molecular docking studies were performed on 52 DAPY analogues that were synthesized in our previous studies. The internal and external validation parameters indicated that the generated 3D-QSAR models, including comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA, q2 = 0.679, R2 = 0.983, and rpred2 = 0.884) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA, q2 = 0.734, R2 = 0.985, and rpred2 = 0.891), exhibited good predictive abilities and significant statistical reliability. The docking results demonstrated that the phenyl ring at the C4-position of the pyrimidine ring was better than the cycloalkanes for the activity, as the phenyl group was able to participate in π–π stacking interactions with the aromatic residues of the binding site, whereas the cycloalkanes were not. The pharmacophore model and 3D-QSAR contour maps provided significant insights into the key structural features of DAPYs that were responsible for the activity. On the basis of the obtained information, a series of novel DAPY analogues of HIV-1 NNRTIs with potentially higher predicted activity was designed. This work might provide useful information for guiding the rational design of potential HIV-1 NNRTI DAPYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Youlan Wan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Shuangxi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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14
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Zhou Z, Liu T, Kang D, Huo Z, Wu G, Daelemans D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of novel diarylpyrimidines as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs by investigating the chemical space of a less explored “hydrophobic channel”. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1014-1028. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02828h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We described the identification of novel HIV-1 NNRTIs via exploration of the chemical space of a seldom explored “hydrophobic channel”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Zhipeng Huo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- K.U.Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research
- K.U.Leuven
- B-3000 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- 250012 Jinan
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15
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Liu H, Wu B, Ge Y, Huang J, Song S, Wang C, Yao J, Liu K, Li Y, Li Y, Ma X. Phosphamide-containing diphenylpyrimidine analogues (PA-DPPYs) as potent focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors with enhanced activity against pancreatic cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6313-6321. [PMID: 29102081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A family of phosphamide-containing diphenylpyrimidine analogues (PA-DPPYs) were synthesized as potent focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors. The PA-DPPY derivatives could significantly inhibit the FAK enzymatic activity at concentrations lower than 10.69 nM. Among them, compounds 7a and 7e were two of the most active FAK inhibitors, possessing IC50 values of 4.25 nM and 4.65 nM, respectively. In particular, compound 7e also displayed strong activity against AsPC cell line, with an IC50 of 1.66 μM, but show low activity against the normal HPDE6-C7 cells (IC50 > 20 μM), indicating its low cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis showed that after treatment with 7e (8 μM, 72 h), both AsPC and Panc cells growth were almost totally inhibited, with a cell viability rate of 16.8% and 18.1%, respectively. Overall, compound 7e may be served as a valuable FAK inhibitor for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yang Ge
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Huang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shijie Song
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Yongming Li
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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16
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Searching for novel N 1-substituted benzimidazol-2-ones as non-nucleoside HIV-1 RT inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3861-3870. [PMID: 28559060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) represent an integral part of the currently available combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) contributing to reduce the AIDS-mortality and turned the disease from lethal to chronic. In this context we recently reported a series of 6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenylsulfonyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-ones as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In this paper, we describe the design and the synthesis of two novel series of benzimidazolone analogues in which the linker moiety between the phenyl ring and the sulfonyl group was modified and new small lipophilic groups on the benzyl sulfonyl pendant were introduced. All the new obtained compounds were evaluated as RT inhibitors and were also tested against RTs containing single amino acid mutations. Finally, molecular docking studies were performed in order to rationalize the observed activity of the most promising compound.
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17
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Lu HH, Xue P, Zhu YY, Ju XL, Zheng XJ, Zhang X, Xiao T, Pannecouque C, Li TT, Gu SX. Structural modifications of diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs: Synthesis, anti-HIV activities and SAR. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2491-2497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Xue P, Lu HH, Zhu YY, Ju XL, Pannecouque C, Zheng XJ, Liu GY, Zhang XL, Gu SX. Design and synthesis of hybrids of diarylpyrimidines and diketo acids as HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1640-1643. [PMID: 28314598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the strategy of molecular hybridization, diketo acid fragment as a classical phamacophore of integrase inhibitors was introduced to reverse transcriptase inhibitors diarylpyrimidines to design a series of diarylpyrimidine-diketo acid hybrids (DAPY-DKAs). The target molecules 10b and 11b showed inhibitory activities against WT HIV-1 with EC50 values of 0.18μM and 0.14μM, respectively. And the results of molecular docking demonstrated the potential binding mode and revealed that the DKA moiety and its ester could both be tolerated in the nonnucleoside binding site (NNBS) of HIV-1 RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Huan-Huan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Xiu-Lian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiao-Jiao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Gen-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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19
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Novel (2,6-difluorophenyl)(2-(phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)methanones with restricted conformation as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against HIV-1. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:185-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Gu SX, Xue P, Ju XL, Zhu YY. Advances in rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5007-5016. [PMID: 27658796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) are two indispensable enzymes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. RT is responsible for the transformation of the single-stranded RNA viral genome into double-stranded DNA, and IN catalyzes the integration of viral DNA into the host DNA. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) combining nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs) with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs) could suppress successfully HIV viral load and reduce evidently the mortality of HIV infected people, it involves the difficulty of perfect adherence, and other drawbacks such as viral rebound, toxicities and multi-drug resistances. Recently, rational drug design has become a dominant technique for the development of multi-target drugs. And the rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and IN have become a hot topic of anti-HIV research. In this review, the advances in rationally designed dual inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and IN were summarized, including structurally diverse inhibitors, their structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies as well as binding mode analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xiu-Lian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
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