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Zhao J, Lu N, Qu Y, Liu W, Zhong H, Tang N, Li J, Wang L, Xi D, He F. Calcium-sensing receptor-mediated macrophage polarization improves myocardial remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10112. [PMID: 38715976 PMCID: PMC11075494 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a key element in the progression of essential hypertension (EH). Calcium plays a key role in inflammation, so its receptor, the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), is an essential mediator of the inflammatory process. Compelling evidence suggests that CaSR mediates inflammation in tissues and immune cells, where it mediates their activity and chemotaxis. Macrophages (Mφs) play a major role in the inflammatory response process. This study provided convincing evidence that R568, a positive regulator of CaSR, was effective in lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), improving cardiac function by alleviating cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. R568 can increase the content of CaSR and M2 macrophages (M2Mφs, exert an anti-inflammatory effect) in myocardial tissue, reduce M1 macrophages (M1Mφs), which have a pro-inflammatory effect in this process. In contrast, NPS2143, a negative state regulator of CaSR, exerted the opposite effect in all of the above experiments. Following this study, R568 increased CaSR content in SHR myocardial tissue, lowered blood pressure, promoted macrophages to M2Mφs and improved myocardial fibrosis, but interestingly, both M1Mφs and M2Mφs were increased in the peritoneal cavity of SHRs, the number of M2Mφs remained lower than M1Mφs. In vitro, R568 increased CaSR content in RAW264.7 cells (a macrophage cell line), regulating intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) inhibited NOD-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and ultimately prevented its conversion to M1Mφs. The results showed that a decrease in CaSR in hypertensive rats causes further development of hypertension and cardiac damage. EH myocardial remodeling can be improved by CaSR overexpression by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage polarization toward M1Mφs and increasing M2Mφs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ning Lu
- School of Medicine, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Na Tang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lamei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fang He
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Gómez-Gil S, Solas M, Suárez-Pantiga S, Sanz R. Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of 4-Functionalized Tetrahydrocarbazol-1-ones from 1,4-Dicarbonylindole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:505-520. [PMID: 38085096 PMCID: PMC10777410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A p-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed cascade reaction is reported for the synthesis of 4-functionalized tetrahydrocarbazolones via the reaction of 4-(indol-2-yl)-4-oxobutanal derivatives with a variety of nucleophiles in acetonitrile or hexafluoroisopropanol. After the initial intramolecular Friedel-Crafts hydroxyalkylation, the 3-indolylmethanol intermediate is subsequently activated and reacted with the external nucleophile. The reaction conditions are crucial to avoid alternative reaction pathways, allowing direct substitution reaction with thiols, (hetero)arenes, alkenes, or sulfinates. The procedure features high overall yields to access a diverse family of compounds bearing the tetrahydrocarbazole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-Gil
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
| | - Marta Solas
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
| | - Samuel Suárez-Pantiga
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Área de Química
Orgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001-Burgos, Spain
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Huang L, Xun X, Zhao M, Xue J, Li G, Hong L. Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective sp3 C–H Azidation of Alkyl Substituents of Indoles and Tetrahydrocarbazoles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11885-11890. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Xun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Man Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Liang Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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Guo Y, Yang X, He J, Liu J, Yang S, Dong H. Important roles of the Ca 2+-sensing receptor in vascular health and disease. Life Sci 2018; 209:217-227. [PMID: 30098342 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), a member of G protein-coupled receptor family, is widely expressed in the vascular system, including perivascular neurons, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). When stimulated, CaSR can further increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in two ways: intracellular Ca2+ release from endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) and extracellular Ca2+ entry through Ca2+-permeable cation channels. In endothelium, increased Ca2+ subsequently activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKCa), resulting in vasodilation through NOS-mediated NO release or membrane hyperpolarization. In VSMCs, CaSR-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase causes blood vessel constriction. CaSR activation predominantly induces vasorelaxation of whole vascular tissues through VECs-dependent mechanisms; however, CaSR-induced Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs may play a braking role in CaSR-mediated vasorelaxation. Emerging evidence reveals the importance of CaSR in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Here, we summarized recent advances in CaSR-mediated vascular reaction and the underlying mechanisms in different species, including humans. In addition, several studies have demonstrated that CaSR dysfunction may be associated with some fatal vascular diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, primary hypertension, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction and vascular calcification. With the advance of studies on CaSR in vascular health and disease, it is expected positive modulators or negative modulators of CaSR used for the treatment of specific diseases may be promising therapeutic options for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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