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Kumar D, Kumar H, Kumar V, Deep A, Sharma A, Marwaha MG, Marwaha RK. Mechanism-based approaches of 1,3,4 thiadiazole scaffolds as potent enzyme inhibitors for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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2
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Macías-Hernández CE, Romero-Chávez MM, Mojica-Sánchez JP, Pineda-Urbina K, Martínez MTS, Jimenez-Ruiz EI, Via LD, Ramos-Organillo Á. Synthesis and characterization of new monothiooxalamides containing pyridine nuclei with promising antiproliferative and antioxidant activity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Palamarchuk IV, Shulgau ZT, Dautov AY, Sergazy SD, Kulakov IV. Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, computational analysis, and in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase evaluation of 3-aminopyridin-2(1 H)-one based novel monothiooxamides and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8962-8976. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01772e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of biologically active 3-aminopyridin-2(1H)-ones, chemical modification of derivatives of the corresponding monothiooxamides, thiohydrazides, and conjugated 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives has been carried out for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Palamarchuk
- Tyumen State University, Institute of Chemistry, 15a Perekopskaya St., Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Zarina T. Shulgau
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Adilet Y. Dautov
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Shynggys D. Sergazy
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoe road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan V. Kulakov
- Tyumen State University, Institute of Chemistry, 15a Perekopskaya St., Tyumen 625003, Russia
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4
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Lukin A, Bakholdina A, Chudinov M, Onopchenko O, Zhuravel E, Zozulya S, Gureev M, Krasavin M. Strained contacts with the cell membrane may influence ligand affinity to G protein coupled receptors: a case of free fatty acid receptor 1 agonists. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1651-1658. [PMID: 34294008 PMCID: PMC8317940 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1955874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamides bearing a substituted biphenyl in the amide portion was synthesised and tested for agonistic activity towards free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1). The observed activity trends were impossible to rationalised based solely on the docking energy scores of Glide SP. On the contrary, when the phospholipid cell membrane bilayer was reconstructed around FFA1, it became apparent that inactive compounds displayed significant strained contacts with the membrane while for active compounds the strain was noticeably lower. These findings justify using the improved docking protocol for modelling GPCR-ligand interactions which uses the crystal structure of the receptor and a reconstructed portion of a cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Lukin
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Bakholdina
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Chudinov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Sergey Zozulya
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maxim Gureev
- Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare Research Center, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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5
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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6
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Lukin A, Bakholdina A, Zhurilo N, Onopchenko O, Zhuravel E, Zozulya S, Gureev M, Safrygin A, Krasavin M. Exploration of the nitrogen heterocyclic periphery around the core of the advanced FFA1 agonist fasiglifam (TAK-875). Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 354:e2000275. [PMID: 33270252 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three types of heterocyclic moieties-piperidines fused to a heteroaromatic moiety-were explored as potential periphery motifs for the pharmacophoric core of fasiglifam (TAK-875), with fasiglifam being the most advanced agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1, a promising target for therapeutic intervention in type 2 diabetes. Several observed structure-activity relationship trends were corroborated by in silico docking results. Balanced selection based on potency and Caco-2 permeability advanced six compounds to cellular efficacy tests (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in rat insulinoma INS1E cells). This led to the nomination of compound 16a (LK1408, 3-[4-({4-[(3-{[(2-fluorobenzyl)oxy]methyl}-1-methyl-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-5H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-5-yl)methyl]benzyl}oxy)phenyl]propanoic acid hydrochloride) as the lead for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Lukin
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Bakholdina
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Zhurilo
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Sergey Zozulya
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maxim Gureev
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Safrygin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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7
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Aleksanyan DV, Churusova SG, Brunova VV, Rybalkina EY, Susova OY, Peregudov AS, Klemenkova ZS, Denisov GL, Kozlov VA. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxic activity of N-metallated rhenium(I) pincer complexes with (thio)phosphoryl pendant arms. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Synthesis, physico-chemical properties and microsomal stability of compounds bearing aliphatic trifluoromethoxy group. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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Krayushkin MM, Yarovenko VN, Zavarzin IV. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds based on oxamic acid monothiooxamides and thiohydrazides. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zasukha SV, Timoshenko VM, Tolmachev AA, Pivnytska VO, Gavrylenko O, Zhersh S, Shermolovich Y, Grygorenko OO. Sulfonimidamides and Imidosulfuric Diamides: Compounds from an Underexplored Part of Biologically Relevant Chemical Space. Chemistry 2019; 25:6928-6940. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V. Zasukha
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Institute of Organic ChemistryNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Vadim M. Timoshenko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Andrey A. Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 64 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | | | | | - Serhii Zhersh
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Shermolovich
- Institute of Organic ChemistryNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 64 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
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11
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Levterov VV, Michurin O, Borysko PO, Zozulya S, Sadkova IV, Tolmachev AA, Mykhailiuk PK. Photochemical In-Flow Synthesis of 2,4-Methanopyrrolidines: Pyrrolidine Analogues with Improved Water Solubility and Reduced Lipophilicity. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14350-14361. [PMID: 30358395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of 2,4-methanopyrrolidines was elaborated. The key synthetic step was an intramolecular photochemical [2 + 2]-cycloaddition of an acrylic acid derivative in flow. In spite of a higher molecular weight, 2,4-methanopyrrolidines were shown to have higher solubility in water and lower lipophilicity than pyrrolidines, important characteristics of bioactive molecules in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym V Levterov
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net)
| | - Oleg Michurin
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net)
| | - Petro O Borysko
- Bienta, Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.bienta.net)
| | - Sergey Zozulya
- Bienta, Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.bienta.net)
| | - Iryna V Sadkova
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net)
| | - Andrey A Tolmachev
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net).,Department of Chemistry , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Volodymyrska 64 , Kyiv 01601 , Ukraine (www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine, Ltd. , Chervonotkatska 78 , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine (www.enamine.net).,Department of Chemistry , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Volodymyrska 64 , Kyiv 01601 , Ukraine (www.mykhailiukchem.org)
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12
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Yoon DO, Zhao X, Son D, Han JT, Yun J, Shin D, Park HJ. SAR Studies of Indole-5-propanoic Acid Derivatives To Develop Novel GPR40 Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1336-1340. [PMID: 29259758 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) has been considered to be an attractive drug target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes because of its role in free fatty acids-mediated enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β-cells. A series of indole-5-propanoic acid compounds were synthesized, and their GPR40 agonistic activities were evaluated by nuclear factor of activated T-cells reporter assay and GSIS assay in the MIN-6 insulinoma cells. Three compounds, 8h (EC50 = 58.6 nM), 8i (EC50 = 37.8 nM), and 8o (EC50 = 9.4 nM), were identified as potent GPR40 agonists with good GSIS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dongyun Shin
- College
of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, South Korea
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13
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Krasavin M, Lukin A, Bakholdina A, Zhurilo N, Onopchenko O, Borysko P, Zozulya S, Moore D, Tikhonova IG. Continued SAR exploration of 1,2,4-thiadiazole-containing scaffolds in the design of free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:229-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Quercetin/oleic acid-based G-protein-coupled receptor 40 ligands as new insulin secretion modulators. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1873-1885. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus by diet is achievable at the early stage of the disease; patients usually underestimate this approach and an appropriate drug therapy is required. Results: Starting from quercetin and oleic acid, that have effect on insulin secretion, a small set of hybrid molecules was synthesized. Insulin secretion was evaluated in both in vitro and ex vivo models. AV1 was able to enhance insulin secretion dose dependently, behaving as a conceivable agonist of G-protein-coupled receptor 40. Conclusion: AV1 represents an interesting tool that interacts with G-protein-coupled receptor 40. Further studies will be carried out to evaluate the exact binding mode, and also to enlarge the library of these antidiabetic agents. [Formula: see text]
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15
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Li Z, Xu X, Huang W, Qian H. Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (FFAR1) as an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:381-425. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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16
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Krasavin M, Lukin A, Bagnyukova D, Zhurilo N, Golovanov A, Zozulya S, Zahanich I, Moore D, Tikhonova IG. Polar aromatic periphery increases agonist potency of spirocyclic free fatty acid receptor (GPR40) agonists inspired by LY2881835. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:357-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Krasavin M, Lukin A, Bagnyukova D, Zhurilo N, Zahanich I, Zozulya S, Ihalainen J, Forsberg MM, Lehtonen M, Rautio J, Moore D, Tikhonova IG. Free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40) agonists containing spirocyclic periphery inspired by LY2881835. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5481-5494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Krasavin M, Lukin A, Bagnyukova D, Zhurilo N, Zahanich I, Zozulya S. Novel FFA1 (GPR40) agonists containing spirocyclic periphery: polar azine periphery as a driver of potency. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 32:29-36. [PMID: 27781494 PMCID: PMC6021034 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1230110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of nine compounds based on 3-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]propanoic acid core containing a 1-oxa-9-azaspiro[5.5]undecane periphery was designed, synthesized and evaluated as free fatty acid 1 (FFA1 or GPR40) agonists. The spirocyclic appendages included in these compounds were inspired by LY2881835, Eli Lilly’s advanced drug candidate for type II diabetes mellitus that was in phase I clinical trials. These polar spirocyclic, fully saturated appendages (that are themselves uncharacteristic of the known FFA1 ligand space) were further decorated with diverse polar groups (such as basic heterocycles or secondary amides). To our surprise, while seven of nine compounds were found to be inactive (likely due to the decrease in lipophilicity, which is known to be detrimental to FFA1 ligand affinity), two compounds containing 2-pyridyloxy and 2-pyrimidinyloxy groups were found to have EC50 of 1.621 and 0.904 µM, respectively. This result is significant in the context of the worldwide quest for more polar FFA1 agonists, which would be devoid of liver toxicity effects earlier observed for a FFA1 agonist fasiglifam (TAk-875) in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Krasavin
- a Saint Petersburg State University , Saint Petersburg , Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Lukin
- b Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies , Moscow Technological University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Daria Bagnyukova
- b Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies , Moscow Technological University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Zhurilo
- b Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies , Moscow Technological University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | | | - Sergey Zozulya
- c Enamine Ltd. , Kyiv , Ukraine.,d Taras Shevchenko National University , Kyiv , Ukraine
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Abstract
FFA1 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by medium- to long-chain fatty acids. FFA1 plays important roles in various physiological processes such as insulin secretion and energy metabolism. FFA1 expressed on pancreatic β-cells and intestine contributes to insulin and incretin secretion, respectively. These physiological functions of FFA1 are interesting as an attractive drug target for type II diabetes and metabolic disorders. A number of synthetic FFA1 ligands have been developed and they have contributed to our current understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological functions of FFA1 both in in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, these synthetic ligands also provided information on the structure-activity relationships of FFA1 ligands. Further, FFA1 protein crystallized with one of the high affinity agonist leads provided useful insights for the development of more effective ligands. Among FFA1 ligands, several compounds have been further investigated in the clinical trials. Thus, FFA1 ligands have great potential as drug candidates. In this section, recent progress about FFA1 ligands and the possibility of their clinical use are described.
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