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Nguyen AT, Kim HK. Recent Developments in PET and SPECT Radiotracers as Radiopharmaceuticals for Hypoxia Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1840. [PMID: 37514026 PMCID: PMC10385036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a deficiency in the levels of oxygen, is a common feature of most solid tumors and induces many characteristics of cancer. Hypoxia is associated with metastases and strong resistance to radio- and chemotherapy, and can decrease the accuracy of cancer prognosis. Non-invasive imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using hypoxia-targeting radiopharmaceuticals have been used for the detection and therapy of tumor hypoxia. Nitroimidazoles are bioreducible moieties that can be selectively reduced under hypoxic conditions covalently bind to intracellular macromolecules, and are trapped within hypoxic cells and tissues. Recently, there has been a strong motivation to develop PET and SPECT radiotracers as radiopharmaceuticals containing nitroimidazole moieties for the visualization and treatment of hypoxic tumors. In this review, we summarize the development of some novel PET and SPECT radiotracers as radiopharmaceuticals containing nitroimidazoles, as well as their physicochemical properties, in vitro cellular uptake values, in vivo biodistribution, and PET/SPECT imaging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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Nguyen AT, Kim HK. Recent Advances of 68Ga-Labeled PET Radiotracers with Nitroimidazole in the Diagnosis of Hypoxia Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10552. [PMID: 37445730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive molecular imaging method extensively applied in the detection and treatment of various diseases. Hypoxia is a common phenomenon found in most solid tumors. Nitroimidazole is a group of bioreducible pharmacophores that selectively accumulate in hypoxic regions of the body. Over the past few decades, many scientists have reported the use of radiopharmaceuticals containing nitroimidazole for the detection of hypoxic tumors. Gallium-68, a positron-emitting radioisotope, has a favorable half-life time of 68 min and can be conveniently produced by 68Ge/68Ga generators. Recently, there has been significant progress in the preparation of novel 68Ga-labeled complexes bearing nitroimidazole moieties for the diagnosis of hypoxia. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of developing 68Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals with nitroimidazole moieties, their pharmacokinetics, and in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as PET imaging studies for hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
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Campbell E, Jordan C, Gilmour R. Fluorinated carbohydrates for 18F-positron emission tomography (PET). Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3599-3626. [PMID: 37171037 PMCID: PMC10243284 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate diversity is foundational in the molecular literacy that regulates cellular function and communication. Consequently, delineating and leveraging this structure-function interplay continues to be a core research objective in the development of candidates for biomedical diagnostics. A totemic example is the ubiquity of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (2-[18F]-FDG) as a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET), in which metabolic trapping is harnessed. Building on this clinical success, more complex sugars with unique selectivities are gaining momentum in molecular recognition and personalised medicine: this reflects the opportunities that carbohydrate-specific targeting affords in a broader sense. In this Tutorial Review, key milestones in the development of 2-[18F]-FDG and related glycan-based radiotracers for PET are described, with their diagnostic functions, to assist in navigating this rapidly expanding field of interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Campbell
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christina Jordan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Arachchige SS, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation and Its Influence on Glycosylation Selectivity in Hexo- and Higher Carbon Furanosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:316-339. [PMID: 34905382 PMCID: PMC8741747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and side chain conformational analysis of a series of four 6-deoxy-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl hexofuranosyl donors with the d-gluco, l-ido, d-altro, and l-galacto configurations. The conformation of the exocyclic bond of these compounds depends on the relative configuration of the point of attachment of the side chain to the ring and of the two flanking centers and can be predicted on that basis analogously to the heptopyranose analogs. Variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT NMR) spectroscopy of the activated donors reveals complex, configuration-dependent mixtures of intermediates that we interpret in terms of fused and bridged oxonium ions arising from participation by the various benzyl ethers. The increased importance of ether participation in the furanoside series compared to the pyranosides is discussed in terms of the reduced stabilization afforded to furanosyl oxocarbenium ions by covalent triflate formation. The stereoselectivities of the four donors are discussed on the basis of the benzyl ether participation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Siyabalapitiya Arachchige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Research progress of 18F labeled small molecule positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112629. [PMID: 32956956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With the development of positron emission tomography (PET) technology, a variety of PET imaging agents labeled with radionuclide 18F have been developed and widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various clinical diseases in recent years. For example, they have showed a great value of study in the field of tumor detection, tumor treatment and evaluation of tumor therapy in a non-invasive, qualitative and quantitative way. In this review, we highlight the recent development in chemical synthesis, structure and characterization, imaging characterization, and potential applications of these 18F labeled small molecule PET imaging agents for the past five years. The development and application of 18F labeled small molecules will expand our knowledge of the function and distribution of diseases-related molecular targets and shed light on the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases including tumors.
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Nikam RR, Gore KR. A mild and convenient approach for selective acetonide cleavage involved in carbohydrate synthesis using PPA-SiO2. J Carbohydr Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1708374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul R. Nikam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Kiran R. Gore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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Remete AM, Kiss L. Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Molecular Entities Through Fluoride Ring Opening of Oxiranes and Aziridines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Márió Remete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
| | - Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; Eötvös u. 6 6720 Szeged Hungary
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Zhang L, Yao X, Cao J, Hong H, Zhang A, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Zha Z, Liu Y, Qiao J, Zhu L, Kung HF. In Vivo Ester Hydrolysis as a New Approach in Development of Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for Imaging Hypoxia. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1156-1166. [PMID: 30676751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important biochemical and physiological condition associated with uncontrolled growth of tumor. Measurement of hypoxia in tumor tissue may be useful in characterization of tumor progression and monitoring drug treatment. [18F]FMISO is the most widely employed radiotracer for imaging of hypoxic tissue with positron emission tomography (PET). However, it showed relatively low uptake in hypoxic tissues, which led to low target-to-background contrast in PET images. To overcome these shortcomings, two novel 2-fluoroproprioic acid esters, nitroimidazole derivatives 2-fluoropropionic acid 2-(2-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester (FNPFT, [19F]5) and 2-fluoropropionic acid 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-1-yl)-ethyl ester (FMNPFT, [19F]8), were prepared and tested. Radiolabeling of [18F]5 and [18F]8 was accomplished in 45 min (radiochemical purity >95%, the decay-corrected radiochemical yield of [18F]5 was 11 ± 2%, and that of [18F]8 was 13 ± 2%, n = 5). In vitro cell uptake studies using EMT-6 tumor cells showed that both radiotracers [18F]5 and [18F]8 displayed significantly higher uptake in hypoxic cells than those under normoxic condition, while 2-[18F]fluoropropionic acid (2-[18F]FPA) displayed no difference. Biodistribution studies in mice bearing EMT-6 tumor showed that [18F]5, [18F]8, and 2-[18F]FPA displayed similar tumor and major organ uptakes. Tumor uptake values for all three agents were higher than those of [18F]FMISO, respectively ( P < 0.05). This is likely due to a rapid in vivo hydrolysis of [18F]5 and [18F]8 to their metabolite, 2-[18F]FPA. Micro PET imaging studies in the same EMT-6 implanted mice tumor model also demonstrated that both [18F]5 and [18F]8 displayed similar tumor uptake comparable to that of 2-[18F]FPA. In conclusion, two new fluorine-18 labeled nitroimidazole derivatives, [18F]5 and [18F]8, showed good tumor uptakes in mice bearing EMT-6 tumor. However, in vivo biodistribution results suggested that they were more likely reflect the predominance of in vivo produced metabolite, 2-[18F]FPA, which may not be related to tumor hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Yao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Aili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Ruiyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Zha
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069 , P. R. China.,Department of Radiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19014 , United States
| | - Yajing Liu
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069 , P. R. China
| | - Jinping Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069 , P. R. China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069 , P. R. China.,Department of Radiology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19014 , United States
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2-Nitroimidazole-Furanoside Derivatives for Hypoxia Imaging-Investigation of Nucleoside Transporter Interaction, 18F-Labeling and Preclinical PET Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010031. [PMID: 30781409 PMCID: PMC6469291 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of PET imaging of tumor hypoxia in patient management has been demonstrated in many examples and with various tracers over the last years. Although, the optimal hypoxia imaging agent has yet to be found, 2-nitroimidazole (azomycin) sugar derivatives—mimicking nucleosides—have proven their potential with [18F]FAZA ([18F]fluoro-azomycin-α-arabinoside) as a prominent representative in clinical use. Still, for all of these tracers, cellular uptake by passive diffusion is postulated with the disadvantage of slow kinetics and low tumor-to-background ratios. We recently evaluated [18F]fluoro-azomycin-β-deoxyriboside (β-[18F]FAZDR), with a structure more similar to nucleosides than [18F]FAZA and possible interaction with nucleoside transporters. For a deeper insight, we comparatively studied the interaction of FAZA, β-FAZA, α-FAZDR and β-FAZDR with nucleoside transporters (SLC29A1/2 and SLC28A1/2/3) in vitro, showing variable interactions of the compounds. The highest interactions being for β-FAZDR (IC50 124 ± 33 µM for SLC28A3), but also for FAZA with the non-nucleosidic α-configuration, the interactions were remarkable (290 ± 44 µM {SLC28A1}; 640 ± 10 µM {SLC28A2}). An improved synthesis was developed for β-FAZA. For a PET study in tumor-bearing mice, α-[18F]FAZDR was synthesized (radiochemical yield: 15.9 ± 9.0% (n = 3), max. 10.3 GBq, molar activity > 50 GBq/µmol) and compared to β-[18F]FAZDR and [18F]FMISO, the hypoxia imaging gold standard. We observed highest tumor-to-muscle ratios (TMR) for β-[18F]FAZDR already at 1 h p.i. (2.52 ± 0.94, n = 4) in comparison to [18F]FMISO (1.37 ± 0.11, n = 5) and α-[18F]FAZDR (1.93 ± 0.39, n = 4), with possible mediation by the involvement of nucleoside transporters. After 3 h p.i., TMR were not significantly different for all 3 tracers (2.5–3.0). Highest clearance from tumor tissue was observed for β-[18F]FAZDR (56.6 ± 6.8%, 2 h p.i.), followed by α-[18F]FAZDR (34.2 ± 7.5%) and [18F]FMISO (11.8 ± 6.5%). In conclusion, both isomers of [18F]FAZDR showed their potential as PET hypoxia tracers. Differences in uptake behavior may be attributed to a potential variable involvement of transport mechanisms.
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Raccagni I, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Belloli S. Tumour hypoxia: lessons learnt from preclinical imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Efficient preparation of 2-nitroimidazole nucleosides as precursors for hypoxia PET tracers. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017; 148:83-90. [PMID: 28127094 PMCID: PMC5225226 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract 2-Deoxy-D-ribose was converted to α/β-mixtures of methyl 3-O-acetyl- and methyl 3-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-5-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-D-ribofuranosides. These were reacted with boron trichloride to generate ribofuranosyl chlorides, which afforded precursors for tracers to image tumor hypoxia on substitution with salts of 2-nitroimidazole. The anomeric ratio of the nucleosides was delicately influenced by the reaction conditions. Graphical abstract ![]()
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