Novel 5-nitropyrimidine derivatives bearing endo-azabicyclic alcohols/amines as potent GPR119 agonists

GPR119 agonists: Novel therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) is a group of genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorders whose frequency has gradually risen worldwide. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (T2D) has started to achieve a pandemic level, and it is estimated that within the next decade, cases of diabetes might get double due to increase in aging population. Diabetes is rightly called the 'silent killer' because it has emerged to be one of the major causes, leading to renal failure, loss of vision; besides cardiac arrest in India. Thus, a clinical requirement for the oral drug molecules monitoring glucose homeostasis appears to be unmet. GPR119 agonist, a family of G-protein coupled receptors, usually noticed in β-cells of pancreatic as well as intestinal L cells, drew considerable interest for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). GPR119 monitors physiological mechanisms that enhance homeostasis of glucose, such as glucose-like peptide-1, gastrointestinal incretin hormone levels, pancreatic beta cell-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). In this manuscript, we have reviewed the work done in the last five years (2015-2020) which gives an approach to design, synthesize, evaluate and study the structural activity relationship of novel GPR119 agonist-based lead compounds. Our article would help the researchers and guide their endeavours in the direction of strategy and development of innovative, effective GPR119 agonist-based compounds for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2.

GPR119 agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: an updated patent review (2014-present)

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a rapid-growing complex chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to lessened insulin secretion, insulin resistance and hepatic glucose overproduction. GPR119 is a class A of G protein-coupled receptor, expressed on certain enteroendocrine L and K cells in the small intestine and by β-cells within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Activation of GPR119 stimulates the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestinal tract and glucose-dependent release of insulin in pancreatic β-cells.Area covered: This review summarized the reported patents on GPR119 agonists from 2014 to present. The authors described the structural features of these novel synthetic molecules and compared their biological activities (including in vitro and in vivo) as potent GPR119 agonists for the treatment of diabetes.Expert opinion: GPR119 agonists remain the advantage of stimulating both insulin and incretin release in a glucose-dependent manner over other hypoglycemic agents, although some GPR119 agonist clinical candidates have been discontinued in Phase І or Phase II. GPR119 agonists will succeed to be developed as anti-diabetic drugs after accumulated scaffolds of agonists are discovered and the crystallographic structure of GPR119 is elucidated. The synergic effect of GPR119 agonist and DPP-4 inhibitor will also elicit a benefit for the new therapeutic of diabetes.

Anti-diabetic drugs recent approaches and advancements

Diabetes is one of the major diseases worldwide and is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Anti-diabetic drugs are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus to control glucose levels in the blood. Most of the drugs are administered orally, except for a few of them, such as insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide. In this review, we are going to discuss seven major types of anti-diabetic drugs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors, aldose reductase inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Here, we are also discussing some of the recently reported anti-diabetic agents with its multi-target pharmacological actions. This review summarises recent approaches and advancement in anti-diabetes treatment concerning characteristics, structure-activity relationships, functional mechanisms, expression regulation, and applications in medicine.

Optimisation of novel 4, 8-disubstituted dihydropyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazine derivatives as potent GPR 119 agonists

GPR119 is a promising target for discovery of anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus agents. We described the optimisation of a novel series of pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]oxazine derivatives as GPR119 agonists. Most designed compounds exhibited good agonistic activities. Among them, compound 10 and 15 demonstrated the potent EC₅₀ values (13 and 12 nM, respectively) and strong inherent activities. Moreover, significant hypoglycaemic effect of compound 15 was observed by reducing the blood glucose AUC_0-2h at the dose of 30 mg/kg, which is stronger than Vildagliptin (23.4% reduction vs. 17.9% reduction).

Design and synthesis of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine derivatives as dual GPR119 and DPP-4 modulators

Based on the approach of merged pharmacophores of GPR119 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, a series of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine compounds were designed as dual GPR119 and DPP-4 modulators with hypoglycemic activity. Seven fragments extracted from DPP-4 inhibitors were hybridized with the scaffold of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine. Among them, compound 51 displayed most potent GPR119 agonistic activity (EC₅₀ = 8.7 nM) and good inhibition rate of 74.5% against DPP-4 at 10 μM. Furthermore, the blood glucose AUC_0-2h of 51 was reduced to 19.5% in the oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) at the dose of 30 mg/kg in C57BL/6N mice, which was more potent than that of vildagliptin (16.4%) at the same dose. The docking study of compound 51 with DPP-4 indicated GPR119 agonists could inhibit DPP-4 to serve as dual GPR119 and DPP-4 modulators.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel fused pyrimidine derivatives as GPR119 agonists

A novel series of fused pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as GPR119 agonists. Among them, cyclohexene fused compounds (tetrahydroquinazolines) showed greater GPR119 agonistic activities than did dihydrocyclopentapyrimidine and tetrahydropyridopyrimidine scaffolds. Analogues (16, 19, 26, 28, 42) bearing endo-N-Boc-nortropane amine and fluoro-substituted aniline exhibited better EC₅₀ values (0.27-1.2 μM) though they appeared to be partial agonists.

Current anti-diabetic agents and their molecular targets: A review

Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition characterized by the body's loss of control over blood sugar. The frequency of diagnosed cases and consequential increases in medical costs makes it a rapidly growing chronic disease that threatens human health worldwide. In addition, its unnerving statistical projections are perilous to both the economy of the nation and man's life expectancy. Type-I and type-II diabetes are the two clinical forms of diabetes mellitus. Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is illustrated by the abnormality of glucose homeostasis in the body, resulting in hyperglycemia. Although significant research attention has been devoted to the development of diabetes regimens, which demonstrates success in lowering blood glucose levels, their efficacies are unsustainable due to undesirable side effects such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. Over the years, heterocyclic scaffolds have been the basis of anti-diabetic chemotherapies; hence, in this review we consolidate the use of bioactive scaffolds, which have been evaluated for their biological response as inhibitors against their respective anti-diabetic molecular targets over the past five years (2012-2017). Our investigation reveals a diverse target set which includes; protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), dipeptidly peptidase-4 (DPP-4), free fatty acid receptors 1 (FFAR1), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, glycogen phosphorylase (GP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), glucagon receptor (GCGr) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This review offers a medium on which future drug design and development toward diabetes management may be modelled (i.e. optimization via structural derivatization), as many of the drug candidates highlighted show promise as an effective anti-diabetic chemotherapy.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrimidine derivatives with diverse azabicyclic ether/amine as novel GPR119 agonist

A class of novel pyrimidine derivatives bearing diverse conformationally restricted azabicyclic ether/amine were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their GPR119 agonist activities against type 2 diabetes. Most compounds exhibited superior hEC₅₀ values to endogenous lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA). Analogs with 2-fluoro substitution in the aryl ring showed more potent GPR119 activation than those without fluorine. Especially compound 27m synthesized from endo-azabicyclic alcohol was observed to have the best EC₅₀ value (1.2nM) and quite good agonistic activity (112.2% max) as a full agonist.