Synthesis, evaluation and molecular modelling studies of 2-(carbazol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetamide analogues as a new class of potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Biaryl carboxamide-based peptidomimetics analogs as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors for treating obesity

A series of 1,1'-biphenyl-3-carboxamide and furan-phenyl-carboxamide analogs were synthesized using an optimized scheme and confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques. The synthesized peptidomimetics analogs were screened in vitro to understand the inhibitory potential of pancreatic lipase (PL). Analogs were assessed for the PL inhibitory activity based on interactions, geometric complementarity, and docking score. Among the synthesized analogs, 9, 29, and 24 were found to have the most potent PL inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 3.87, 4.95, and 5.34 µM, respectively, compared to that of the standard drug, that is, orlistat, which inhibits PL with an IC50 value of 0.99 µM. The most potent analog, 9, exhibited a competitive-type inhibition with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 2.72 µM. In silico molecular docking of analog 9 with the PL (PDB ID:1LPB) showed a docking score of -11.00 kcal/mol. Analog 9 formed crucial hydrogen bond interaction with Ser152, His263, π-cation interaction with Asp79, Arg256, and π-π stacking with Phe77, Tyr114 at the protein's active site. The molecular dynamic simulation confirmed that analog 9 forms stable interactions with PL at the end of 200 ns with root mean square deviation values of 2.5 and 6 Å. No toxicity was observed for analog 9 (concentration range of 1-20 µM) when tested by MTT assay in RAW 264.7 cells.

A computational study to probe the binding aspects of potent polyphenolic inhibitors of pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic lipase (PL) is a keen target for anti-obesity therapy that reduces dietary fat absorption. Here, we investigated the binding patterns of 220 PL inhibitors having experimental IC50 values, using molecular docking and binding energy calculations. Screening of these compounds illustrated most of them bound at the catalytic site (S1-S2 channel) and a few compounds are at the non-catalytic site (S2-S3 channel/S1-S3 channel) of PL. This binding pattern could be due to structural uniqueness or bias in conformational search. A strong correlation of pIC50 values with SP/XP docking scores, binding energies (ΔGMMGBSA) assured the binding poses are more true positives. Further, understanding of each class and subclasses of polyphenols indicated tannins preferred non-catalytic site wherein binding energies are underestimated due to huge desolvation energy. In contrast, most of the flavonoids and furan-flavonoids have good binding energies due to strong interactions with catalytic residues. While scoring functions limited the understanding of sub-classes of flavonoids. Hence, focused on 55 potent PL inhibitors of IC50 < 5 µM for better in vivo efficacy. The prediction of bioactivity, drug-likeness properties, led to 14 bioactive compounds. The low root mean square deviation (0.1-0.2 nm) of these potent flavonoids and non-flavonoid/non-polyphenols PL-inhibitor complexes during 100 ns molecular dynamics runs (MD) as well as binding energies obtained from both MD and well-tempered metadynamics, support strong binding to catalytic site. Based on the bioactivity, ADMET properties, and binding affinity data of MD and wt-metaD of potent PL-inhibitors suggests Epiafzelechin 3-O-gallate, Sanggenon C, and Sanggenofuran A shall be promising inhibitors at in vivo conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Discovery of thiazolidinedione-based pancreatic lipase inhibitors as anti-obesity agents: synthesis, in silico studies and pharmacological investigations

A series of new 2,5-disubstituted arylidene derivatives of thiazolidinedione (16a-e, 17a-d, 18a-c) designed using molecular hybridization approach were synthesized, structurally characterized, and explored for their anti-obesity potential via inhibition of Pancreatic Lipase (PL). Compound 18a presented the most potent PL inhibitory activity with IC50 = 2.71 ± 0.31 µM, as compared to the standard drug, Orlistat (IC50 = 0.99 µM). Kinetic study revealed reversible competitive mode of enzyme inhibition by compound 18a with an inhibitory constant value of 1.19 µM. The most promising compound 18a revealed satisfactory binding mode within the active site of the target protein (human PL, PDB ID: 1LPB). Also, MM/PBSA binding free energy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis were performed for the most promising compound 18a, which showed potent inhibition according to the results of in vitro studies. Furthermore, a stable conformation of the 1LPB-ligand suggested the stability of this compound in the dynamic environment. The ADME and toxicity analysis of the compounds were examined using web-based online platforms. Results of in vivo studies confirmed the anti-obesity efficacy of compound 18a, wherein oral treatment with compound 18a (30 mg/kg) resulted in a significant reduction in the body weight, BMI, Lee index, feed intake (in Kcal), body fat depots and serum triglycerides. Compound 18a significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) to 128.6 ± 0.59 mg/dl and serum total triglycerides (TG) to 95.73 ± 0.67 mg/dl as compared to the HFD control group. The present study identified disubstituted TZD derivatives as a new promising class of anti-obesity agents.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Glutathione Peroxidase-like Antioxidant Activity of 1,3-Benzoselenazoles: Synthesis and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors

The synthesis of 1,3-benzoselenazoles was achieved by the reaction of corresponding bis[3-amino-N-(p-tolyl)benzamide-2-yl] diselenide, bis[3-amino-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide-2-yl] diselenide, and bis[3-amino-N-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl) benzamide-2-yl] diselenide with aryl aldehydes. The 1,3-benzoselenazoles continued to exist as planar molecules due to the presence of secondary Se···O interactions as revealed by the single-crystal X-ray analysis. The presence of secondary Se···O interactions in 1,3-benzoselenazoles was confirmed using natural bond orbital (NBO) and atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations. Nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values suggested the presence of aromatic character in a five-membered benzoselenazole heterocyclic ring. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like antioxidant activity of all 1,3-benzoselenazoles was assessed using a thiophenol assay, exhibiting greater antioxidant activity than Ph2Se2 used as a reference. The most active catalyst carrying a strong electron-donating group (-NMe2) at the ortho-position to the benzoselenazole ring was further investigated at different concentrations of thiophenol, H2O2, and 1,3-benzoselenazoles as catalyst for determining their catalytic parameters. Moreover, the potential applications of all 1,3-benzoselenazoles against pancreatic lipase (PL) have been identified using in silico interactions between the active sites of the 1LPB protein as evaluated using a molecular docking study.

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and in Vitro Evaluation of Indolyl Ketohydrazide-Hydrazone Analogs as Potential Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors

Inhibition of Pancreatic lipase (PL) is considered to be a promising target for the management of obesity, owing to its crucial role in the digestion of dietary triglycerides. A series of 31 indolyl ketohydrazide-hydrazone analogs (5 aa-cm) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their PL inhibitory potential. The analogs were designed using molecular modelling studies. The designed analogs were then synthesized by condensation of indolyl oxoacetohydrazide with various substituted benzaldehydes. All the synthesized analogs showed PL inhibitory activity in the range of 4.13-48.35 μM, as compared with orlistat (0.86±0.09 μM). The most potent analog 5 bi (IC50 =4.13±0.95 μM) was found to show a competitive type of inhibition with Ki value of 0.725 μM. Additionally, the molecular docking study proved the binding of analog 5 bi at the active site of PL (PDB ID: 1LPB) with MolDock score of -141.279 kcal/mol. It also exhibited various interactions with the key amino acids namely Phe77, Phe215, Tyr114, Ser152, Arg256, His263, etc. Furthermore, the protein-ligand complex of analog 5 bi was found to be stable in molecular dynamics simulation for 100 ns with RMSD of less than 3.2 and 4 Å for the protein and ligand, respectively. The current work hereby provides a basis for the potential role of indolyl ketohydrazide-hydrazone analogs in PL inhibition and further optimization could result in the generation of new leads as anti-obesity agents.

Molecular structures, chemical descriptors, and pancreatic lipase (1LPB) inhibition by natural products: a DFT investigation and molecular docking prediction

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular docking have been carried out on natural products containing eugenol, gingerol, ascorbic acid, oleurpoein, piperine, hesperidin, quercetin, Luteolin, and curcumin in order to predict their biological activities and to analyze their pancreatic lipase inhibition. The biological activity predictions are based on the global and local chemical descriptors, namely, HOMO-LUMO gaps, chemical hardness, chemical potential, electrophilicity, dipole moment, and Fukui functions. Our findings show that the studied compounds can be divided into two groups based on the chemical descriptors; the first group is composed of eugenol, gingerol, ascorbic acid, and oleuropein and the second one is composed of piperine, hesperidin, quercetin, Luteolin, and curcumin depending on the HOMO-LUMO gaps and electrophilicity values predicting best reactivity for the second group than the first one. The frontier orbitals offer a deeper insight concerning the electron donor and electron acceptor capabilities, whereas the local descriptors resulting from Fukui functions put emphasis on the active sites of different candidate ligands. The molecular docking was performed in order to compare and identify the inhibition activity of the natural candidate ligands against pancreatic lipase which were compared to that of synthesized ones. The molecular docking results revealed that the Luteolin compound has the best binding affinity of -8.56 kcal/mol due to their unique molecular structure and the position of -OH aromatic substituents.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11224-023-02176-2.

One-Pot Synthesis of α-Ketoamides from α-Keto Acids and Amines Using Ynamides as Coupling Reagents

A one-pot strategy for α-keto amide bond formation have been developed by using ynamides as coupling reagents under extremely mild reaction conditions. Diversely structural α-ketoamides were afforded in up to 98% yield for 36 examples. This reaction features advantages such as practical coupling procedure, wide functional group tolerance, and extremely mild conditions and has potential applications in synthetic and medicinal chemistry.

Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modelling Studies of Oxoacetamide warhead containing Indole-Quinazolinone Based Novel Hybrid Analogues as Potential Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors

A novel series of indolyl oxoacetamide-quinazolinone hybrid analogues (9aa-9df) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro Pancreatic Lipase (PL) inhibitory potential that may lead to efficient anti-obesity agents....

Mg(OtBu)2-catalyzed C–H oxidation of α-azido arylethanones using TBHP as the oxidant and carbonyl oxygen source: facile access to primary α-ketoamides

A Mg(OtBu)2-catalyzed C(sp3)–H oxidation of α-azido arylethanones to straightforwardly produce primary α-ketoamides is presented.

Synthesis, molecular modelling, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of conophylline inspired novel benzyloxy substituted indole glyoxylamides as potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Pancreatic lipase is a digestive enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of dietary fats. Orlistat, a potent pancreatic lipase inhibitor, is widely prescribed for long-term obesity treatment. Nevertheless, orlistat is reported for severe adverse effects including hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis. In the present study, a novel series of 11 benzyloxy substituted indole glyoxylamides were designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Three analogues, 10b, 11b and 11c, exhibited potent activity (IC₅₀ ≤ 2.5 µM), with 11b exhibiting a potent IC₅₀ of 1.68 µM comparable to orlistat (IC₅₀ = 0.99 µM). Further, 11b exhibited reversible competitive inhibition with an inhibitory constant value of 0.98 μM. Molecular docking of these analogues was in agreement with in vitro results, wherein the MolDock scores exhibited significant correlation with their inhibitory activity (Pearson's r = 0.7122). A 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation of 11b-pancreatic lipase complex confirmed the role of extended alkyl interactions along with π-π stacking and π-cation interactions, in stabilizing the ligand (Maximum RMSD ≈ 3 Å) in the active site. Gastro-intestinal absorption and toxicity prediction of the three potent analogues highlighted the suitability of 11b for in vivo experiments. 11b at a dose of 20 mg/kg exhibited anti-obesity efficacy comparable to orlistat (10 mg/kg), wherein the serum triglycerides were found to be 94.95 and 83.85 mg/dL, respectively. Further, faecal triglyceride quantification indicated 11b to act through pancreatic lipase inhibition similar to orlistat. The present study identified a novel pancreatic lipase inhibitory benzyloxy substituted bis(indolyl) glyoxylamide 11b, with promising anti-obesity activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-substituted indole-thiazolidinedione analogues as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Pancreatic Lipase (PL) is a key enzyme responsible for the digestion of 50%-70% of dietary triglycerides, hence its inhibition is considered as a viable approach for the management of obesity. A series of indole-TZD hybrid analogues were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their PL inhibitory activity. Knoevenagel condensation of various substituted indole-3-carboxaldehyde with substituted thiazolidinediones resulted in the formation of titled analogues. Analogues 6d and 6e exerted potent PL inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ -6.19 and 8.96 µM, respectively). Further, these analogues exerted a competitive mode of PL inhibition. Moreover, molecular modelling studies were in agreement with the in vitro results (Pearson's r = .8682, p < .05). The fluorescence spectroscopic analysis further supported the strong binding affinity of these analogues with PL. A molecular dynamics study (20 ns) indicated that these analogues were stable in a dynamic environment. Thus, the present study highlighted the potential role of indole-thiazolidinedione hybrid analogues as potential PL inhibitors and further optimization might result in the development of new PL inhibitory lead candidates.

The Alpha Keto Amide Moiety as a Privileged Motif in Medicinal Chemistry: Current Insights and Emerging Opportunities

Over the years, researchers in drug discovery have taken advantage of the use of privileged structures to design innovative hit/lead molecules. The α-ketoamide motif is found in many natural products, and it has been widely exploited by medicinal chemists to develop compounds tailored to a vast range of biological targets, thus presenting clinical potential for a plethora of pathological conditions. The purpose of this perspective is to provide insights into the versatility of this chemical moiety as a privileged structure in drug discovery. After a brief analysis of its physical-chemical features and synthetic procedures to obtain it, α-ketoamide-based classes of compounds are reported according to the application of this motif as either a nonreactive or reactive moiety. The goal is to highlight those aspects that may be useful to understanding the perspectives of employing the α-ketoamide moiety in the rational design of compounds able to interact with a specific target.

Pancreatic lipase inhibitors: The road voyaged and successes

Human pancreatic lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase EC3.1.1.3) is the most widely studied member of the human lipase superfamily related to carboxyl esterase. It is secreted from the acinar cell of pancreas and has strong preference for triacylglycerides over cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and galactolipids. Apart from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides, pancreatic lipase may cause the hydrolysis of retinyl esters in vivo. So, it is very much evidenced that pancreatic lipase with its cofactor colipase has prominent role in efficient digestion of dietary fat. Hence, the modulation of human pancreatic lipase may represent a new insight in the discovery of a number of therapeutics that can inhibit the absorption of fat in body and can be used in obesity and other related metabolic disorders. Even, the only Food and drug administration (FDA) approved antiobesity drug, orlistat, is also an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. This review summarizes studies about structure, mechanistic approach of pancreatic lipase enzyme while emphasizing on the various synthetic pancreatic lipase inhibitors with their structure activity relationship (SAR).

Exploring Aurone Derivatives as Potential Human Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Inhibition of human pancreatic lipase, a crucial enzyme in dietary fat digestion and absorption, is a potent therapeutic approach for obesity treatment. In this study, human pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of aurone derivatives was explored by molecular modeling approaches. The target protein was human pancreatic lipase (PDB ID: 1LPB). The 3D structures of 82 published bioactive aurone derivatives were docked successfully into the protein catalytic active site, using AutoDock Vina 1.5.7.rc1. Of them, 62 compounds interacted with the key residues of catalytic trial Ser152-Asp176-His263. The top hit compound (A14), with a docking score of −10.6 kcal⋅mol⁻¹, was subsequently submitted to molecular dynamics simulations, using GROMACS 2018.01. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that A14 formed a stable complex with 1LPB protein via hydrogen bonds with important residues in regulating enzyme activity (Ser152 and Phe77). Compound A14 showed high potency for further studies, such as the synthesis, in vitro and in vivo tests for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.

Design, synthesis, evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of indolyl oxoacetamides as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors

A series of indolyl oxoacetamide analogs was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity using porcine pancreatic lipase (type II) and 4-nitrophenyl butyrate. Compound 8d exhibited a potent inhibition, with an IC₅₀ value of 4.53 µM, followed by 8c (IC₅₀  = 5.12 µM), compared with the standard drug, orlistat (IC₅₀  = 0.99 µM). Furthermore, analogs 8c and 8d exhibited a reversible competitive inhibition, similar to orlistat. Molecular docking studies of the compounds 7a-f and 8a-f were in agreement with the in vitro results, wherein 8d exhibited a potential MolDock score of -163.052 kcal/mol. A 10-ns molecular dynamics simulation of 8d complexed with pancreatic lipase confirmed the role of π-π stacking and π-cation interactions with the lid domain and Arg 256, respectively, in stabilizing the ligand at the active site (maximum observed root mean square deviation ≈ 2 Å). The present study led to the identification of novel indolyl oxoacetamides (8a-d) as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitory leads that might further result in enhanced potency through lead optimization.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of conophylline inspired novel indolyl oxoacetamides as potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Twenty-one indolyl oxoacetamides were designed and synthesized inspired by conophylline. Analogues 12c and 12b with N-geranyl substitution on indole exhibited potent pancreatic lipase inhibition.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of rhodanine derivatives as pancreatic lipase inhibitors

A series of rhodanine-3-acetic acid derivatives were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation of rhodanine-3-acetic acid with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized derivatives were screened in vitro for understanding the inhibitory potential towards pancreatic lipase (PL), a key enzyme responsible for the digestion of dietary fats. Derivative 8f exhibited a potential inhibitory activity towards PL (IC₅₀ = 5.16 µM), comparable to that of the standard drug, orlistat (0.99 µM). An increase in the density of the aromatic ring resulted in potential PL inhibition. The enzyme kinetics of 8f exhibited a reversible competitive-type inhibition, similar to that of orlistat. Derivative 8f exhibited a MolDock score of -125.19 kcal/mol in docking studies, and the results were in accordance with their PL inhibitory potential. Furthermore, the reactive carbonyl group of 8f existed at a distance adjacent to Ser152 (≈3 Å) similar to that of orlistat. Molecular dynamics simulation (10 ns) of the 8f-PL complex revealed a stable binding conformation of 8f in the active site of PL (maximum root mean square displacement of ≈2.25 Å). The present study identified novel rhodanine-3-acetic acid derivatives with promising PL inhibitory potential, and further lead optimization might result in potent PL inhibitors.

Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of selected pharmaceutical agents

Twenty-five structurally diverse compounds have been tested in vitro for their pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitory activity. Despite the diversity of tested compounds, the relationship comprising structural attributes of the compounds could be established to correlate with the observed inhibitory activity. Compounds that exerted inhibitory action through surface activity were of different profile from the rest of compounds. When co-incubated with orlistat (OsT), important synergistic effects for some compounds (orphenadrine, gliclazide, cefuroxime and sulfacetamide) were revealed, while antagonistic effects were demonstrated for others (camphor sulfonic acid and dinitro salicylic acid). Docking studies for the most active molecules were performed and molecular interaction forces with the PL active site were identified. The results suggested co-binding of OsT along with the other inhibitor in the binding site in cases of synergistic effect but not in the case of antagonistic effect. These results were additionally supported by affinity capillary electrophoresis. In conclusion, synergistic lipase inhibitory activity between OsT and some other pharmaceutical compounds was demonstrated for the first time, which might help improve the pharmacological effect of OsT.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of indole glyoxylamides as a new class of potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors

A series of eighteen indole glyoxylamide analogues were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Porcine pancreatic lipase (Type II) was used with 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (as substrate) for the in vitro assay. Compound 8f exhibited competitive inhibition against pancreatic lipase with IC₅₀ value of 4.92 µM, comparable to that of the standard drug, orlistat (IC₅₀ = 0.99 µM). Compounds 7a-i and 8a-i were subjected to molecular docking into the active site of human PL (PDB ID: 1LPB) wherein compound 8f possessed a potential MolDock score of -153.037 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation of 8f complexed with pancreatic lipase, confirmed the role of aromatic substitution in stabilizing the ligand through hydrophobic interactions (maximum observed RMSD = 3.5 Å).

Use of Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System and molecular graph based descriptors in prediction and design of pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Aim: The inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) enzyme is the most explored strategy for the treatment of obesity. The present study describes the development of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models for a diverse set of 293 PL inhibitors by means of the Monte Carlo optimization technique. Methodology & results: The hybrid optimal descriptors were used to build QSAR models with three subsets of three splits. The developed QSAR models were further validated with corresponding external sets. The best QSAR model has the following statistical particulars: R2 = 0.752, Q LOO 2 = 0 . 736 for the test set and R2 = 0.768, Q F 1 2 = 0 . 628 , Q F 2 2 = 0 . 621 for the validation set. Conclusion: The developed QSAR models were robust, stable and predictive and led to the design of novel PL inhibitors.

Fungal endophytes associated with Viola odorata Linn. as bioresource for pancreatic lipase inhibitors

Background

As per the recent statistical reports of World Health Organisation (WHO), 13% of total global population is obese. Orlistat remains to be the only drug approved for the long term treatment of obesity. Recent findings highlighted severe adverse effects of orlistat that included hepatotoxicity, gall stones, kidney stones and acute pancreatitis. Therefore, search for new drug is required. The investigations based on endophytic natural products would prove pivotal in the global fight against this health issue.

Methods

Obesity is associated with lipid metabolism involving pancreatic lipase enzyme. The inhibition of pancreatic lipase is demonstrated by using the extracts of endophytes isolated from Viola odorata Linn. In addition, endophytes were identified using ITS based rDNA sequencing.

Results

Present study involves the isolation and identification of 27 endophytes from V. odorata. All the endophytes were evaluated for lipase inhibitory activities. The extracts of seven endophytes exhibited lipase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ < 10 μg/mL. The extract of VOLF4 (Aspergillus sp.) displayed promising lipase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 3.8 μg/mL).

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that V. odorata harbors endophytic community with potent lipase inhibitory activity. VOLF4 is the potential endophyte. The extract of VOLF4 can be used to develop the potential drug to treat obesity.

Bioactivities of Achillea phrygia and Bupleurum croceum based on the composition of phenolic compounds: In vitro and in silico approaches

This study presents the effects of the Achillea phrygia Boiss. et Bal. and Bupleurum croceum Fenzl. extracts obtained by different solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) on selected enzyme inhibitory effects and antioxidant ability with screening bioactive compounds. Total and individual bioactive compounds were detected by spectrophotometric and HPLC-DAD techniques. Antioxidant abilities were evaluated by different methods including free radical scavenging (ABTS and DPPH), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating. Enzyme inhibitory effects were tested against cholinesterases, tyrosinase, amylase, glucosidase and lipase. Total phenolic contents were ranged from 20.52 mgGAE/g extract (B. croceum methanol extract) to 41.13 mgGAE/g extract (A. phrygia methanol extract). Generally, methanol and water extracts showed the strongest antioxidant abilities, while the ethyl acetate extracts had the most promising enzyme inhibitory effects. HPLC analysis revealed the abundance of some phenolics including rutin, quercetin, sinapic acid and chlorogenic acid, respectively. These components were also assessed using molecular modelling with the aim to study their docking properties on a set of six enzymes used in this study. Overall, these species could be suggested as valuable sources of natural-bioactive agents for developing new functional, pharmacological and health-promoting ingredients.