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Liu H, Xiao H, Lin S, Zhou H, Cheng Y, Xie B, Xu D. Effect of gut hormones on bone metabolism and their possible mechanisms in the treatment of osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1372399. [PMID: 38725663 PMCID: PMC11079205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1372399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic organ that changes with the daily circadian rhythm. During the day, bone resorption is suppressed due to eating, while it increases at night. This circadian rhythm of the skeleton is regulated by gut hormones. Until now, gut hormones that have been found to affect skeletal homeostasis include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY), which exerts its effects by binding to its cognate receptors (GLP-1R, GLP-2R, GIPR, and Y1R). Several studies have shown that GLP-1, GLP-2, and GIP all inhibit bone resorption, while GIP also promotes bone formation. Notably, PYY has a strong bone resorption-promoting effect. In addition, gut microbiota (GM) plays an important role in maintaining bone homeostasis. This review outlines the roles of GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and PYY in bone metabolism and discusses the roles of gut hormones and the GM in regulating bone homeostasis and their potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huimin Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Sufen Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yizhao Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Baocheng Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The 10th Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People’s Hospital), Dongguan, China
| | - Daohua Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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2
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Chiral secondary amino acids, their importance, and methods of analysis. Amino Acids 2022; 54:687-719. [PMID: 35192062 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring secondary amino acids, with proline as the main representative, contain an alpha-imino group in a cycle that is typically four-, five-, and six-membered. The unique ring structure exhibits exceptional properties-conformational rigidity, chemical stability, and specific roles in protein structure and folding. Many proline analogues have been used as valuable compounds for the study of metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and for the synthesis of compounds with desired biological, pharmaceutical, or industrial properties. The D-forms of secondary amino acids play different roles in living organisms than the L-forms. They have different metabolic pathways, biological, physiological, and pharmacological effects, they can be indicators of changes and also serve as biomarkers of diseases. In the scientific literature, the number of articles examining D-amino acids in biological samples is increasing. The review summarises information on the occurrence and importance of D- and L-secondary amino acids-azetidic acid, proline, hydroxyprolines, pipecolic, nipecotic, hydroxypipecolic acids and related peptides containing these D-AAs, as well as the main analytical methods (mostly chromatographic) used for their enantiomeric determination in different matrices (biological samples, plants, food, water, and soil).
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Ramesh NG. From Glycals to Nitrogen Heterocycles and Carbocycles via "Cleavage-Intramolecular Recombination Strategy". CHEM REC 2021; 21:2930-2957. [PMID: 34472196 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycals (carbohydrate enol-ethers) have enjoyed profound applications in organic synthesis for more than a century. They not only serve as versatile glycosyl donors or as substrates for Ferrier rearrangement, but also find extensive synthetic applications especially as a "chiral pool" for accomplishing the synthesis of a variety of natural and biologically important compounds. As cyclic enol ethers, they demonstrate high reactivity and are among the most and variously transformable monosaccharide derivatives. The uniqueness of the reactivity of glycals is that they can be synthetically tuned to get a library of derivatives through stereo- and regioselective introduction of a variety of functional groups at C1, C2, C3 as well as C4 carbons of the sugar. We have developed a practical approach for stereoselective mono- and diamination of glycals and over the years utilized these scaffolds for the synthesis of a variety of biologically important nitrogen heterocycles and carbocycles through a "Diversity Oriented Approach". Our synthetic strategy in this direction mainly relied on the cleavage of ring O-C bond of the sugar followed by an "intramolecular recombination" reaction. Utilizing this strategy, we have accomplished the synthesis of several biologically important natural products, their analogues and related unnatural derivatives. Examples of such compounds reported from our group include polyhydroxypyrrolidines, DMDP, anisomycin, steviamine, pochonicine, conduramines, bulgecinine, aminocyclitols, azepanes, 4-hydroxy-D-proline, azanucleosides and their analogues. A personal account highlighting these syntheses is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namakkal G Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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Berlinck RGS, Bernardi DI, Fill T, Fernandes AAG, Jurberg ID. The chemistry and biology of guanidine secondary metabolites. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:586-667. [PMID: 33021301 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2017-2019Guanidine natural products isolated from microorganisms, marine invertebrates and terrestrial plants, amphibians and spiders, represented by non-ribosomal peptides, guanidine-bearing polyketides, alkaloids, terpenoids and shikimic acid derived, are the subject of this review. The topics include the discovery of new metabolites, total synthesis of natural guanidine compounds, biological activity and mechanism-of-action, biosynthesis and ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Lear S, Pflimlin E, Zhou Z, Huang D, Weng S, Nguyen-Tran V, Joseph SB, Roller S, Peterson S, Li J, Tremblay M, Schultz PG, Shen W. Engineering of a Potent, Long-Acting NPY2R Agonist for Combination with a GLP-1R Agonist as a Multi-Hormonal Treatment for Obesity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9660-9671. [PMID: 32844654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery results in increased intestinal secretion of hormones GLP-1 and anorexigenic PYY, which is believed to contribute to the clinical efficacy associated with the procedure. This observation raises the question whether combination treatment with gut hormone analogs might recapitulate the efficacy and mitigate the significant risks associated with surgery. Despite PYY demonstrating excellent efficacy and safety profiles with regard to food intake reduction, weight loss, and glucose control in preclinical animal models, PYY-based therapeutic development remains challenging given a low serum stability and half-life for the native peptide. Here, combined peptide stapling and PEG-fatty acid conjugation affords potent PYY analogs with >14 h rat half-lives, which are expected to translate into a human half-life suitable for once-weekly dosing. Excellent efficacy in glucose control, food intake reduction, and weight loss for lead candidate 22 in combination with our previously reported long-acting GLP-1 analog is demonstrated in a diet-induced obesity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lear
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Elsa Pflimlin
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David Huang
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sharon Weng
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sean B Joseph
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shane Roller
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Scott Peterson
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jing Li
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew Tremblay
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Kumar Mishra U, Ramesh NG. A carbohydrate based straightforward approach to trans-4-hydroxy-d-proline and trans-4-hydroxy-d-prolinol. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Leitch VD, Brassill MJ, Rahman S, Butterfield NC, Ma P, Logan JG, Boyde A, Evans H, Croucher PI, Batterham RL, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. PYY is a negative regulator of bone mass and strength. Bone 2019; 127:427-435. [PMID: 31306808 PMCID: PMC6715792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone loss in anorexia nervosa and following bariatric surgery is associated with an elevated circulating concentration of the gastrointestinal, anorexigenic hormone, peptide YY (PYY). Selective deletion of the PYY receptor Y1R in osteoblasts or Y2R in the hypothalamus results in high bone mass, but deletion of PYY in mice has resulted in conflicting skeletal phenotypes leading to uncertainty regarding its role in the regulation of bone mass. As PYY analogs are under development for treatment of obesity, we aimed to clarify the relationship between PYY and bone mass. METHODS The skeletal phenotype of Pyy knockout (KO) mice was investigated during growth (postnatal day P14) and adulthood (P70 and P186) using X-ray microradiography, micro-CT, back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM), histomorphometry and biomechanical testing. RESULTS Bones from juvenile and Pyy KO mice were longer (P < 0.001), with decreased bone mineral content (P < 0.001). Whereas, bones from adult Pyy KO mice had increased bone mineral content (P < 0.05) with increased mineralisation of both cortical (P < 0.001) and trabecular (P < 0.001) compartments. Long bones from adult Pyy KO mice were stronger (maximum load P < 0.001), with increased stiffness (P < 0.01) and toughness (P < 0.05) compared to wild-type (WT) control mice despite increased cortical vascularity and porosity (P < 0.001). The increased bone mass and strength in Pyy KO mice resulted from increases in trabecular (P < 0.01) and cortical bone formation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that PYY acts as a negative regulator of osteoblastic bone formation, implicating increased PYY levels in the pathogenesis of bone loss during anorexia or following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Jane Brassill
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Rahman
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Pattara Ma
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Boyde
- Queen Mary University of London, Oral BioEngineering, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London Q1T 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Kumar MS. Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Potential Antiobesity Agents: Overview of Current Status. Front Nutr 2019; 6:11. [PMID: 30834248 PMCID: PMC6388543 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high occurrence of obesity worldwide without many new medications being approved for its treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce new approaches for treating obesity. Bioactive peptides have been used to treat metabolic disorders- such as type-2 diabetes and obesity; while also possessing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-viral properties. However, the development of these peptides has taken backstage due to their size, reduced stability, poor delivery and bioavailability, fast rate of degradation etc. But with the emergence of newer techniques for multifunctional peptides, mimetics, peptide analogs, and aptamers, there is a sudden revival in this therapeutic field. An increased attention is required for development of the natural peptides from food and marine sources which can mimic the function of mediators involved in weight management to avoid obesity. Herein, the search for the structures of anti-obesity peptides was carried out in order to establish their potential for drug development in future. An extensive search for the current status of endogenous, food and marine peptides, with reference to novel and interesting experimental approaches based on peptidomimetics for controlling obesity, was performed. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)-specific agonist, GLP-1 dual and triple agonists, neuropeptides and prolactin-releasing peptide mimetics were specifically examined for their anti-obesity role. Novel peptides, mimetics, and synthesis interventions are transpiring and might offer safer alternatives for otherwise scarcely available safe antiobesity drug. A deeper understanding of peptides and their chemistry through the use of peptide engineering can be useful to overcome the disadvantages and select best mimetics and analogs for treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maushmi S Kumar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies-NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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Niida A, Kanematsu-Yamaki Y, Asakawa T, Ishimura Y, Fujita H, Matsumiya K, Nishizawa N, Adachi Y, Mochida T, Tsuchimori K, Yoneyama-Hirozane M, Sakamoto J, Hirabayashi H, Fukui H, Takekawa S, Asami T. Antiobesity and emetic effects of a short-length peptide YY analog and its PEGylated and alkylated derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:566-572. [PMID: 29279243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y2 receptor (Y2R) agonism is an important anorectic signal and a target of antiobesity drug discovery. Recently, we synthesized a short-length Y2R agonist, PYY-1119 (4-imidazolecarbonyl-[d-Hyp24,Iva25,Pya(4)26,Cha27,36,γMeLeu28,Lys30,Aib31]PYY(23-36), 1) as an antiobesity drug candidate. Compound 1 induced marked body weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice; however, 1 also induced severe vomiting in dogs at a lower dose than the minimum effective dose administered to DIO mice. The rapid absorption of 1 after subcutaneous administration caused the severe vomiting. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)- and alkyl-modified derivatives of 1 were synthesized to develop Y2R agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles, i.e., lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and longer time at maximum concentration (Tmax). Compounds 5 and 10, modified with 20 kDa PEG at the N-terminus and eicosanedioic acid at the Lys30 side chain of 1, respectively, showed high Y2R binding affinity and induced significant body weight reduction upon once-daily administration to DIO mice. Compounds 5 and 10, with their relatively low Cmax and long Tmax, partially attenuated emesis in dogs compared with 1. These results indicate that optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of Y2R agonists is an effective strategy to alleviate emesis induced by Y2R agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Niida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kanematsu-Yamaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Asakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Ishimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mochida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazue Tsuchimori
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mariko Yoneyama-Hirozane
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo Fukui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Taiji Asami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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