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Barthels F, Meyr J, Hammerschmidt SJ, Marciniak T, Räder HJ, Ziebuhr W, Engels B, Schirmeister T. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines as Privileged Warheads for the Development of S. aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804970. [PMID: 35047562 PMCID: PMC8763382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with emerging multiresistant isolates causing a significant burden to public health systems. We identified 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as a new class of potent inhibitors against S. aureus sortase A acting by covalent modification of the active site cysteine 184. Series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the most potent compounds displaying low micromolar KI values. Studies on the inhibition selectivity of homologous cysteine proteases showed that 2-sulfonylpyrimidines reacted efficiently with protonated cysteine residues as found in sortase A, though surprisingly, no reaction occurred with the more nucleophilic cysteine residue from imidazolinium-thiolate dyads of cathepsin-like proteases. By means of enzymatic and chemical kinetics as well as quantum chemical calculations, it could be rationalized that the SNAr reaction between protonated cysteine residues and 2-sulfonylpyrimidines proceeds in a concerted fashion, and the mechanism involves a ternary transition state with a conjugated base. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition at variable pH values allowed us to hypothesize that in sortase A this base is represented by the catalytic histidine 120, which could be substantiated by QM model calculation with 4-methylimidazole as histidine analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyr
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Jia B, Zheng X, Wu ML, Tian XT, Song X, Liu YN, Li PN, Liu J. Increased Reactive Oxygen Species and Distinct Oxidative Damage in Resveratrol-suppressed Glioblastoma Cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:141-149. [PMID: 33391410 PMCID: PMC7738840 DOI: 10.7150/jca.45489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain malignancy that lacks reliable treatments. Resveratrol possesses anti-cancer effects, but its activity against glioblastoma cells is variable for unknown reasons. One mechanism through which anti-cancer drugs exert their effects is oxidative damage caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Thus, the present study examined the relationship between oxidative stress and sensitivity to resveratrol in glioblastoma cells. Methods: Two GBM cell lines (U251 and LN428) were exposed to 100 μM resveratrol for 48 h, and proliferation and apoptosis were assessed. ROS generation was evaluated using 2′-7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate-based flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Immunocytochemical staining and western blotting were conducted at regular intervals to profile the expression patterns of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), catalase, caspase-9, caspase-3, and sulfotransferases (SULTs) in untreated and resveratrol-treated GBM cells. Results: Resveratrol-treated U251 cells, but not resveratrol-treated LN428 cells, exhibited remarkable growth arrest and extensive apoptosis accompanied by elevated intracellular ROS levels and attenuated SOD2 and catalase expression. Mitochondrial impairment and more distinct increases in the expression of activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 were detected in U251 cells following resveratrol treatment. The levels of resveratrol metabolic enzymes (SULT1A1 and SULT1C2) were lower in U251 cells than in LN428 cells. Conclusions: Resveratrol increased ROS generation and induced oxidation-related cellular lesions in U251 cells by activating an ROS-related mitochondrial signal pathway. The levels of SULTs and ROS may indicate the therapeutic outcomes of resveratrol treatment in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mo-Li Wu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Tian
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xue Song
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan-Na Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pei-Nan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics and Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Fedoseev SV, Belikov MY, Ershov OV. Synthesis of 3-(Dialkylamino)-4-halofuro[3,4-c]pyridin-1(3H)-ones. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802001008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dual roles of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 in the development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109532. [PMID: 31605953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in carcinogenesis, and cellular antioxidant systems are important for detoxifying ROS and reversing oxidant-mediated modifications. Glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM) belongs to a family of phase II detoxification enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to a wide range of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds. The genotype of GSTM1 was associated with the risk and prognosis of cancer in several meta-analyses. This study explored the function of GSTM1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting (WB) were used to detect the levels of gene and protein expression. MTS assays, Transwell assays, and flow cytometry were used to explore the function of GSTM1 in vitro. The xenograft assay and tail vein injection model were used to explore the function of GSTM1 in vivo. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of GSTM1 was downregulated in HCC, but the expression levels of GSTM1 were not correlated with patient survival time. In vitro, Transwell and doxorubicin (DOX)-induced apoptosis assays revealed that GSTM1 showed opposite functions in different HCC cell lines with varied TP53 genotype statuses. The overexpression of GSTM1 in the above cell lines led to a significant decrease in ROS and an increase in GSH concentration and TP53 levels, suggesting that the controversial role of GSTM1 resulted from the TP53 genotype of HCC cells. The overexpression of GSTM1 promoted cell migration and inhibited apoptosis in the MHCC-97H cell line (TP53, R249S), but inhibited cell migration and increased apoptosis in the SMMC-7721 cell line (TP53 wildtype). CONCLUSION GSTM1 down-regulation may partially account for ROS-mediated oxidative damage and HCC carcinogenesis. GSTM1 also regulates tumor progression by disrupting the ROS-TP53 axis in HCC cells with different genetic backgrounds.
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Wang JR, Shen GN, Luo YH, Piao XJ, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li JQ, Xu WT, Zhang Y, Wang SN, Zhang T, Xue H, Cao LK, Jin CH. 2-(4-methoxyphenylthio)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cells. J Chemother 2019; 31:214-226. [PMID: 31074342 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2019.1610832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-naphthoquinones and their derivatives have garnered great interest due to their antitumor pharmacological properties in various cancers; however, their clinical application is limited by side effects. In this study, to reduce side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy, a novel 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative-2-(4-methoxyphenylthio)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (MPTDMNQ) was synthesized. We investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of MPTDMNQ on cell viability, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human gastric cancer cells. Our results showed that MPTDMNQ decreased cell viability in nine human gastric cancer cell lines. MPTDMNQ significantly induced apoptosis accompanied by the accumulation of ROS in GC cells. However, pre-treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) attenuated the MPTDMNQ-induced apoptosis. Moreover, MPTDMNQ decreased the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); and increased the phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase. However, phosphorylation was inhibited by NAC and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. These findings showed that MPTDMNQ induced AGS cell apoptosis via ROS-mediated MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways. Thus, MPTDMNQ may be a promising candidate for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ru Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Gui-Nan Shen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Ying-Hua Luo
- b College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Xian-Ji Piao
- c Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Daqing , China
| | - Yi Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Jin-Qian Li
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Wan-Ting Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Shi-Nong Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Tong Zhang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Hui Xue
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Long-Kui Cao
- d College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China.,d College of Food Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing , China
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Nunes AS, Costa EC, Barros AS, de Melo-Diogo D, Correia IJ. Establishment of 2D Cell Cultures Derived From 3D MCF-7 Spheroids Displaying a Doxorubicin Resistant Profile. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800268. [PMID: 30242980 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro 3D cancer spheroids generally exhibit a drug resistance profile similar to that found in solid tumors. Due to this property, these models are an appealing for anticancer compounds screening. Nevertheless, the techniques and methods aimed for drug discovery are mostly standardized for cells cultured in 2D. The development of 2D cell culture models displaying a drug resistant profile is required to mimic the in vivo tumors, while the equipment, techniques, and methodologies established for conventional 2D cell cultures can continue to be employed in compound screening. In this work, the response of 3D-derived MCF-7 cells subsequently cultured in 2D in medium supplemented with glutathione (GSH) (antioxidant agent found in high levels in breast cancer tissues and a promoter of cancer cells resistance) to Doxorubicin (DOX) is evaluated. These cells demonstrated a resistance toward DOX closer to that displayed by 3D spheroids, which is higher than that exhibited by standard 2D cell cultures. In fact, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of DOX in 3D-derived MCF-7 cell cultures supplemented with GSH is about eight-times higher than that obtained for conventional 2D cell cultures (cultured without GSH), and is only about two-times lower than that attained for 3D MCF-7 spheroids (cultured without GSH). Further investigation revealed that this improved resistance of 3D-derived MCF-7 cells may result from their increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity and reduced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Nunes
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisabete C Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andreia S Barros
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Duarte de Melo-Diogo
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,CIEPQF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Polo II, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
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Correlation of Reactive Oxygen Species Levels with Resveratrol Sensitivities of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6235417. [PMID: 30116486 PMCID: PMC6079360 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6235417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most lethal thyroid malignancy without a reliable therapeutic agent. Resveratrol possesses cancer-suppressive effects, while its effect(s) on ATC cells remains unknown. Because oxidative damage caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs and oxidative stress-caused mitochondria swelling is observed in resveratrol-treated cancer cells, the oxidative statuses and their relevance with resveratrol sensitivities are elucidated using THJ-16T and THJ-11T ATC cells established from two human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cases. The results revealed that resveratrol-treated THJ-16T rather than THJ-11T cells showed remarkable growth arrest and extensive apoptosis accompanied with the elevated ROS generation and the attenuated superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) levels. Mitochondrial impairment and the enhanced caspase-9/caspase-3 activation are found only in resveratrol-sensitive THJ-16T cells. Treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) partly attenuated resveratrol-induced ROS generation and apoptosis of THJ-16T cells. The levels of resveratrol metabolic enzymes (SULT1A1 and SULT1C2) in THJ-16T cells were lower than those in THJ-11T cells and therefore reversely related with resveratrol sensitivities of ATC cells. Our findings demonstrate the ability of resveratrol to increase ROS generation and oxidative-related cellular lesions in resveratrol-sensitive THJ-16T cells presumably through activating the ROS-mitochondrial signal pathway. The levels of SULTs and ROS may reflect the response manners of ATC cells to resveratrol.
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