1
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Scherger M, Pilger YA, Komforth P, Räder HJ, Nuhn L. Reversible Polymer-Protein Functionalization by Stepwise Introduction of Amine-Reactive, Reductive-Responsive Self-Immolative End Groups onto RAFT-Derived Polymers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:129-138. [PMID: 36695579 PMCID: PMC10777346 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many promising therapeutic protein or peptide drug candidates are rapidly excreted from an organism due to their small size or their inherent immunogenicity. One way to counteract these effects is PEGylation, in which the biopolymer is shielded by synthetic polymers exploiting their stealth properties. However, these modifications are often accompanied by a reduction in the biological function of the protein. By using responsive moieties that bridge the polymer to the protein, a reversible character is provided to this type of conjugation. In this regard, the reductive-responsive nature of disulfides can be exploited via self-immolative structures for reversible linkage to aminic lysine residues and the N-terminus on the protein surface. They enable a traceless release of the intact protein without any further modification and thus preserve the protein's bioactivity. In this study, we demonstrate how this chemistry can be made broadly accessible to RAFT-derived water-soluble polymers like poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (pDMA) as a relevant PEG alternative. A terminal reactive imidazole carbamate with an adjacent self-immolative motif was generated in a gradual manner onto the trithiocarbonate chain transfer moiety of the polymer by first substituting it with a disulfide-bridged alcohol and subsequently converting it into an amine reactive imidazole carbamate. Successful synthesis and complete characterization were demonstrated by NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Finally, two model proteins, lysozyme and a therapeutically relevant nanobody, were functionalized with the generated polymer, which was found to be fully reversible under reductive conditions in the presence of free thiols. This strategy has the potential to extend the generation of reversible reductive-responsive polymer-protein hybrids to the broad field of available functional RAFT-derived polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Scherger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yannick A. Pilger
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg 97070, Germany
| | - Patric Komforth
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, Würzburg 97070, Germany
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2
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Kaygisiz K, Ender AM, Gačanin J, Kaczmarek LA, Koutsouras DA, Nalakath AN, Winterwerber P, Mayer FJ, Räder HJ, Marszalek T, Blom PWM, Synatschke CV, Weil T. Photoinduced Amyloid Fibril Degradation for Controlled Cell Patterning. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200294. [PMID: 36281903 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-like fibrils are a special class of self-assembling peptides that emerge as a promising nanomaterial with rich bioactivity for applications such as cell adhesion and growth. Unlike the extracellular matrix, the intrinsically stable amyloid-like fibrils do not respond nor adapt to stimuli of their natural environment. Here, a self-assembling motif (CKFKFQF), in which a photosensitive o-nitrobenzyl linker (PCL) is inserted, is designed. This peptide (CKFK-PCL-FQF) assembles into amyloid-like fibrils comparable to the unsubstituted CKFKFQF and reveals a strong response to UV-light. After UV irradiation, the secondary structure of the fibrils, fibril morphology, and bioactivity are lost. Thus, coating surfaces with the pre-formed fibrils and exposing them to UV-light through a photomask generate well-defined areas with patterns of intact and destroyed fibrillar morphology. The unexposed, fibril-coated surface areas retain their ability to support cell adhesion in culture, in contrast to the light-exposed regions, where the cell-supportive fibril morphology is destroyed. Consequently, the photoresponsive peptide nanofibrils provide a facile and efficient way of cell patterning, exemplarily demonstrated for A549, Chinese Hamster Ovary, and Raw Dual type cells. This study introduces photoresponsive amyloid-like fibrils as adaptive functional materials to precisely arrange cells on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Kaygisiz
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adriana M Ender
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmina Gačanin
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Alix Kaczmarek
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A Koutsouras
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Abin N Nalakath
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pia Winterwerber
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz J Mayer
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Department of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher V Synatschke
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Czysch C, Dinh T, Fröder Y, Bixenmann L, Komforth P, Balint A, Räder HJ, Naumann S, Nuhn L. Nontoxic N-Heterocyclic Olefin Catalyst Systems for Well-Defined Polymerization of Biocompatible Aliphatic Polycarbonates. ACS Polym Au 2022; 2:371-379. [PMID: 36855582 PMCID: PMC9955374 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) are utilized as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of functional aliphatic carbonates. This emerging class of catalysts provides high reactivity and rapid conversion. Aiming for the polymerization of monomers with high side chain functionality, six-membered carbonates derived from 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) served as model compounds. Tuning the reactivity of NHO from predominant side chain transesterification at room temperature toward ring-opening at lowered temperatures (-40 °C) enables controlled ROP. These refined conditions give narrowly distributed polymers of the hydrophobic carbonate 5-methyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MTC-OBn) (Đ < 1.30) at (pseudo)first-order kinetic polymerization progression. End group definition of these polymers demonstrated by mass spectrometry underlines the absence of side reactions. For the active ester monomer 5-methyl-5-pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one (MTC-PFP) with elevated side chain reactivity, a cocatalysis system consisting of NHO and the Lewis acid magnesium iodide is required to retune the reactivity from side chains toward controlled ROP. Excellent definition of the products (Đ < 1.30) and mass spectrometry data demonstrate the feasibility of this cocatalyst approach, since MTC-PFP has thus far only been polymerized successfully using acidic catalysts with moderate control. The broad feasibility of our findings was further demonstrated by the synthesis of block copolymers for bioapplications and their successful nanoparticular assembly. High tolerability of NHO in vitro with concentrations ranging up to 400 μM (equivalent to 0.056 mg/mL) further emphasize the suitability as a catalyst for the synthesis of bioapplicable materials. The polycarbonate block copolymer mPEG44-b-poly(MTC-OBn) enables physical entrapment of hydrophobic dyes in sub-20 nm micelles, whereas the active ester block copolymer mPEG44-b-poly(MTC-PFP) is postfunctionalizable by covalent dye attachment. Both block copolymers thereby serve as platforms for physical or covalent modification of nanocarriers for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Czysch
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thi Dinh
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yannick Fröder
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leon Bixenmann
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patric Komforth
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Balint
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany,Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Röntgenring
11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany,
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4
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Czysch C, Medina-Montano C, Dal NJK, Dinh T, Fröder Y, Winterwerber P, Maxeiner K, Räder HJ, Schuppan D, Schild H, Bros M, Biersack B, Feranoli F, Grabbe S, Nuhn L. End Group Dye-labeled Polycarbonate Block Copolymers for Micellar (immuno-)Drug Delivery. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200095. [PMID: 35339115 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Defined conjugation of functional molecules to block copolymer end groups is a powerful strategy to enhance the scope of micellar carriers for drug delivery. In this study, we have established an approach to access well-defined polycarbonate-based block copolymers by labeling their end groups with single fluorescent dye molecules. Following controlled polymerization conditions, the block copolymers' primary hydroxy end group can be converted into activated pentafluorophenyl ester carbonates and subsequently aminolyzed with fluorescent dyes that are equipped with primary amines. During a solvent evaporation process, the resulting end group dye-labeled block copolymers self-assemble into narrowly dispersed 26 nm sized micelles and simultaneously encapsulate hydrophobic (immuno-)drugs. The covalently attached fluorescent tracer can be used to monitor both uptake into cells and stability under biologically relevant conditions, including incubation with blood plasma or during blood circulation in zebrafish embryos. By encapsulation of the TLR7/8 agonist CL075, immune stimulatory polymeric micelles are generated that get internalized by various antigen presenting dendritic cells and promote their maturation. Generally, such end group dye-labeled polycarbonate block copolymers display ideal features to permit targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs to key immune cells for vaccination and cancer immunotherapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thi Dinh
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Germany
| | - Yannick Fröder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, United States
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Germany
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5
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Barthels F, Meyr J, Hammerschmidt SJ, Marciniak T, Räder HJ, Ziebuhr W, Engels B, Schirmeister T. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines as Privileged Warheads for the Development of S. aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804970. [PMID: 35047562 PMCID: PMC8763382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with emerging multiresistant isolates causing a significant burden to public health systems. We identified 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as a new class of potent inhibitors against S. aureus sortase A acting by covalent modification of the active site cysteine 184. Series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the most potent compounds displaying low micromolar KI values. Studies on the inhibition selectivity of homologous cysteine proteases showed that 2-sulfonylpyrimidines reacted efficiently with protonated cysteine residues as found in sortase A, though surprisingly, no reaction occurred with the more nucleophilic cysteine residue from imidazolinium-thiolate dyads of cathepsin-like proteases. By means of enzymatic and chemical kinetics as well as quantum chemical calculations, it could be rationalized that the SNAr reaction between protonated cysteine residues and 2-sulfonylpyrimidines proceeds in a concerted fashion, and the mechanism involves a ternary transition state with a conjugated base. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition at variable pH values allowed us to hypothesize that in sortase A this base is represented by the catalytic histidine 120, which could be substantiated by QM model calculation with 4-methylimidazole as histidine analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyr
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Gradients of bioactive molecules play a crucial role in various biological processes like vascularization, tissue regeneration, or cell migration. To study these complex biological systems, it is necessary to control the concentration of bioactive molecules on their substrates. Here, we created a photochemical strategy to generate gradients using amyloid-like fibrils as scaffolds functionalized with a model epitope, that is, the integrin-binding peptide RGD, to modulate cell adhesion. The self-assembling β-sheet forming peptide (CKFKFQF) was connected to the RGD epitope via a photosensitive nitrobenzyl linker and assembled into photoresponsive nanofibrils. The fibrils were spray-coated on glass substrates and macroscopic gradients were generated by UV-light over a centimeter-scale. We confirmed the gradient formation using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy imaging (MALDI-MSI), which directly visualizes the molecular species on the surface. The RGD gradient was used to instruct cells. In consequence, A549 adapted their adhesion properties in dependence of the RGD-epitope density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Maria Ender
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kübra Kaygisiz
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz J Mayer
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher V Synatschke
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Department Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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7
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Jung S, Fuchs N, Johe P, Wagner A, Diehl E, Yuliani T, Zimmer C, Barthels F, Zimmermann RA, Klein P, Waigel W, Meyr J, Opatz T, Tenzer S, Distler U, Räder HJ, Kersten C, Engels B, Hellmich UA, Klein J, Schirmeister T. Fluorovinylsulfones and -Sulfonates as Potent Covalent Reversible Inhibitors of the Trypanosomal Cysteine Protease Rhodesain: Structure-Activity Relationship, Inhibition Mechanism, Metabolism, and In Vivo Studies. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12322-12358. [PMID: 34378914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhodesain is a major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a pathogen causing Human African Trypanosomiasis, and a validated drug target. Recently, we reported the development of α-halovinylsulfones as a new class of covalent reversible cysteine protease inhibitors. Here, α-fluorovinylsulfones/-sulfonates were optimized for rhodesain based on molecular modeling approaches. 2d, the most potent and selective inhibitor in the series, shows a single-digit nanomolar affinity and high selectivity toward mammalian cathepsins B and L. Enzymatic dilution assays and MS experiments indicate that 2d is a slow-tight binder (Ki = 3 nM). Furthermore, the nonfluorinated 2d-(H) shows favorable metabolism and biodistribution by accumulation in mice brain tissue after intraperitoneal and oral administration. The highest antitrypanosomal activity was observed for inhibitors with an N-terminal 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine group and a 4-Me-Phe residue in P2 (2e/4e) with nanomolar EC50 values (0.14/0.80 μM). The different mechanisms of reversible and irreversible inhibitors were explained using QM/MM calculations and MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalie Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Johe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Erika Diehl
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tri Yuliani
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Collin Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Barthels
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert A Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Waldemar Waigel
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyr
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (IPBS), Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Muhl C, Schäfer O, Bauer T, Räder HJ, Barz M. Poly(S-ethylsulfonyl-l-homocysteine): An α-Helical Polypeptide for Chemoselective Disulfide Formation. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Muhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olga Schäfer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School MAterials Science IN mainZ (MAINZ), Staudingerweg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Beck S, Schultze J, Räder HJ, Holm R, Schinnerer M, Barz M, Koynov K, Zentel R. Site-Specific DBCO Modification of DEC205 Antibody for Polymer Conjugation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020141. [PMID: 30966177 PMCID: PMC6414842 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of multifunctional polymer-based vectors, forming pDNA vaccines, offers great potential in cancer immune therapy. The transfection of dendritic immune cells (DCs) with tumour antigen-encoding pDNA leads to an activation of the immune system to combat tumour cells. In this work, we investigated the chemical attachment of DEC205 antibodies (aDEC205) as DC-targeting structures to polyplexes of P(Lys)-b-P(HPMA). The conjugation of a synthetic block copolymer and a biomacromolecule with various functionalities (aDEC205) requires bioorthogonal techniques to avoid side reactions. Click chemistry and in particular the strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) can provide the required bioorthogonality. With regard to a SPAAC of both components, we firstly synthesized two different azide-containing block copolymers, P(Lys)-b-P(HPMA)-N3(stat) and P(Lys)-b-P(HPMA)-N3(end), for pDNA complexation. In addition, the site-specific incorporation of ring-strained dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) moieties to the DEC205 antibody was achieved by an enzymatic strategy using bacterial transglutaminase (BTG). The chemical accessibility of DBCO molecules within aDEC205 as well as the accessibility of azide-functionalities on the polyplex’ surface were investigated by various SPAAC experiments and characterized by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Beck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schultze
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Regina Holm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Meike Schinnerer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Jakob Welder Weg 11, D-55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (J.S.); (H.-J.R.); (K.K.)
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (R.H.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-39-20361
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Quernheim M, Golling FE, Zhang W, Wagner M, Räder HJ, Nishiuchi T, Müllen K. Die präzise Synthese von Phenylen-erweiterten cyclischen Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenen ausgehend von polyarylierten [n]Cycloparaphenylenen mithilfe der Scholl-Reaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Quernheim M, Golling FE, Zhang W, Wagner M, Räder HJ, Nishiuchi T, Müllen K. The Precise Synthesis of Phenylene-Extended Cyclic Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes from Polyarylated [n]Cycloparaphenylenes by the Scholl Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10341-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Trimpin S, Keune S, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Solvent-free MALDI-MS: developmental improvements in the reliability and the potential of MALDI in the analysis of synthetic polymers and giant organic molecules. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2006; 17:661-71. [PMID: 16540340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A dry sample preparation strategy was previously established as a new method for matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), so-called solvent-free MALDI-MS. In this contribution, we examine systems that have been shown problematic with conventional solvent-based MALDI approaches. Problems frequently encountered are solubility, miscibility, and segregation effects during crystallization as a result of unfavorable analyte and matrix polarities. In all cases studied, solvent-free MALDI-MS simplified the measurement and improved the analysis. Solvent-free MALDI-MS enables more reliable results in well-known problematic systems such as polydimethylsiloxane with its segregation effects. However, even in highly compatible analyte/matrix systems such as polystyrene and dithranol, there were undesirable suppression effects when employing THF as solvent. Generally, the solvent-free method allows for more homogeneous analyte/matrix mixtures as well as higher shot-to-shot and sample-to-sample reproducibility. As a result, less laser power has to be applied, which yields milder MALDI conditions, reduced background signals, and provides better resolution of the analyte signals. Solvent-free MALDI-MS proved valuable for the characterization of nanosized material, e.g., fullereno-based structures, which indicated having an increased fragmentation-susceptibility. New analyte/matrix combinations (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone/dithranol) are accessible independent of solubility and compatibility in common solvents. An improved quantitation potential is recognized (e.g., insoluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon against soluble dendrite precursor). The rapid and easy measurement of industrial products demonstrates the solvent-free method capable for improved throughput analysis of a variety of compounds (e.g., poly(butylmethacrylate) diol) in routine industrial analysis. Hence, this new MALDI method leads to qualitative and quantitative improvements, making it a powerful tool for analytical purposes, which may also prove to be valuable in future automation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Yang X, Räder HJ, Ropuhanipour A, Müllen K. Soft deposition of organic macromolecules with fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2005; 11:287-93. [PMID: 16107743 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the requirements for soft deposition of intact positively charged organic macromolecules, an homogenous series of modal compounds such as polyphenylene dendronized perylenes (PDPs), C(80)H(52), C(200)H(132) and C(320)H(212) and a series of derivatives involving perylene derivative, C(98)H(104)N(8)O(4), terrylene derivative, C(78)H(82)N(6)O(4) and quaterrylene derivative, C(140)H(138)N(10)O(8), were used for soft-landing experiments on a metallic or matrix coated surface using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Soft-landing can be achieved at impact energies below 180 eV with no production of fragments. The deposition rate shows strong energy dependence with similar behavior of the different organic compounds. A single isotope of the molecule was selected and soft-landed at increased resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Alexander J, Ehrenfreund M, Fiedler J, Huber W, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Stack-Type Redox Systems: Synthesis via Repeated Carbanion Alkylation and Electron Transfer Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198915311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gherghel L, Kübel C, Lieser G, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Pyrolysis in the mesophase: a chemist's approach toward preparing carbon nano- and microparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:13130-8. [PMID: 12405842 DOI: 10.1021/ja020363u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild pyrolytic method is proposed for the generation of different carbon micro- and nanoparticles that are either unprecedented or have never been reported under the present experimental conditions. A hexa-alkyl-substituted hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene serves as a graphite-like starting compound that melts into a discotic liquid crystalline phase prior to heat-induced cross-linking and dehydrogenation. An essential feature of the process is that the liquid crystalline order persists even above 400 degrees C, i.e., during alkyl chain cleavage. The present approach bears a resemblance to carbomesophase formation during graphitization starting from pitch. The pyrolysis products are characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, optical microscopy, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lileta Gherghel
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Trimpin S, Grimsdale AC, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Characterization of an insoluble poly(9,9-diphenyl-2,7-fluorene) by solvent-free sample preparation for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3777-82. [PMID: 12175166 DOI: 10.1021/ac0111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of solvent-free sample preparation for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allowed the characterization of an insoluble fraction of poly(9,9-diphenylfluorene) that was previously hindered by the lack of suitable characterization methods. The MALDI mass spectrometric analysis gives valuable mechanistic information about the heterogeneous polymerization process of the insoluble high molecular weight fraction of the polymer. The fragmentation appearing even under moderate desorption and ionization conditions of this rigid backbone analyte is identified as a multiple loss of the bulky phenyl side groups and can be avoided by applying the new MALDI matrix 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. A specialized fragmentation study by postsource decay MALDI-TOF MS reveals a molecular weight dependent change in fragmentation mechanism from an exclusive cleavage of side groups from long polymer chains to an additional cleavage of the polymer backbone of short polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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Trimpin S, Eichhorn P, Räder HJ, Müllen K, Knepper TP. Recalcitrance of poly(vinylpyrrolidone): evidence through matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 938:67-77. [PMID: 11771848 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aerobic biodegradability of an extensively used synthetic polymer was monitored the first time on a laboratory-scale fixed-bed bioreactor (FBBR) applying matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Polymeric poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was spiked at concentrations of 10 mg l(-1) onto the FBBR run with river water and the biodegradation monitored after lyophilization of aliquots of the test liquor applying MALDI-TOF-MS. The latter proved to be a powerful tool for qualitative screening purposes of PVP in a molecular mass range <20 kDa in particularly yielding a high sensitivity and shot-to-shot reproducibility. The sample-to-sample reproducibility was enhanced applying the anchor target device. Post-source decay-MALDI-TOF-MS fragmentation investigations determined the unknown end groups of PVP unambiguously. Poor biodegradability of PVP can be assumed, since even after 30 days, no oxidation of the terminal groups and no difference in the repeating units was observed. A decrease in the molecular mass distribution can be drawn back rather to adsorption of PVP in the FBBR other than to biodegradation. This was further investigated performing an adsorption experiment with sewage sludge as solid matrix and analyses of the aqueous phase and sludge samples. Extrapolating these results to the situation in wastewater treatment plants, it is highly likely that PVP is eliminated from the dissolved phase by adsorption onto sludge particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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Leuninger J, Trimpin S, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Novel Approach to Ladder-Type Polymers: Polydithiathianthrene via the Intramolecular Acid-Induced Cyclization of Methylsulfinyl-Substituted Poly(meta-phenylene sulfide). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3935(20011001)202:14<2832::aid-macp2832>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Trimpin S, Rouhanipour A, Az R, Räder HJ, Müllen K. New aspects in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a universal solvent-free sample preparation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001; 15:1364-1373. [PMID: 11466797 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method of solvent-free sample preparation is shown to be of universal applicability for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Results obtained were compared with those of traditional solvent-based sample preparation for MALDI-MS in order to demonstrate their similarities with respect to accuracy, sensitivity and resolution for polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) in a mass range from 2 to 100 kDa. The results revealed that there is fundamentally no difference in the quality of the obtained mass spectra, and we conclude that the mechanism of desorption and ionization remains unchanged. However, the solvent-free sample preparation turned out to have some advantages over the traditional method in certain cases: quick and easy applicability is shown for polyetherimide avoiding time-consuming optimization procedures. In particular, industrial pigments that are insoluble in common solvents were characterized without interfering signals from fragments. The method even showed improvements with respect to reproducibility and mass discrimination effects in comparison to traditional sample preparation. Additionally, this contribution provides new insight regarding the analyte/matrix preorganization for the desorption step which now appears to be independent of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trimpin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Remmers M, Müller B, Martin K, Räder HJ, Köhler W. Poly(p-phenylene)s. Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Quantitative Analysis with HPLC and MALDI−TOF Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981260s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remmers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymer Forschung, Postfach 3148, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate Müller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymer Forschung, Postfach 3148, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Martin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymer Forschung, Postfach 3148, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymer Forschung, Postfach 3148, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Köhler
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Kistenmacher A, Adam M, Baumgarten M, Pawlik J, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Synthesis of new soluble triphenodithiazines and investigation of their donor properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19921250627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Alexander J, Ehrenfreund M, Fiedler J, Huber W, Räder HJ, Müllen K. Stapelförmige Redoxsysteme – Synthese durch wiederholte Carbanionalkylierung sowie Elektronentransfer-Studien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19891011109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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