1
|
Verrelle P, Gestraud P, Poyer F, Soria A, Tessier S, Lescure A, Anthony E, Corbé M, Heinrich S, Beauvineau C, Chaput L, Granzhan A, Piguel S, Perez F, Teulade-Fichou MP, Megnin-Chanet F, Del Nery E. Integrated High-Throughput Screening and Large-Scale Isobolographic Analysis to Accelerate the Discovery of Radiosensitizers With Greater Selectivity for Cancer Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:1294-1307. [PMID: 37778425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-throughput screening (HTS) platforms have been widely used to identify candidate anticancer drugs and drug-drug combinations; however, HTS-based identification of new drug-ionizing radiation (IR) combinations has rarely been reported. Herein, we developed an integrated approach including cell-based HTS and computational large-scale isobolographic analysis to accelerate the identification of radiosensitizing compounds acting strongly and more specifically on cancer cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS In a 384-well plate format, 160 compounds likely to interfere with the cell response to radiation were screened on human glioblastoma (U251-MG) and cervix carcinoma (ME-180) cell lines, as well as on normal fibroblasts (CCD-19Lu). After drug exposure, cells were irradiated or not and short-term cell survival was assessed by high-throughput cell microscopy. Computational large-scale dose-response and isobolographic approach were used to identify promising synergistic drugs radiosensitizing cancer cells rather than normal cells. Synergy of a promising compound was confirmed on ME-180 cells by an independent 96-well assay protocol, and finally, by the gold-standard colony forming assay. RESULTS We retained 4 compounds synergistic at 2 isoeffects in U251-MG and ME-180 cell lines and 11 compounds synergistically effective in only one cancer cell line. Among these 15 promising radiosensitizers, 5 compounds showed limited toxicity combined or not with IR on normal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study demonstrated that HTS chemoradiation screening together with large-scale computational analysis is an efficient tool to identify synergistic drug-IR combinations, with concomitant assessment of unwanted toxicity on normal fibroblasts. It sparks expectations to accelerate the discovery of highly desired agents improving the therapeutic index of radiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Verrelle
- Radiation Oncology Department, Institut Curie Hospital, Paris, France; Chemistry and Modelisation for the Biology of Cancer, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Pierre Gestraud
- Chemistry and Modelisation for the Biology of Cancer, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Florent Poyer
- Chemistry and Modelisation for the Biology of Cancer, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Adèle Soria
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Tessier
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Aurianne Lescure
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Anthony
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Corbé
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Heinrich
- Experimental Radiotherapy Platform (RadeXp), Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, Orsay, France; Inserm U1021-CNRS UMR 3347, Institut Curie, Paris Saclay University
| | - Claire Beauvineau
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, PSL Research University, Mines Paris Tech, INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Chaput
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, PSL Research University, Mines Paris Tech, INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, PSL Research University, Mines Paris Tech, INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Piguel
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, PSL Research University, Mines Paris Tech, INSERM U900, Paris, France; BioCIS UMR8076, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Orsay, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France; Cell Biology and Cancer UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Teulade-Fichou
- Chemistry and Modelisation for the Biology of Cancer, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frédérique Megnin-Chanet
- Bioinformatics and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, PSL Research University, Mines Paris Tech, INSERM U900, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Nery
- Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, PSL Research University, PICT-IBiSa, Institut Curie Research Center, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peytam F, Emamgholipour Z, Mousavi A, Moradi M, Foroumadi R, Firoozpour L, Divsalar F, Safavi M, Foroumadi A. Imidazopyridine-based kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: A review. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106831. [PMID: 37683538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering the fundamental role of protein kinases in the mechanism of protein phosphorylation in critical cellular processes, their dysregulation, especially in cancers, has underscored their therapeutic relevance. Imidazopyridines represent versatile scaffolds found in abundant bioactive compounds. Given their structural features, imidazopyridines have possessed pivotal potency to interact with different protein kinases, inspiring researchers to carry out numerous structural variations. In this comprehensive review, we encompass an extensive survey of the design and biological evaluations of imidazopyridine-based small molecules as potential agents targeting diverse kinases for anticancer applications. We describe the structural elements critical to inhibitory potency, elucidating their key structure-activity relationships (SAR) and mode of actions, where available. We classify these compounds into two groups: Serine/threonine and Tyrosine inhibitors. By highlighting the promising role of imidazopyridines in kinase inhibition, we aim to facilitate the design and development of more effective, targeted compounds for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Peytam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Emamgholipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mousavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahfam Moradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roham Foroumadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Divsalar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boček Pavlinac I, Dragić M, Persoons L, Daelemans D, Hranjec M. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of 2,6-Disubstituted Imidazo[4,5- b]pyridines Prepared by Suzuki Cross Coupling. Molecules 2023; 28:7208. [PMID: 37894686 PMCID: PMC10608878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 2,6-diphenyl substituted imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines was designed and synthesized using optimized Suzuki cross coupling to evaluate their biological activity in vitro. The conditions of the Suzuki coupling were evaluated and optimized using a model reaction. To study the influence of the substituents on the biological activity, we prepared N-unsubstituted and N-methyl substituted imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with different substituents at the para position on the phenyl ring placed at position 6 on the heterocyclic scaffold. Antiproliferative activity was determined on diverse human cancer cell lines, and the selectivity of compounds with promising antiproliferative activity was determined on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Pronounced antiproliferative activity was observed for p-hydroxy substituted derivatives 13 and 19, both displaying strong activity against most of the tested cell lines (IC50 1.45-4.25 μM). The unsubstituted N-methyl derivative 19 proved to be the most active derivative. There was a dose-dependent accumulation of G2/M arrested cells in several cancer cell lines after exposure to compound 19, implying a cell cycle-phase-specific mechanism of action. Additionally, the novel series of derivatives was evaluated for antiviral activity against a broad panel of viruses, yet the majority of tested compounds did not show antiviral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Boček Pavlinac
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mirna Dragić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Leentje Persoons
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.P.); (D.D.)
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.P.); (D.D.)
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.B.P.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khatun S, Singh A, Bader GN, Sofi FA. Imidazopyridine, a promising scaffold with potential medicinal applications and structural activity relationship (SAR): recent advances. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:14279-14302. [PMID: 34779710 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1997818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Imidazopyridine scaffold has gained tremendous importance over the past few decades. Imidazopyridines have been expeditiously used for the rationale design and development of novel synthetic analogs for various therapeutic disorders. A wide variety of imidazopyridine derivatives have been developed as potential anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-tubercular, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, central nervous system (CNS) agents besides other chemotherapeutic agents. Imidazopyridine heterocyclic system acts as a key pharmacophore motif for the identification and optimization of lead structures to increase medicinal chemistry toolbox. The present review highlights the medicinal significances of imidazopyridines for their rationale development as lead molecules with improved therapeutic efficacies. This review further emphasis on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the various designed imidazopyridines to establish a relationship between the key structural features versus the biological activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samima Khatun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Abhinav Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Ghulam N Bader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Firdoos Ahmad Sofi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biological Activity of Amidino-Substituted Imidazo [4,5- b]pyridines. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010034. [PMID: 36615231 PMCID: PMC9822021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyano- and amidino-substituted imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines were synthesized using standard methods of organic synthesis, and their biological activity was evaluated. Biological evaluation included in vitro assessment of antiproliferative effects on a diverse selection of human cancer cell lines, antibacterial activity against chosen Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, and antiviral activity on a broad panel of DNA and RNA viruses. The most pronounced antiproliferative activity was observed for compound 10, which contained an unsubstituted amidino group, and compound 14, which contained a 2-imidazolinyl amidino group; both displayed selective and strong activity in sub-micromolar inhibitory concentration range against colon carcinoma (IC50 0.4 and 0.7 μM, respectively). All tested compounds lacked antibacterial activity, with the exception of compound 14, which showed moderate activity against E. coli (MIC 32 μM). Bromo-substituted derivative 7, which contained an unsubstituted phenyl ring (EC50 21 μM), and para-cyano-substituted derivative 17 (EC50 58 μM) showed selective but moderate activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Collapse
|
6
|
Le Bescont J, Mouawad L, Boddaert T, Bombard S, Piguel S. Photoactivatable Small‐Molecule Inhibitors for Light‐Controlled TAM Kinase Activity. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Bescont
- Institut Curie Université PSL CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
| | - Liliane Mouawad
- Institut Curie Université PSL CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
| | - Thomas Boddaert
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS UMR 8182 ICMMO CP3A Organic Synthesis Group 91405 Orsay France
| | - Sophie Bombard
- Institut Curie Université PSL CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
| | - Sandrine Piguel
- Institut Curie Université PSL CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS UMR 9187 INSERM U1196 Chimie et Modélisation pour la Biologie du Cancer 91405 Orsay France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lončar B, Perin N, Mioč M, Boček I, Grgić L, Kralj M, Tomić S, Stojković MR, Hranjec M. Novel amino substituted tetracyclic imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives: Design, synthesis, antiproliferative activity and DNA/RNA binding study. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 217:113342. [PMID: 33751978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of tetracyclic imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives was designed and synthesized as potential antiproliferative agents. Their antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells was influenced by the introduction of chosen amino side chains on the different positions on the tetracyclic skeleton and particularly, by the position of N atom in the pyridine nuclei. Thus, the majority of compounds showed improved activity in comparison to standard drug etoposide. Several compounds showed pronounced cytostatic effect in the submicromolar range, especially on HCT116 and MCF-7 cancer cells. The obtained results have confirmed the significant impact of the position of N nitrogen in the pyridine ring on the enhancement of antiproliferative activity, especially for derivatives bearing amino side chains on position 2. Thus, regioisomers 6, 7 and 9 showed noticeable enhancement of activity in comparison to their counterparts 10, 11 and 13 with IC50 values in a nanomolar range of concentration (0.3-0.9 μM). Interactions with DNA (including G-quadruplex structure) and RNA were influenced by the position of amino side chains on the tetracyclic core of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives and the ligand charge. Moderate to high binding affinities (logKs = 5-7) obtained for selected imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives suggest that DNA/RNA are potential cell targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borka Lončar
- Pliva d.o.o., odjel TAPI I&R, Unapređenje tehnoloških procesa i Podrška proizvodnji, Croatia
| | - Nataša Perin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Mioč
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ida Boček
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Grgić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Tomić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Radić Stojković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Novel Imidazopyridine Derivative Exerts Anticancer Activity by Inducing Mitochondrial Pathway-Mediated Apoptosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4929053. [PMID: 32908894 PMCID: PMC7468608 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4929053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer remains a major clinical challenge because of the lack of effective drug for its treatment. To find out novel cancer chemotherapeutic molecules, we explored the anticancer effect of novel imidazopyridine compound 9i and also investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods Human cervical cancer cell (HeLa) viability was measured by an MTT assay after treatment with compound 9i. Clonogenicity of HeLa cells was investigated by an in vitro colony formation assay. Cell death was visualized by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to determine apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential in HeLa cells. The expression level of apoptosis-related proteins was also determined by western blot. Results Compound 9i suppressed HeLa cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Compound 9i induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), activated caspase cascade, and finally resulted in apoptosis. Conclusion Compound 9i induces mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells, suggesting that 9i could be a potential lead compound to be developed as a cancer therapeutic molecule.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun ZG, Liu JH, Zhang JM, Qian Y. Research Progress of Axl Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1338-1349. [PMID: 31218961 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190620155613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axl, a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) belonging to the TAM (Axl, Mer, Tyro3) family, participates in many signal transduction cascades after mostly being stimulated by Growth arrestspecific 6(Gas6). Axl is widely expressed in many organs, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, heart, liver and skeletal muscle. Over-expression and activation of Axl are associated with promoting chemotherapy resistance, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in many human cancers, such as breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. Therefore, the research and development of Axl inhibitors is of great significance to strengthen the means of cancer treatment, especially to solve the problem of drug resistance. Axl inhibitors have attracted more and more researchers' attention in recent years. This review discusses the research progress of Axl inhibitors in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Jin-Mai Zhang
- Room 205, BIO-X white house, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|