1
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Khusnutdinova EF, Petrova AV, Kazakova OB. Antiviral potency of lupane and oleanane alkynyl-derivatives against human cytomegalovirus and papillomavirus. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:50-56. [PMID: 37935823 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
A library of 18 structurally diverse semisynthetic lupane, oleanane, and ursane types triterpenoids, including C19- or C28-(1,2,3-triazolyl)- and aminomethylated derivatives obtained by the «click» reaction with various aromatic and sugar azides or by Mannich reaction with secondary amines, were tested for antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, and HPV-11 types. C28-Triazolyl-derivative with a benzyl substituent of 2,3-indolo-oleanolic acid was the most active against the HCMV virus with EC50 < 0.05 (SI > 81). Lupane 3,28-diacetoxy-triazolyl derivatives with phenyl- and fluorophenyl-fragments possess the highest activity among all screened compounds toward HPV-11 type virus with EC50 values of 2.97 µM and 1.20 μM, SI90 values of 28 and >125, respectively. One can see that modification of triterpenic alkynes to Mannich bases was more efficient in increasing an activity against HSV-1 than their conversion to triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira F Khusnutdinova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Anastasiya V Petrova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Oxana B Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation
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2
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Madej M, Gola J, Chrobak E. Synthesis, Pharmacological Properties, and Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Antitumor Activity of Betulin and Its Derivatives in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2768. [PMID: 38140110 PMCID: PMC10748330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are an increasingly common type of malignancy, caused by the unhealthy lifestyles of people worldwide. Limited methods of treatment have prompted the search for new compounds with antitumor activity, in which betulin (BE) is leading the way. BE as a compound is classified as a pentacyclic triterpene of the lupane type, having three highly reactive moieties in its structure. Its mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of key components of signaling pathways associated with proliferation, migration, interleukins, and others. BE also has a number of biological properties, i.e., anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, as well as antitumor. Due to its poor bioavailability, betulin is subjected to chemical modifications, obtaining derivatives with proven enhanced pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties as a result. The method of synthesis and substituents significantly influence the effect on cells and GI cancers. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect is highly dependent on the derivative as well as the individual cell line. The aim of this study is to review the methods of synthesis of BE and its derivatives, as well as its pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of action in colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, and esophageal cancer neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Madej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
- Silesia LabMed, Centre for Research and Implementation, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Gola
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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3
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Khwaza V, Aderibigbe BA. Antifungal Activities of Natural Products and Their Hybrid Molecules. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2673. [PMID: 38140014 PMCID: PMC10747321 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing cases of drug resistance and high toxicity associated with the currently used antifungal agents are a worldwide public health concern. There is an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs with unique target mechanisms. Plant-based compounds, such as carvacrol, eugenol, coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, thymol, etc., have been explored for the development of promising antifungal agents due to their diverse biological activities, lack of toxicity, and availability. However, researchers around the world are unable to fully utilize the potential of natural products due to limitations, such as their poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility. The development of hybrid molecules containing natural products is a promising synthetic approach to overcome these limitations and control microbes' capability to develop resistance. Based on the potential advantages of hybrid compounds containing natural products to improve antifungal activity, there have been different reported synthesized hybrid compounds. This paper reviews different literature to report the potential antifungal activities of hybrid compounds containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuyolwethu Khwaza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Blessing A. Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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4
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Prasad Raiguru B, Panda J, Mohapatra S, Nayak S. Recent developments in the synthesis of hybrid antimalarial drug discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106706. [PMID: 37406519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In this 21st century, Malaria remains a global burden and causes massive economic trouble to disease-endemic nations. The control and eradication of malaria is a major challenge that requires an urgent need to develop novel antimalarial drugs. To overcome the aforementioned situation, several researchers have given significant effort to develop hybrid antimalarial agents in the search for new antimalarial drugs. Hence, we have summarized those developments of hybrid antimalarial agents from 2017 to till date. This review illustrates the current progress in the recent synthesis of hybrid antimalarial agents along with focusing on their antimalarial evaluation to find the most potent hybrids. This present mini-review will also be useful for the scientific community for the development of new antimalarial drugs to eradicate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmine Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
| | | | - Sabita Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753003, India
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5
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Ornelas C, Astruc D. Ferrocene-Based Drugs, Delivery Nanomaterials and Fenton Mechanism: State of the Art, Recent Developments and Prospects. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2044. [PMID: 37631259 PMCID: PMC10458437 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocene has been the most used organometallic moiety introduced in organic and bioinorganic drugs to cure cancers and various other diseases. Following several pioneering studies, two real breakthroughs occurred in 1996 and 1997. In 1996, Jaouen et al. reported ferrocifens, ferrocene analogs of tamoxifen, the chemotherapeutic for hormone-dependent breast cancer. Several ferrocifens are now in preclinical evaluation. Independently, in 1997, ferroquine, an analog of the antimalarial drug chloroquine upon the introduction of a ferrocenyl substituent in the carbon chain, was reported by the Biot-Brocard group and found to be active against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Ferroquine, in combination with artefenomel, completed phase IIb clinical evaluation in 2019. More than 1000 studies have been published on ferrocenyl-containing pharmacophores against infectious diseases, including parasitic, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, but the relationship between structure and biological activity has been scarcely demonstrated, unlike for ferrocifens and ferroquines. In a majority of ferrocene-containing drugs, however, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular the OH. radical, produced by Fenton catalysis, plays a key role and is scrutinized in this mini-review, together with the supramolecular approach utilizing drug delivery nanosystems, such as micelles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymers, and dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ornelas
- ChemistryX, R&D Department, R&D and Consulting Company, 9000-160 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Didier Astruc
- University of Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS, No. 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, CEDEX, 33405 Talence, France
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Sharma B, Agarwal A, Awasthi SK. Is structural hybridization invoking new dimensions for antimalarial drug discovery research? RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1227-1253. [PMID: 37484560 PMCID: PMC10357931 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective prevention methods, malaria is a devastating, persistent infection caused by protozoal parasites that result in nearly half a million fatalities annually. Any progress made thus far in the eradication of the disease is jeopardized by the expansion of malaria parasites that have evolved to become resistant to a wide range of drugs, including first-line therapy. To surmount this significant obstacle, it is necessary to develop newly synthesized drugs with multiple modes of action that may have a novel target in various stages of Plasmodium parasite development and this is made possible by the hybridization concept. Hybridization is the combination of at least two diverse pharmacophore units with some linkers bringing about a single molecule with a diverse mode of action. It intensifies a drug's physiological and chemical characteristics, such as absorption, cellular target contact, metabolism, excretion, distribution, and toxicity. This review article outlines the currently published most potent hybrid drugs against the Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sharma
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
| | - Alka Agarwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Satish Kumar Awasthi
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi Delhi-110007 India
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7
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Kowalczyk T, Sitarek P, Śliwiński T, Hatziantoniou S, Soulintzi N, Pawliczak R, Wieczfinska J. New Data on Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Potential of Transgenic Senna obtusifolia Hairy Roots: In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065906. [PMID: 36982980 PMCID: PMC10056933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease whose etiology remains unclear. Its characteristics encompass a wide range of clinical symptoms, inflammatory processes, and reactions to standard therapies. Plants produce a range of constitutive products and secondary metabolites that may have therapeutic abilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Senna obtusifolia transgenic hairy root extracts on virus-induced airway remodeling conditions. Three cell lines were incubated with extracts from transformed (SOA4) and transgenic (SOPSS2, with overexpression of the gene encoding squalene synthase 1) hairy roots of Senna obtusifolia in cell lines undergoing human rhinovirus-16 (HRV-16) infection. The effects of the extracts on the inflammatory process were determined based on the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1α and IFN-γ) and total thiol content. The transgenic Senna obtusifolia root extract reduced virus-induced expression of TNF, IL-8 and IL-1 in WI-38 and NHBE cells. The SOPSS2 extract reduced IL-1 expression only in lung epithelial cells. Both tested extracts significantly increased the concentration of thiol groups in epithelial lung cells. In addition, the SOPPS2 hairy root extract yielded a positive result in the scratch test. SOA4 and SOPPS2 Senna obtusifolia hairy root extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects or wound healing activity. The SOPSS2 extract had stronger biological properties, which may result from a higher content of bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolitsa Soulintzi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Bldg 2, Rm 177, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, Bldg 2, Rm 177, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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The Trimeric Artesunate Analog TF27, a Broadly Acting Anti-Infective Model Drug, Exerts Pronounced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity Spanning Variants and Host Cell Types. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010115. [PMID: 36678744 PMCID: PMC9866877 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting in 2019, the spread of respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the associated pandemic of the corona virus disease (COVID-19) has led to enormous efforts in the development of medical countermeasures. Although innovative vaccines have scaled back the number of severe COVID cases, the emergence of the omicron variant (B.1.1.529) illustrates how vaccine development struggles to keep pace with viral evolution. On the other hand, while the recently approved antiviral drugs remdesivir, molnupiravir, and Paxlovid are considered as broadly acting anti-coronavirus therapeutics, only molnupiravir and Paxlovid are orally available and none of these drugs are recommended for prophylactic use. Thus, so far unexploited small molecules, targeting strategies, and antiviral mechanisms are urgently needed to address issues in the current pandemic and in putative future outbreaks of newly emerging variants of concern. Recently, we and others have described the anti-infective potential and particularly the pronounced antiviral activity of artesunate and related compounds of the trioxane/sesquiterpene class. In particular, the trimeric derivative TF27 demonstrated strong anti-cytomegalovirus activity at nanomolar concentrations in vitro as well as in vivo efficacy after oral administration in therapeutic and even prophylactic treatment settings. Here, we extended this analysis by evaluating TF27 for its anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential. Our main findings are as follows: (i) compound TF27 exerted strong anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro (EC50 = 0.46 ± 0.20 µM), (ii) antiviral activity was clearly distinct from the induction of cytotoxicity, (iii) pretreatment with TF27 prevented virus replication in cultured cells, (iv) antiviral activity has likewise been demonstrated in Calu-3 human lung and Caco-2 human colon cells infected with wild-type, delta, or omicron SARS-CoV-2, respectively, and (v) analysis of TF27 combination treatments has revealed synergistic interaction with GC376, but antagonistic interaction with EIDD-1931. Combined, the data demonstrated the pronounced anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of TF27 and thus highlight the potential of trioxane compounds for further pharmacologic development towards improved options for COVID-specific medication.
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9
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Modern Trends in Bio-Organometallic Ferrocene Chemistry. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organometallic sandwich compounds, especially ferrocenes, possess a wide variety of pharmacological activities and therefore are attracting more and more attention from chemists, biologists, biochemists, etc. Excellent reviews concerning biological aspects and design of ferrocene-modified compounds appear regularly in scientific journals. This brief overview highlights recent achievements in the field of bio-organometallic ferrocene chemistry from 2017 to 2022. During this period, new ferrocene-modified analogues of various bio-structures were synthesized, namely, betulin, artemisinin, steroids, and alkaloids. In addition, studies of the biological potential of ferrocenes have been expanded. Since ferrocene is 70 years old this year, a brief historical background is also given. It seemed to me useful to sketch the ‘ferrocene picture’ in broad strokes.
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10
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Guo Y, Ma A, Wang X, Yang C, Chen X, Li G, Qiu F. Research progress on the antiviral activities of natural products and their derivatives: Structure–activity relationships. Front Chem 2022; 10:1005360. [PMID: 36311429 PMCID: PMC9596788 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1005360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses spread rapidly and are well-adapted to changing environmental events. They can infect the human body readily and trigger fatal diseases. A limited number of drugs are available for specific viral diseases, which can lead to non-efficacy against viral variants and drug resistance, so drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity are lacking. In recent years, a steady stream of new viral diseases has emerged, which has prompted development of new antiviral drugs. Natural products could be employed to develop new antiviral drugs because of their innovative structures and broad antiviral activities. This review summarizes the progress of natural products in antiviral research and their bright performance in drug resistance issues over the past 2 decades. Moreover, it fully discusses the effect of different structural types of natural products on antiviral activity in terms of structure–activity relationships. This review could provide a foundation for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Anna Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Gen Li,
| | - Gen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Gen Li,
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjfin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Nistor G, Trandafirescu C, Prodea A, Milan A, Cristea A, Ghiulai R, Racoviceanu R, Mioc A, Mioc M, Ivan V, Șoica C. Semisynthetic Derivatives of Pentacyclic Triterpenes Bearing Heterocyclic Moieties with Therapeutic Potential. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196552. [PMID: 36235089 PMCID: PMC9572482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used by humans since ancient times for the treatment of various diseases and currently represent the main source of a variety of phytocompounds, such as triterpenes. Pentacyclic triterpenes have been subjected to numerous studies that have revealed various biological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects, which can be employed in therapy. However, due to their high lipophilicity, which is considered to exert a significant influence on their bioavailability, their current use is limited. A frequent approach employed to overcome this obstacle is the chemical derivatization of the core structure with different types of moieties including heterocycles, which are considered key elements in medicinal chemistry. The present review aims to summarize the literature published in the last 10 years regarding the derivatives of pentacyclic triterpenes bearing heterocyclic moieties and focuses on the biologically active derivatives as well as their structure-activity relationships. Predominantly, the targeted positions for the derivatization of the triterpene skeleton are C-3 (hydroxyl/oxo group), C-28 (hydroxyl/carboxyl group), and C-30 (allylic group) or the extension of the main scaffold by fusing various heterocycles with the A-ring of the phytocompound. In addition, numerous derivatives also contain linker moieties that connect the triterpenic scaffold with heterocycles; one such linker, the triazole moiety, stands out as a key pharmacophore for its biological effect. All these studies support the hypothesis that triterpenoid conjugates with heterocyclic moieties may represent promising candidates for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Nistor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Trandafirescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Prodea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (A.P.)
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (A.P.)
| | - Andreea Cristea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Viviana Ivan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruța Șoica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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12
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Kaverin MV, Morozova PA, Snegur LV. Betulin, betulonic acid, 3-aminobetulinic acid. Improved extraction and preparative syntheses of derivatives. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 71:2236-2240. [PMCID: PMC9666959 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Grymel M, Lalik A, Kazek-Kęsik A, Szewczyk M, Grabiec P, Erfurt K. Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Triphenylphosphonium Derivatives of Betulin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165156. [PMID: 36014398 PMCID: PMC9416257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, natural products have been widely researched and their native scaffolds are the basis for the design and synthesis of new potential therapeutic agents. Betulin is an interesting biologically attractive natural parent molecule with a high safety profile and can easily undergo a variety of structural modifications. Herein, we describe the synthesis of new molecular hybrids of betulin via covalent linkage with an alkyltriphenylphosphonium moiety. The proposed strategy enables the preparation of semi-synthetic derivatives (28-TPP⊕ BN and 3,28-bisTPP⊕ BN) from betulin through simple transformations in high yields. The obtained results showed that the presence of a lipophilic cation improved the solubility of the tested analogs compared to betulin, and increased their cytotoxicity. Among the triphenylphosphonium derivatives tested, analogs 7a (IC50 of 5.56 µM) and 7b (IC50 of 5.77 µM) demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity against the colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116). TPP⊕-conjugates with betulin showed antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive reference Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 bacteria, at a 200 µM concentration in water. Hence, the conjugation of betulin's parent backbone with a triphenylphosphonium moiety promotes transport through the hydrophobic barriers of the mitochondrial membrane, making it a promising strategy to improve the bioavailability of natural substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Grymel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-032-237-1873; Fax: +48-032-237-2094
| | - Anna Lalik
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marietta Szewczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Grabiec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Potential of Triterpenic Natural Compound Betulinic Acid for Neglected Tropical Diseases New Treatments. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040831. [PMID: 35453582 PMCID: PMC9027248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are one of the most important public health problems in many countries around the world. Among them are leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and malaria, which contribute to more than 250 million infections worldwide. There is no validated vaccine to prevent these infections and the treatments available are obsolete, highly toxic, and non-effective due to parasitic drug resistance. Additionally, there is a high incidence of these diseases, and they may require hospitalization, which is expensive to the public health systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new treatments to improve the management of infected people, control the spread of resistant strains, and reduce health costs. Betulinic acid (BA) is a triterpene natural product which has shown antiparasitic activity against Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Plasmodium. Here, we review the main results regarding the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of BA and its derivatives against these parasites. Some chemical modifications of BA have been shown to improve its activities against the parasites. Further improvement on studies of drug-derived, as well as structure–activity relationship, are necessary for the development of new betulinic acid-based treatments.
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Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a New 1,2,3-Triazole Derivative of Pentacyclic Triterpene. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The new 30-substituted triazole derivative of 3,28-O,O′-diacetylbetulin was obtained in the copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The title compound was characterized by NMR, IR, HR-MS, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The X-ray diffraction study showed that the 1,2,3-triazole derivative crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121, Z = 4, and unit cell parameters are as follows a = 9.4860(10) Å, b = 13.9440(2) Å, and c = 30.2347(4) Å. The molecular packing is stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen interactions C-H…O. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed the presence of the O…H interactions with a percentage of the 16.5% in the total Hirshfeld area. The MEP analysis showed that the nucleophilic regions are located near the oxygen atoms of the acyl and carbonyl groups of betulin moiety and the sulfur atom in the triazole linker. The HOMO and LUMO orbitals are located near the triazole moiety. The obtained results indicated that this new betulin derivative is more reactive with electrophilic than nucleophilic molecules.
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16
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Khwaza V, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA, Morifi E, Fonkui YT, Ndinteh DT, Nell M, Steenkamp V. Design of Oleanolic Acid-based Hybrid Compounds as Potential Pharmaceutical Scaffolds. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666210604112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Infectious diseases, as well as cancer, are the leading causes of death
worldwide. Drug resistance usually results in their treatment requiring a combination of two or more
drugs.
Objective:
Oleanolic-based hybrid compounds were prepared via esterification and characterized
using FTIR, NMR and LC-MS. In vitro antibacterial and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed.
Method:
Oleanolic acid was hybridized with selected known pharmaceutical scaffolds via the carboxylic
acid functionality in order to develop therapeutics with increased biological activity. Antibacterial
activity was determined using the micro-dilution assay against selected Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria and cytotoxicity using the sulforhodamine B assay.
Results:
Compound 8 displayed potent antibacterial effect against five strains of bacteria, such as
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli,
with MIC values of 1.25, 0.078, 0.078, 1.25, 1.25 mg/mL when compared to the control, oleanolic
acid (MIC = 2.5 mg/mL). Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity, as determined using the SRB assay,
against selected cancer cells revealed that compound 7 was the most cytotoxic on MDA, DU145, and
MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 69.87 ± 1.04, 73.2 ± 1.08, and 85.27 ± 1.02 μg/mL, respectively,
compared to oleanolic acid with an IC50 > 200 μg/mL.
Conclusion:
Hybridization of oleanolic acid was successful, and further development of these potential
antibacterial compounds with reduced cytotoxicity is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuyolwethu Khwaza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern
Cape, South Africa
| | - Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern
Cape, South Africa
| | - Blessing Atim Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern
Cape, South Africa
| | - Eric Morifi
- School of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry division, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Youmbi Thierry Fonkui
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science,
University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Margo Nell
- Department of
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa Steenkamp
- Department of
Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Molecular Mechanistic Pathways Targeted by Natural Antioxidants in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010015. [PMID: 35052518 PMCID: PMC8772744 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal function and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Despite optimal therapy, many patients progress to ESRD and require dialysis or transplantation. The pathogenesis of CKD involves inflammation, kidney fibrosis, and blunted renal cellular antioxidant capacity. In this review, we have focused on in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies undertaken to investigate the mechanistic pathways by which these compounds exert their effects against the progression of CKD, particularly diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. The accumulated and collected data from preclinical and clinical studies revealed that these plants/bioactive compounds could activate autophagy, increase mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, act as modulators of signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and renal fibrosis. The main pathways targeted by these compounds include the canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), canonical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), autophagy, and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE). This review presented an updated overview of the potential benefits of these antioxidants and new strategies to treat or reduce CKD progression, although the limitations related to the traditional formulation, lack of standardization, side effects, and safety.
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Chemical hybridization of sulfasalazine and dihydroartemisinin promotes brain tumor cell death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20766. [PMID: 34675351 PMCID: PMC8531376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumors with still poor prognosis for the patients despite a combination of cytoreduction via surgery followed by a radio-chemotherapy. One strategy to find effective treatment is to combine two different compounds in one hybrid molecule via linker to add to or at best potentiate their impact on malignant cells. Here, we report on the effects of a newly synthesized hybrid of sulfasalazine (SAS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), called AC254. In previous studies, both SAS and DHA have already proved to have anti-tumor properties themselves and to have sensitizing respectively potentiating effects on other treatments against malignant tumors. We investigated the impact of individual drugs SAS and DHA, their 1:1 combination and a novel SAS-DHA hybrid compound (AC254) on rodent and human glioma cells. In our study SAS alone showed no or only a mild effect on glioma, whereas DHA led to a significant reduction of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Next we compared the efficacy of the hybrid AC254 to the combinational treatment of its parent compounds SAS and DHA. The hybrid was highly efficient in combating glioma cells compared to single treatment strategies regarding cell viability and cell death. Interestingly, AC254 showed a remarkable advantage over the combinational treatment with both parent compounds in most used concentrations. In addition to its reduction of tumor cell viability and induction of cell death, the hybrid AC254 displayed changes in cell cycle and reduction of cell migration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that clinically established compounds such as SAS and DHA can be potentiated in their anti-cancer effects by chemical hybridization. Thus, this concept provides the opportunity to devise new effective chemotherapeutic agents.
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Lou H, Li H, Zhang S, Lu H, Chen Q. A Review on Preparation of Betulinic Acid and Its Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:5583. [PMID: 34577056 PMCID: PMC8468263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, is distributed in a variety of plants, such as birch, eucalyptus and plane trees. It shows a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-HIV and antitumor effects. Among them, the antitumor activity of betulinic acid has been extensively studied. However, obtaining betulinic acid from natural resources can no longer meet the needs of medicine and nutrition, so methods such as chemical synthesis and microbial biotransformation have also been used to prepare betulinic acid. At the same time, with the development of synthetic biology and genetic engineering, and the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid, the biosynthesis of betulinic acid has also been extensively researched. This article reviews the preparation of betulinic acid and its pharmacological activities, in order to provide a reference for the research and utilization of betulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (S.Z.); (H.L.)
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20
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Kadela-Tomanek M, Jastrzębska M, Marciniec K, Chrobak E, Bębenek E, Boryczka S. Lipophilicity, Pharmacokinetic Properties, and Molecular Docking Study on SARS-CoV-2 Target for Betulin Triazole Derivatives with Attached 1,4-Quinone. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060781. [PMID: 34071116 PMCID: PMC8224687 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A key parameter in the design of new active compounds is lipophilicity, which influences the solubility and permeability through membranes. Lipophilicity affects the pharmacodynamic and toxicological profiles of compounds. These parameters can be determined experimentally or by using different calculation methods. The aim of the research was to determine the lipophilicity of betulin triazole derivatives with attached 1,4-quinone using thin layer chromatography in a reverse phase system and a computer program to calculate its theoretical model. The physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were also determined by computer programs. For all obtained parameters, the similarity analysis and multilinear regression were determined. The analyses showed that there is a relationship between structure and properties under study. The molecular docking study showed that betulin triazole derivatives with attached 1,4-quinone could inhibit selected SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The MLR regression showed that there is a correlation between affinity scoring values (ΔG) and the physicochemical properties of the tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kadela-Tomanek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.M.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-3641666
| | - Maria Jastrzębska
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.M.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.M.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.M.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (K.M.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (S.B.)
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21
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Lugiņina J, Linden M, Bazulis M, Kumpiņš V, Mishnev A, Popov SA, Golubeva TS, Waldvogel SR, Shults EE, Turks M. Electrosynthesis of Stable Betulin‐Derived Nitrile Oxides and their Application in Synthesis of Cytostatic Lupane‐Type Triterpenoid‐Isoxazole Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jevgeņija Lugiņina
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Martin Linden
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Māris Bazulis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Viktors Kumpiņš
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Anatoly Mishnev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles Str. 21 Riga 1006 Latvia
| | - Sergey A. Popov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Academician Lavrentjev Ave. 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Golubeva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics Acad. Lavrentyev Ave., 10 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Elvira E. Shults
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Academician Lavrentjev Ave. 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Māris Turks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
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22
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Amparo TR, Seibert JB, Almeida TC, Costa FSF, Silveira BM, da Silva GN, Dos Santos ODH, de Souza GHB. In silico approach of secondary metabolites from Brazilian herbal medicines to search for potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4297-4308. [PMID: 33797123 PMCID: PMC8250981 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) recently emerged as a worrying pandemic, with many confirmed cases and deaths globally. Therefore, there is a clear need for identifying effective therapeutic options and a review of secondary metabolites related to Brazilian herbal medicines was performed as a strategy for the discovery of new antiviral agents. To confirm this potential, an in silico screening of the identified compounds identified was also evaluated. The review was performed by the PubMed database and the selected natural compounds were subjected to in silico analysis such as QSAR, molecular docking and ADMET. 497 secondary metabolites were identified from 23 species. The in silico assays indicated 19 potential anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 compounds, being triterpenes and phenolic compounds. The indicated compounds showed a high affinity with proteins considered as the main molecular targets against SARS‐CoV‐2 and parameters indicated low toxicity. In addition to Brazilian medicinal plants, these compounds can be found in other species and they can be a base for the synthesis of other anti‐COVID‐19 drugs. Therefore, this review is important to conduct researches that address the emerging need for drugs in COVID‐19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane R Amparo
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Janaína B Seibert
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamires C Almeida
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S F Costa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental e Biotecnologia, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Benila M Silveira
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Glenda N da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo H B de Souza
- Laboratório de Fitotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Chemical Strategies towards the Synthesis of Betulinic Acid and Its More Potent Antiprotozoal Analogues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041081. [PMID: 33670791 PMCID: PMC7922983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA, 3β-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpene acid present predominantly in Betula ssp. (Betulaceae) and is also widely spread in many species belonging to different plant families. BA presents a wide spectrum of remarkable pharmacological properties, such as cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities, including antiprotozoal effects. The present review first describes the sources of BA and discusses the chemical strategies to produce this molecule starting from betulin, its natural precursor. Next, the antiprotozoal properties of BA are briefly discussed and the chemical strategies for the synthesis of analogues displaying antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities are systematically presented. The antiplasmodial activity described for BA was moderate, nevertheless, some C-3 position acylated analogues showed an improvement of this activity and the hybrid models—with artesunic acid—showed the most interesting properties. Some analogues also presented more intense antileishmanial activities compared with BA, and, in addition to these, heterocycles fused to C-2/C-3 positions and amide derivatives were the most promising analogues. Regarding the antitrypanosomal activity, some interesting antitrypanosomal derivatives were prepared by amide formation at the C-28 carboxylic group of the lupane skeleton. Considering that BA can be produced either by isolation of different plant extracts or by chemical transformation of betulin, easily obtained from Betula ssp., it could be said that BA is a molecule of great interest as a starting material for the synthesis of novel antiprotozoal agents.
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Khwaza V, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA, Morifi E, Fonkui YT, Ndinteh DT, Steenkamp V. Synthesis, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity evaluation of oleanolic acid-4-aminoquinoline based hybrid compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 16:122-136. [PMID: 33568035 DOI: 10.2174/1574891x16666210210165547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To prepare a class of oleanolic-based compounds. BACKGROUND Conventional drugs used to treat infectious diseases suffer from limitations such as drug toxicity and drug resistance. The resistance of microbes to antimicrobial agents is a significant challenge in treating microbial infections. Combining two or more drugs with different modes of action to treat microbial infections results in a delay in developing drug resistance by the microbes. However, it is challenging to select the appropriate choice of drugs for combination therapy due to the differences in stability and pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs.Therefore, developing hybrid compounds using the existing drugs is a promising approach to design effective antimicrobial agents. OBJECTIVES To prepare oleanolic-based hybrid compounds followed by characterization, in vitro antibacterial, and cytotoxicity evaluation. METHODS Oleanolic acid-4-aminoquinoline-based hybrid compounds weresynthesized via esterification and amidation. The compounds werecharacterized using FTIR, NMR, and UHPLC-HRMS. Oleanolic acid was isolated from the flower buds of Syszygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, a specie from Kingdom Plantae, order Mytales in Myrtaceae family. Their antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity was determined against selected strains of bacteria assessed using the microdilution assay and sulforhodamine B assay against selected cancer cell lines. RESULTS The synthesized hybrid compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC13047), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC19659), Staphylococcus aureus as well as Gram-negative bacteria,Klebsiella oxytoca (ATCC8724), Escherischia coli (ATCC25922), and Proteus vulgaris (ATCC6380)with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.25 mg/mLcompared to oleanolic acid (2.5 mg/mL). Compounds 13 and 14 displayed significant cytotoxic effectsin vitro against the cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and DU 145) compared to the oleanolic acid (IC50 ˃ 200 µM). CONCLUSION The present study revealed that the modification of C28 of OA enhanced its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuyolwethu Khwaza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern Cape. South Africa
| | - Opeoluwa O Oyedeji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern Cape. South Africa
| | - Blessing A Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern Cape. South Africa
| | - Eric Morifi
- School of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry division, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. South Africa
| | - Y T Fonkui
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg. South Africa
| | - D T Ndinteh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg. South Africa
| | - V Steenkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria. South Africa
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Chrobak E, Bębenek E, Marciniec K, Kadela-Tomanek M, Siudak S, Latocha M, Boryczka S. New 30-substituted derivatives of pentacyclic triterpenes: preparation, biological activity, and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Kazakova O, Tret’yakova E, Baev D. Evaluation of A-azepano-triterpenoids and related derivatives as antimicrobial and antiviral agents. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:559-573. [PMID: 34253887 PMCID: PMC8273037 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of semisynthetic triterpenoids with A-ring azepano- and A-seco-fragments as well as hydrazido/hydrazono-substituents at C3 and C28 has been synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against key ESKAPE pathogens and DNA viruses (HSV-1, HCMV, HPV-11). It was found that azepanouvaol 8, 3-amino-3,4-seco-4(23)-en derivatives of uvaol 21 and glycyrrhetol-dien 22 as well as azepano-glycyrrhetol-tosylate 32 showed strong antimicrobial activities against MRSA with MIC ≤ 0.15 μM that exceeds the effect of antibiotic vancomycin. Azepanobetulinic acid cyclohexyl amide 4 exhibited significant bacteriostatic effect against MRSA (MIC ≤ 0.15 μM) with low cytotoxicity to HEK-293 even at a maximum tested concentration of >20 μM (selectivity index SI 133) and may be considered a noncytotoxic anti-MRSA agent. Azepanobetulin 1, azepanouvaol 8, and azepano-glycyrrhetol 15 showed high potency towards HCMV (EC50 0.15; 0.11; 0.11 µM) with selectivity indexes SI50 115; 136; 172, respectively. The docking studies suggest the possible interactions of the leading compounds with the molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054, Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena Tret’yakova
- grid.465349.9Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospect Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Baev
- grid.419817.2N.N. Vorozhtzov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 9, Lavrent’ev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090 Russian Federation
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28
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Wild M, Bertzbach LD, Tannig P, Wangen C, Müller R, Herrmann L, Fröhlich T, Tsogoeva SB, Kaufer BB, Marschall M, Hahn F. The trimeric artesunate derivative TF27 exerts strong anti-cytomegaloviral efficacy: Focus on prophylactic efficacy and oral treatment of immunocompetent mice. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104788. [PMID: 32251769 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes serious and even life-threatening diseases, particularly upon congenital or post-transplant infection. Treatment of HCMV infections with currently available drugs targeting viral enzymes is often limited by severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. To avoid this problem, novel therapeutic options directed to host proteins involved in virus replication are being investigated. Recently, we described the pronounced antiherpesviral activity of the trimeric artesunate derivative TF27 at low nanomolar concentrations in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we report first data on the prophylactic efficacy of TF27 against human and murine CMV and the oncogenic avian alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV). The main findings of this study are (i) a pronounced activity of the experimental drug TF27 against alpha- and betaherpesviruses in vitro upon prophylactic treatment and (ii) a therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy upon oral treatment in an immunocompetent mouse model. Moreover, our data highlight (iii) the tolerability of orally administered TF27 free of compound-associated adverse events and further confirm (iv) the suitability of cellular factors as primary antiviral targets. Thus, we provide evidence for therapeutic and prophylactic antiherpesviral efficacy of TF27 upon oral treatment in immunocompetent hosts and thereby underline its potential for future antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wild
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pierre Tannig
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Regina Müller
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Lars Herrmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tony Fröhlich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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29
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Oliveira VC, Naves MPC, de Morais CR, Constante SAR, Orsolin PC, Alves BS, Rinaldi Neto F, da Silva LHD, de Oliveira LTS, Ferreira NH, Esperandim TR, Cunha WR, Tavares DC, Spanó MA. Betulinic acid modulates urethane-induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity in mice and Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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31
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Lu H, Shu Q, Lou H, Chen Q. Mitochondria-Mediated Programmed Cell Death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Induced by Betulinic Acid Is Accelerated by the Deletion of PEP4 Gene. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110538. [PMID: 31703462 PMCID: PMC6920885 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we showed that BetA could inhibit cell proliferation and lead to lethal cytotoxicity accompanying programmed cell death (PCD). Interestingly, it was found that vacuolar protease Pep4p played a pivotal role in BetA-induced S. cerevisiae PCD. The presence of Pep4p reduced the damage of BetA-induced cells. This work implied that BetA may induce cell death of S. cerevisiae through mitochondria-mediated PCD, and the deletion of Pep4 gene possibly accelerated the effect of PCD. The present investigation provided the preliminary research for the complicated mechanism of BetA-induced cell PCD regulated by vacular protease Pep4p and lay the foundation for understanding of the Pep4p protein in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qihe Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8698-4316
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32
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Xiao J, Sun Z, Kong F, Gao F. Current scenario of ferrocene-containing hybrids for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111791. [PMID: 31669852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules have the potential to enhance the efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant organisms, and Ferroquine, a ferrocene hybrid, has demonstrated great potency in clinical trials against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria. Accordingly, hybridization of ferrocene with other antimalarial pharmacophores represents a promising strategy to develop novel antimalarial candidates. This work attempts to systematically review the recent study of ferrocene hybrids in the design and development of antimalarial agents, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed to provide an insight for rational design of more effective antibacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China.
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33
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Kadela-Tomanek M, Bębenek E, Chrobak E, Marciniec K, Latocha M, Kuśmierz D, Jastrzębska M, Boryczka S. Betulin-1,4-quinone hybrids: Synthesis, anticancer activity and molecular docking study with NQO1 enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:302-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Amiri S, Dastghaib S, Ahmadi M, Mehrbod P, Khadem F, Behrouj H, Aghanoori MR, Machaj F, Ghamsari M, Rosik J, Hudecki A, Afkhami A, Hashemi M, Los MJ, Mokarram P, Madrakian T, Ghavami S. Betulin and its derivatives as novel compounds with different pharmacological effects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 38:107409. [PMID: 31220568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betulin (B) and Betulinic acid (BA) are natural pentacyclic lupane-structure triterpenoids which possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. Recent evidence indicates that B and BA have several properties useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological disorders. In the current review, we discuss B and BA structures and derivatives and then comprehensively explain their pharmacological effects in relation to various diseases. We also explain antiviral, antibacterial and anti-cancer effects of B and BA. Finally, we discuss the delivery methods, in which these compounds most effectively target different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Amiri
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hamid Behrouj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mahdi Ghamsari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Hudecki
- Institue of Non-Ferrous Metals, ul. Sowińskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Marek J Los
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, ul Bolesława Krzywoustego 8, Gliwice, Poland; Linkocare Life Sciences AB, Teknikringen 10, Plan 3, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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35
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Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes⁻4. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010130. [PMID: 30602690 PMCID: PMC6337331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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