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Dong G, Jiang Y, Zhang F, Zhu F, Liu J, Xu Z. Recent updates on 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine hybrids (2017-present): The anticancer activity, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200479. [PMID: 36372519 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world, and the prevalence and mortality rates of cancer will continue to grow. Chemotherapeutics play a critical role in cancer therapy, but drug resistance and side effects are major hurdles to effective treatment, evoking an immediate need for the discovery of new anticancer agents. Triazines including 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine have occupied a propitious place in drug design and development due to their excellent pharmacological profiles. Mechanistically, triazine derivatives could interfere with various signaling pathways to induce cancer cell death. Hence, triazine derivatives possess potential in vitro and in vivo efficacy against diverse cancers. In particular, triazine hybrids are able to overcome drug resistance and reduce side effects. Moreover, several triazine hybrids such as brivanib (indole-containing pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine), gedatolisib (1,3,5-triazine-urea hybrid), and enasidenib (1,3,5-triazine-pyridine hybrid) have already been available in the market. Accordingly, triazine hybrids are useful scaffolds for the discovery of novel anticancer chemotherapeutics. This review focuses on the anticancer activity of 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine hybrids, together with the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action developed from 2017 to the present. The enriched structure-activity relationships may be useful for further rational drug development of triazine hybrids as potential clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoli Dong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- College of Medicine, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fengyun Zhu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Junna Liu
- Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
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2
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Kumar A, Singh AK, Singh H, Vijayan V, Kumar D, Naik J, Thareja S, Yadav JP, Pathak P, Grishina M, Verma A, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Kumar P. Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles as Anticancer Agents: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:299. [PMID: 37259442 PMCID: PMC9965678 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major healthcare challenges across the globe. Several anticancer drugs are available on the market but they either lack specificity or have poor safety, severe side effects, and suffer from resistance. So, there is a dire need to develop safer and target-specific anticancer drugs. More than 85% of all physiologically active pharmaceuticals are heterocycles or contain at least one heteroatom. Nitrogen heterocycles constituting the most common heterocyclic framework. In this study, we have compiled the FDA approved heterocyclic drugs with nitrogen atoms and their pharmacological properties. Moreover, we have reported nitrogen containing heterocycles, including pyrimidine, quinolone, carbazole, pyridine, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, β-lactam, indole, pyrazole, quinazoline, quinoxaline, isatin, pyrrolo-benzodiazepines, and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, which are used in the treatment of different types of cancer, concurrently covering the biochemical mechanisms of action and cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Veena Vijayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Jashwanth Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Jagat Pal Yadav
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rama University, Kanpur 209217, India
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, 454008 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, 454008 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
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3
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Antioxidant activity of new synthesized imine and its corresponding α-aminophosphonic acid: Experimental and theoretical evaluation. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Riazimontazer E, Heiran R, Jarrahpour A, Gholami A, Hashemi Z, Kazemi A. Molecular Docking and Antibacterial Assessment of Monocyclic
β
‐Lactams against Broad‐Spectrum and Nosocomial Multidrug‐Resistant Pathogens. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Riazimontazer
- Biotechnology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
| | - Roghayeh Heiran
- Department of Chemistry Estahban Higher Education Center Estahban 74519 44655
| | - Aliasghar Jarrahpour
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz 71946-84795 Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
| | - Zahra Hashemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
| | - Aboozar Kazemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
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5
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Synthesis, in-vitro biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of novel spiro-β-lactam-isatin hybrids. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Łowicki D, Przybylski P. Cascade synthetic strategies opening access to medicinal-relevant aliphatic 3- and 4-membered N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114438. [PMID: 35567964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cascade reactions are often 'employed' by nature to construct structurally diverse nitrogen-containing heterocycles in a highly stereoselective fashion, i.e., secondary metabolites important for pharmacy. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles of three- and four-membered rings, as standalone and bicyclic compounds, inhibit different enzymes and are pharmacophores of approved drugs or drug candidates considered in many therapies, e.g. anticancer, antibacterial or antiviral. Domino transformations are in most cases in line with modern green chemistry concepts due to atom economy, one-pot procedures often without use the protective groups, time-saving and at markedly lower costs than multistep transformations. The tandem approaches can help to obtain novel N-heterocyclic scaffolds, functionalized according to structural requirements of the target in cells, taking into account the nature of functional group and stereochemistry. On the other hand cascade strategies allow to modify small N-heterocyclic rings in a systematic way, which is beneficial for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses. This review is focused on the biological relevance of the N-heterocyclic scaffolds with smaller 3- and 4-membered rings among approved drugs and leading structures of drug candidates. The cascade synthetic strategies offering N-heterocyclic scaffolds, at relatively good yields and high stereoselectivity, are discussed here. The review covers mainly years from 2015 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Łowicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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7
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Heiran R, Jarrahpour A, Riazimontazer E, Gholami A, Troudi A, Digiorgio C, Brunel JM, Turos E. Sulfonamide‐β‐lactam Hybrids Incorporating the Piperazine Moiety as Potential Antiinflammatory Agent with Promising Antibacterial Activity. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Heiran
- Department of Chemistry Estahban Higher Education Center Estahban 74519 44655 Iran
| | - Aliasghar Jarrahpour
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz 71946-84795 Iran
| | - Elham Riazimontazer
- Biotechnology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Science Shiraz Iran
| | - Azza Troudi
- Aix Marseille Univ INSERM, SSA, MCT Marseille France
| | - Carole Digiorgio
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS, IRD, IMBE UMR 7263 Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale 13385 Marseille France
| | | | - Edward Turos
- Center for Molecular Diversity in Drug Design Discovery, and Delivery Department of Chemistry CHE 205 4202 East Fowler Avenue University of South Florida Tampa Florida 33620 USA
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8
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Singh S, Mandal MK, Masih A, Saha A, Ghosh SK, Bhat HR, Singh UP. 1,3,5-Triazine: A versatile pharmacophore with diverse biological activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000363. [PMID: 33760298 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triazine and its derivatives have been the epicenter of chemotherapeutic molecules due to their effective biological activities, such as antibacterial, fungicidal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiamoebic, and antitubercular activities. The present review represents a summarized report of the crucial biological activities possessed by substituted 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, with special attention to the most potent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Milan K Mandal
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Masih
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Surajit K Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Hans R Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Udaya P Singh
- Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Mu WW, Li PX, Liu Y, Yang J, Liu GY. The potential role of the 5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1 H)-one unit of piperlongumine on the anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42128-42136. [PMID: 35516728 PMCID: PMC9059148 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PL), a potent anticancer agent from the plant long pepper (Piper longum), contains the 5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one heterocyclic scaffold and cinnamoyl unit. In this paper, we synthesized a series of PL analogs and evaluated their cytotoxicity against cancer cells for the sake of exploring which pharmacophore plays a more potent role in enhancing the anticancer activities of PL. These results illustrated that the position effect, not the electronic effect, of substituents plays a certain role in the cytotoxicity of PL and its analogs. More important, the 5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one unit, a potent pharmacophore in enhancing the antiproliferative activities of PL, could react with cysteamine and lead to ROS generation, and then bring about the occurrence of ROS-induced downstream events, followed by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This work suggests that introducing a lactam unit containing Michael acceptors may be a potent strategy to enhancing the anticancer activity of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Mu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University 1 Hunan Street Liaocheng Shandong 252000 China +86 15063505132
| | - Peng-Xiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University 1 Hunan Street Liaocheng Shandong 252000 China +86 15063505132
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University 1 Hunan Street Liaocheng Shandong 252000 China +86 15063505132
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University 1 Hunan Street Liaocheng Shandong 252000 China +86 15063505132
| | - Guo-Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University 1 Hunan Street Liaocheng Shandong 252000 China +86 15063505132
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10
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Bashiri M, Jarrahpour A, Nabavizadeh SM, Karimian S, Rastegari B, Haddadi E, Turos E. Potent antiproliferative active agents: novel bis Schiff bases and bis spiro β-lactams bearing isatin tethered with butylene and phenylene as spacer and DNA/BSA binding behavior as well as studying molecular docking. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Tailor YK, Khandelwal S, Verma K, Gopal R, Kumar M. Multicomponent synthesis of dispiroheterocycles using a magnetically separable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36713-36722. [PMID: 35517964 PMCID: PMC9057058 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispiroheterocycles have been synthesized by pseudo-four component reaction of 6-aminouracil/6-amino-2-thiouracil/2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole, p-toluidine and isatins in an ethanol-water mixture as solvent using β-cyclodextrin functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetically separable and reusable heterogeneous catalyst. The nanocatalyst was synthesized and characterized by physicochemical characterization including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar Tailor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Sarita Khandelwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Kanchan Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Ram Gopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
| | - Mahendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan Jaipur India +91-0141-2702720
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12
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Zarei S, Komeili G, Bahadorikhalili S, Yahya‐Meymandi A, Karami‐Zarandi M, Larijani B, Biglar M, Sadat Ebrahimi SE, Mahdavi M. Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of novel 2‐(4‐((
1‐aryl‐1
H
‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methoxy)phenyl)2‐(2‐oxoazetidin‐1‐yl)acetamide derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zarei
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Iran
| | - Golzar Komeili
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | | | | | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmood Biglar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Moreno LM, Quiroga J, Abonia R, Lauria A, Martorana A, Insuasty H, Insuasty B. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies of novel chalcone- and pyrazoline-based 1,3,5-triazines as potential anticancer agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34114-34129. [PMID: 35519030 PMCID: PMC9056798 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of triazin-chalcones (7,8)a-g and triazin-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)pyrazolines (9,10)a-g were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against nine different cancer strains. Triazine ketones 5 and 6 were synthesized from the cyanuric chloride 1 by using stepwise nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom. These ketones were subsequently subjected to a Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction with aromatic aldehydes affording chalcones (7,8)a-g. Then, N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)pyrazolines (9,10)a-g were obtained by cyclocondensation reactions of the respective chalcones (7,8)a-g with 3,5-dichlorophenylhydrazine. Among all the evaluated compounds, chalcones 7d,g and 8g exhibited more potent in vitro anticancer activity, with outstanding GI50 values ranging from 0.422 to 14.9 μM and LC50 values ranging from 5.08 μM to >100 μM. In silico studies, for both ligand- and structure-based, were executed to explore the inhibitory nature of chalcones and triazine derivatives. The results suggested that the evaluated compounds could act as modulators of the human thymidylate synthase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leydi M Moreno
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Photonics-CIBioFI A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Photonics-CIBioFI A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Antonino Lauria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17 I-90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Annamaria Martorana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche "STEBICEF", Università di Palermo Viale delle Scienze Ed. 17 I-90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Henry Insuasty
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Nariño A.A. 1175 Pasto Colombia
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Photonics-CIBioFI A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia
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