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Baber MA, Crist CM, Devolve NL, Patrone JD. Tyrosinase Inhibitors: A Perspective. Molecules 2023; 28:5762. [PMID: 37570734 PMCID: PMC10420840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its integral role in the biosynthesis of melanin in all kingdoms of life, tyrosinase has become an extremely important target for inhibition in several sectors of research including agricultural and cosmetic research. Inhibitors of tyrosinase have made it to the market in the cosmetics industry, but their use has been limited due to conflicting efficacy and potential toxicity, which has led to several small molecules being removed from the market. Undaunted, researchers have continued to pursue tyrosinase inhibitors with varying degrees of success. These pursuits have built an impressive and rich library of research. This review is intended to provide a perspective of the past twenty years (2003-2023) of research on tyrosinase inhibitors by highlighting exemplar molecules and developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason A. Baber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48209, USA;
| | - Cole M. Crist
- Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
| | - Noah L. Devolve
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
| | - James D. Patrone
- Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
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2
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Wang G, He M, Huang Y, Peng Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new kojic acid-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids as tyrosinase inhibitors and their application in the anti-browning of fresh-cut mushrooms. Food Chem 2023; 409:135275. [PMID: 36586247 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the food industry, inhibition of tyrosinase activity is considered as one of the main means to prevent browning. Therefore, fourteen kojic acid-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids (5a-5n) were prepared and tested for their tyrosinase inhibitory effects. Among them, 5f (IC50 = 5.32 ± 0.58 μM) has the best anti-tyrosinase activity and was 9 times higher than that of kojic acid (IC50 = 49.77 ± 1.19 μM). Additionally, the inhibitory mechanism was studied by copper-chelating assay, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, fluorescence quenching, molecular docking, etc. The results had shown that 5f could not only bind to the copper ion in the active region of tyrosinase but also change the secondary structure of tyrosinase. Combined with the outstanding anti-browning effect and low cytotoxicity of 5f, it is concluded that these title derivatives could be used as the leading molecules in the development of new anti-browning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Teaching and Research Section of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiyun Peng
- Clinical Trails Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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3
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Vittorio S, Dank C, Ielo L. Heterocyclic Compounds as Synthetic Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Recent Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109097. [PMID: 37240442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme which is widely distributed in nature (e.g., bacteria, mammals, fungi) and involved in two consecutive steps of melanin biosynthesis. In humans, an excessive production of melanin can determine hyperpigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. The development of molecules able to inhibit the high activity of the enzyme remain a current topic in medicinal chemistry, because the inhibitors reported so far present several side effects. Heterocycle-bearing molecules are largely diffuse in this sense. Due to their importance as biologically active compounds, we decided to report a comprehensive review of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors possessing heterocyclic moieties reported within the last five years. For the reader's convenience, we classified them as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase (Agaricus bisporus) and human tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Dank
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Al-Rooqi M, Sadiq A, Obaid RJ, Ashraf Z, Nazir Y, Jassas RS, Naeem N, Alsharif MA, Shah SWA, Moussa Z, Mughal EU, Farghaly AR, Ahmed SA. Evaluation of 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine Derivatives as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17195-17208. [PMID: 37214694 PMCID: PMC10193543 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazepines are pharmacologically active compounds, frequently utilized as a precursor for acquiring versatile molecules with several bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), analgesic, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antitubercular. In this study, the 2,4-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine scaffold was selected for their in vitro, docking, and druglikeness studies to evaluate their inhibitory potential against mushroom tyrosinase. All synthesized analogues, 1-14, exhibited moderate to good IC50 values ranging from 1.21 to 70.65 μM. The synthesized benzothiazepine derivatives were potent tyrosinase inhibitors, which outperformed the reference kojic acid (IC50 = 16.69 μM). The kinetic analysis revealed that compound 2 (2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepine) was a mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 1.01 μM. Molecular modeling studies against tyrosinase protein (PDB ID: 2Y9X) were conducted to recognize the binding modes of these analogues. The utilization of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations enabled the assessment of the protein-ligand complex's dynamic behavior, stability, and binding affinity for the compounds. These simulations ultimately led to the identification of compound 2 as a potential inhibitor of tyrosinase. Additionally, a druglikeness study was conducted, which supported the promising potential of the new analogues as novel antityrosinase agents. The in silico studies were consistent with the in vitro results, showing that these ligands had good binding scores against tyrosinase and interacted with the core residues of the target protein. Gaussian 09 was used for the geometry optimization of all complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah
M. Al-Rooqi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department
of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Rami J. Obaid
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Rabab S. Jassas
- Department
of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Meshari A. Alsharif
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wadud Ali Shah
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Abdel-Rahman Farghaly
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Jazan
University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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Irfan A, Faisal S, Ahmad S, Al-Hussain SA, Javed S, Zahoor AF, Parveen B, Zaki MEA. Structure-Based Virtual Screening of Furan-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Tethered N-phenylacetamide Derivatives as Novel Class of hTYR and hTYRP1 Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030344. [PMID: 36986444 PMCID: PMC10059052 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tyrosinase (hTYR) is a key and rate-limiting enzyme along with human tyrosinase-related protein-1 (hTYRP1), which are among the most prominent targets of inhibiting hyper pigmentation and melanoma skin cancer. In the current in-silico computer-aided drug design (CADD) study, the structure-based screening of sixteen furan-1,3,4-oxadiazole tethered N-phenylacetamide structural motifs BF1-BF16 was carried out to assess their potential as hTYR and hTYRP1 inhibitors. The results revealed that the structural motifs BF1-BF16 showed higher binding affinities towards hTYR and hTYRP1 than the standard inhibitor kojic acid. The most bioactive lead furan-1,3,4-oxadiazoles BF4 and BF5 displayed stronger binding in affinities (-11.50 kcal/mol and -13.30 kcal/mol) than the standard drug kojic acid against hTYRP1 and hTYR enzymes, respectively. These were further confirmed by MM-GBSA and MM-PBSA binding energy computations. The stability studies involving the molecular dynamics simulations also provided stability insights into the binding of these compounds with the target enzymes, wherein it was found that they remain stable in the active sites during the 100 ns virtual simulation time. Moreover, the ADMET, as well as the medicinal properties of these novel furan-1,3,4-oxadiazole tethered N-phenylacetamide structural hybrids, also showed a good prospect. The excellent in-silico profiling of furan-1,3,4--oxadiazole structural motifs BF4 and BF5 provide a hypothetical gateway to use these compounds as potential hTYRP1 and hTYR inhibitors against melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shah Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Synthesis, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, anticancer activity, and molecular docking studies of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Mol Divers 2023; 27:193-208. [PMID: 35344136 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have synthesized various organic compounds possessing 1,3,4-oxadiazole as a core structure and the structure of the newly synthesized target compounds has been revealed using different analytical approaches such as FT-IR, LCMS, and NMR (proton and carbon), respectively. The in vitro carbonic anhydrase potentials of these synthesized 17 different analogues were investigated. The result suggests that compound 7g, a 3-pyridine substituted analogue with an IC50 of 0.1 µM, was found to have the most potent carbonic inhibitory activity (11-fold more active) than the positive control (acetazolamide) with an IC50 of 1.1 ± 0.1 µM. Besides, among the series 7(a-q) approved in the identification of four potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with the IC50 standards varies from 0.1 to 1.0 ± 0.1 µM. Additionally, the non-competitive behaviour for potent compound 7g was analysed using the Lineweaver-Burk plot from the kinetic study. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of all the synthesized compounds screened against B16F10 melanoma cells using the MTT assay method. Additionally, the molecular docking studies revealed that 7g inhibitor shows good binding energy as well as good binding interaction pattern along with enzyme.
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Hassan M, Shahzadi S, Kloczkowski A. Tyrosinase Inhibitors Naturally Present in Plants and Synthetic Modifications of These Natural Products as Anti-Melanogenic Agents: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010378. [PMID: 36615571 PMCID: PMC9822343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme target to design new chemical ligands against melanogenesis. In the current review, different chemical derivatives are explored which have been used as anti-melanogenic compounds. These are different chemical compounds naturally present in plants and semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds inspired by these natural products, such as kojic acid produced by several species of fungi; arbutin-a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant; vanillin-a phenolic aldehyde extracted from the vanilla bean, etc. After enzyme inhibition screening, various chemical compounds showed different therapeutic effects as tyrosinase inhibitors with different values of the inhibition constant and IC50. We show how appropriately designed scaffolds inspired by the structures of natural compounds are used to develop novel synthetic inhibitors. We review the results of numerous studies, which could lead to the development of effective anti-tyrosinase agents with increased efficiency and safety in the near future, with many applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Correspondence: or (M.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Correspondence: or (M.H.); (A.K.)
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Chemical Composition of Tobacco Seed Oils and Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Whitening Activities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238516. [PMID: 36500609 PMCID: PMC9739832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco seeds are a valuable food oil resource, and tobacco seed oil is rich in nutrients, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this work was to perform a comprehensive study on the chemical constituents, and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and whitening activities of tobacco seed oils (NC89 and BS4). A GC/MS analysis revealed that NC89 and BS4 had 11 and 6 volatile compounds, respectively. The PUFA contents in NC89 and BS4 were 74.98% and 72.84%, respectively. These two tobacco seed oils also presented good radical scavenging capacities with the neutralization of ABTS, OH-, and superoxide (O2-) radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, NC89 and BS4 inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell apoptosis, enhanced SOD and CAT activities, and increased the GSH content in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells. In addition, NC89 and BS4 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the expressions of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW.264.7 cells through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, NC89 and BS4 expressed whitening activities by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and intracellular melanin production. Therefore, tobacco seed oils could be used as an important oil resource for the development of high value-added products.
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Wang JJ, Sun W, Jia WD, Bian M, Yu LJ. Research progress on the synthesis and pharmacology of 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: a mini review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2304-2319. [PMID: 36000176 PMCID: PMC9423840 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-oxadiazole have favourable physical, chemical, and pharmacokinetic properties, which significantly increase their pharmacological activity via hydrogen bond interactions with biomacromolecules. In recent years, oxadiazole has been demonstrated to be the biologically active unit in a number of compounds. Oxadiazole derivatives exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculous, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic and anticancer activities. In this paper, we report a series of compounds containing oxadiazole rings that have been published in the last three years only (2020-2022) as there was no report or their activities described in any article in 2019, which will be useful to scientists in research fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Wen Sun
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Jia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Ming Bian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, PR China
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Bashir B, Riaz N, Ejaz SA, Saleem M, Iqbal A, Mahmood HMK, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Aziz-ur-Rehman, Bhattarai K. Parsing p-Tolyloxy-1,3,4-oxadiazolepropanamides as 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Prop up by In Vitro and In Silico Profiling Including Structure Determination. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Ghani U. Azole inhibitors of mushroom and human tyrosinases: Current advances and prospects of drug development for melanogenic dermatological disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114525. [PMID: 35717871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azoles are a famous and promising class of drugs for treatment of a range of ailments especially fungal infections. A wide variety of azole derivatives are also known to exhibit tyrosinase inhibition, some of which possess promising activity with potential for treatment of dermatological disorders such as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, nevus, flecks, melasma, and melanoma. Recently, thiazolyl-resorcinol derivatives have demonstrated potent human tyrosinase inhibition with a safe and effective therapeutic profile for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation in humans, which are currently under clinical trials. If approved these derivatives would be the first azole drugs to be used for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation. Although the scientific literature has been witnessing general reviews on tyrosinase inhibitors to date, there is none that specifically and comprehensively discusses azole inhibitors of tyrosinase. Appreciating such potential of azoles, this focused review highlights a wide range of their derivatives with promising mushroom and human tyrosinase inhibitory activities and clinical potential for treatment of melanogenic dermatological disorders. Presently, these disorders have been treated with kojic acid, hydroquinone and other drugs, the design and development of which are based on their ability to inhibit mushroom tyrosinase. The active sites of mushroom and human tyrosinases carry structural differences which affect substrate or inhibitor binding. For this reason, kojic acid and other drugs pose efficacy and safety issues since they were originally developed using mushroom tyrosinase and have been clinically used on human tyrosinase. Design and development of tyrosinase inhibitors should be based on human tyrosinase, however, there are challenges in obtaining the human enzyme and understanding its structure and function. The review discusses these challenges that encompass structural and functional differences between mushroom and human tyrosinases and the manner in which they are inhibited. The review also gauges promising azole derivatives with potential for development of drugs against skin hyperpigmentation by analyzing and comparing their tyrosinase inhibitory activities against mushroom and human tyrosinases, computational data, and clinical profile where available. It aims to lay groundwork for development of new azole drugs for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation, melanoma, and related dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ghani
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia.
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Vanjare BD, Seok Eom Y, Raza H, Hassan M, Hwan Lee K, Ja Kim S. Elastase inhibitory activity of quinoline Analogues: Synthesis, kinetic mechanism, cytotoxicity, chemoinformatics and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 63:116745. [PMID: 35421709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have synthesized quinoline united various Schiff base derivatives (Q1-Q13) and systematically characterized them using diverse analytical practices such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and LC-MS respectively. All of the target compounds that have been synthesized were tested for elastase inhibition, and the findings were compared to the standard drug oleanolic acid. Among the entire series, compound Q11 (IC50 = 0.897 ± 0.015 µM) exhibit most promising elastase inhibitory activity than oleanolic acid (Standard) having an IC50 value of 13.426 ± 0.015 µM. Also, the utmost effectivecompound Q11 was used for kinetic mechanism investigation based on in-vitro data, from which it has been concluded that compound Q11 inhibits elastase competitively. Furthermore, utilizing the MTT test approach, the most effective compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity on B16F10 melanoma cells. From the cytotoxicity experiment, the most potent compound did not display any hazardous response against B16F10 melanoma cells despite being treated at high concentrations. Additionally, the molecular docking study was settled to govern the binding interaction pattern among an enzyme and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasaheb D Vanjare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Boroujeni SY, Haghighijoo Z, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Mosadeghkhah A, Moaazam A, Yavari A, Hajimahmoodi M, Sabourian R, Hosseini S, Larijani B, Hamedifar H, Ansari S, Mahdavi M. Design, Synthesis, In Vitro, and In silico Evaluation of N-phenylacetamide-oxindole-thiosemicarbazide hybrids as New Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100666. [PMID: 35156774 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of N-phenylacetamide-oxindole-thiosemicarbazide hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. According to tyrosinase inhibition results, all the synthesized compounds showed high tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 3.88 µM in comparison to positive control kojic acid with IC50 value of 36.32 µM. Among tested compounds, analog 7o, containing the 2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl on N-phenylacetamide moiety displayed superior tyrosinase inhibition. This compound was around 45-fold more potent than kojic acid. The kinetic analysis of compound 7o demonstrated that this compound is a competitive inhibitor against tyrosinase. Docking study of this compound demonstrated that compound 7o interacted with critical histidine residues within tyrosinase active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Yari Boroujeni
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, medicinal chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Zahra Haghighijoo
- Louisiana State University, chemistry, Lafayette, Lafayette, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Ali Mosadeghkhah
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Ali Moaazam
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Ali Yavari
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Manan Hajimahmoodi
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Reihaneh Sabourian
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Samesadat Hosseini
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Bagher Larijani
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, pathology, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Halleh Hamedifar
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Samira Ansari
- TUMS: Tehran University of Medical Sciences, chemistry, 16 azar, tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Tehran University of Medicinal Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, 16 Azar ST. Enghelab Sq., 14176, Tehran, IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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