Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral activity of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives acting as novel entry inhibitors to target at "Phe43 cavity" of HIV-1 gp120

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Tetrahydropyrimidines: Dual-Activity and Mechanism of Action

In this paper, the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of the novel tetrahydropyrimidines-THPMs are described. THPMs are well-known for wide pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, etc. This research includes obtained results of in vitro antimicrobial, anticancer, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the eleven novel THPMs. An antibiotic assessment was done against five bacteria (two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative) and five fungi by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the broth tube dilution method. The most active antibacterial compounds were 4a, 4b, and 4d, while the best antifungal activity was shown by 4e, 4f, and 4k. The lowest MIC value (0.20 mg/mL) was measured for 4e, 4f, and 4k against the Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Moreover, examining the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity revealed the compound 4g as the one with the best activity. The cytotoxic activity was performed on the tumor cell lines (HeLa, K562, and MDA-MB-231) and normal cells (MRC-5). The best antitumor activity was shown by compounds 4b and 4k against HeLa cell lines. The influence on cell cycle and mechanism of action of the most active compounds were examined too. Compound 4b had good antibacterial and anticancer activities, while 4k showed promising antifungal and anticancer activities.

An Overview of the Biological Evaluation of Selected Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycle Medicinal Chemistry Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds are a class of compounds of natural origin with favorable properties and hence have major pharmaceutical significance. They have an exceptional adroitness favoring their use as diverse smart biomimetics, in addition to possessing an active pharmacophore in a complex structure. This has made them an indispensable motif in the drug discovery field. Heterocyclic compounds are usually classified according to the ring size, type, and the number of heteroatoms present in the ring. Among different heterocyclic ring systems, nitrogen heterocyclic compounds are more abundant in nature. They also have considerable pharmacological significance. This review highlights recent pioneering studies in the biological assessment of nitrogen-containing compounds, namely: triazoles, tetrazoles, imidazole/benzimidazoles, pyrimidines, and quinolines. It explores publications between April 2020 and February 2022 and will benefit researchers in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. The present work is organized based on the size of the heterocyclic ring.

Synthesis, Molecular docking, and in silico ADME Studies of Dihydropyrimidine Derivatives using Tetrabutylphosphonium Methanesulphonate Ionic Liquid as a catalyst Under Solvent Free Conditions

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of tetrabutylphosphonium methanesulphonate ionic liquid and its use for the first time as a catalyst in multicomponent reaction for one-pot synthesis of Dihydropyrimidine derivatives from various aromatic aldehydes, methyl or ethyl acetoacetate and urea or thio-urea under the solvent-free conditions at 120 oC. About twenty-one different dihydropyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized in excellent yields. The advantage of this method is a solvent-free condition, the requirement of a small amount of catalyst, shorter reaction time, easy workup procedure and non-involvement of any hazardous organic solvent and toxic catalyst. This catalyst was easily prepared and showed excellent level of reusability. Also the molecular docking study was performed to evaluate interactions between the active compounds with Leishmania Pteridine reductase 1(PTR1). Further the theoretical evaluation of ADME properties in silico was investigated for their oral bioavailability to predict the safer efficacy of the synthesized compounds.

Recent research results have converted gp120 binders to a therapeutic option for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. A medicinal chemistry point of view

Current therapeutic armamentarium for treatment of HIV-1 infection is based on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy that, unfortunately, does not act as a curative remedy. Moreover, duration of the therapy often results in lack of compliance with the consequent emergence of multidrug resistance. Finally, drug toxicity issues also arise during treatments. In the attempt to achieve a curative effect, in addition to invest substantial resources in finding new anti-HIV-1 agents and in optimizing antiviral lead compounds and drugs currently available, additional efforts should be done to deplete viral reservoir located within host CD4⁺ T cells. Gp120 binders represent a class of compounds able to affect the interactions between viral envelope proteins and host CD4, thus avoiding virus-to-cell attachment and fusion, and the consequent viral entry into host cells. This review summarizes the efforts done in the last five years to design new gp120 binders, that finally culminated in the approval of fostemsavir as an anti-HIV-1 drug.