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Mayo P, Pascual J, Crisman E, Domínguez C, López MG, León R. Innovative pathological network-based multitarget approaches for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38678582 DOI: 10.1002/med.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is a major health threat globally. Its prevalence is forecasted to exponentially increase during the next 30 years due to the global aging population. Currently, approved drugs are merely symptomatic, being ineffective in delaying or blocking the relentless disease advance. Intensive AD research describes this disease as a highly complex multifactorial disease. Disclosure of novel pathological pathways and their interconnections has had a major impact on medicinal chemistry drug development for AD over the last two decades. The complex network of pathological events involved in the onset of the disease has prompted the development of multitarget drugs. These chemical entities combine pharmacological activities toward two or more drug targets of interest. These multitarget-directed ligands are proposed to modify different nodes in the pathological network aiming to delay or even stop disease progression. Here, we review the multitarget drug development strategy for AD during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Mayo
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Grossi G, Scarano N, Musumeci F, Tonelli M, Kanov E, Carbone A, Fossa P, Gainetdinov RR, Cichero E, Schenone S. Discovery of a Novel Chemo-Type for TAAR1 Agonism via Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2024; 29:1739. [PMID: 38675561 PMCID: PMC11052455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for novel effective TAAR1 ligands continues to draw great attention due to the wide range of pharmacological applications related to TAAR1 targeting. Herein, molecular docking studies of known TAAR1 ligands, characterized by an oxazoline core, have been performed in order to identify novel promising chemo-types for the discovery of more active TAAR1 agonists. In particular, the oxazoline-based compound S18616 has been taken as a reference compound for the computational study, leading to the development of quite flat and conformationally locked ligands. The choice of a "Y-shape" conformation was suggested for the design of TAAR1 ligands, interacting with the protein cavity delimited by ASP103 and aromatic residues such as PHE186, PHE195, PHE268, and PHE267. The obtained results allowed us to preliminary in silico screen an in-house series of pyrimidinone-benzimidazoles (1a-10a) as a novel scaffold to target TAAR1. Combined ligand-based (LBCM) and structure based (SBCM) computational methods suggested the biological evaluation of compounds 1a-10a, leading to the identification of derivatives 1a-3a (hTAAR1 EC50 = 526.3-657.4 nM) as promising novel TAAR1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Naomi Scarano
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Evgeny Kanov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.)
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.)
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.G.); (N.S.); (F.M.); (M.T.); (A.C.); (P.F.); (S.S.)
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Kassab AE, Gedawy EM, Sayed AS. Fused thiophene as a privileged scaffold: A review on anti-Alzheimer's disease potentials via targeting cholinesterases, monoamine oxidases, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and Aβ aggregation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131018. [PMID: 38518928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
As a "silent threat," Alzheimer's disease (AD) is quickly rising to the top of the list of costly and troublesome diseases facing humanity. It is growing to be one of the most troublesome and expensive conditions, with annual health care costs higher than those of cancer and comparable to those of cardiovascular disorders. One of the main pathogenic characteristics of AD is the deficiency of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) which plays a vital role in memory, learning, and attention. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) play a crucial role in hydrolyzing ACh. Consequently, a frequent therapy approach for AD is the suppression of AChE and BChE to improve cholinergic neurotransmission and reduce cognitive symptoms. The accumulation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) is a primary factor contributing to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3-β) is regarded as a pivotal player in the pathophysiology of AD since dysregulation of this kinase affects all major hallmarks of the disease, such as tau phosphorylation, Aβ aggregation, memory, neurogenesis, and synaptic function. One of the most challenging and risky issues in modern medicinal chemistry is the urgent and ongoing need for the study and development of effective therapeutic candidates for the treatment of AD. A significant class of heterocyclic molecules that can target the complex and multifactorial pathogenesis of AD are fused thiophene derivatives. The goal of the current review is to demonstrate the advancements made in fused thiophene derivatives' anti-AD activity. It also covers their mechanisms of action and studies of the structure-activity relationships in addition to the compilation of significant synthetic routes for fused thiophene derivatives with anti-AD potential. This review is intended to stimulate new ideas in the search for more rationale designs of derivatives based on fused thiophene, hoping to be more potent in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ehab M Gedawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, P.O. Box 11829, Egypt
| | - Alaa S Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, P.O. Box 11829, Egypt
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Pathak C, Kabra UD. A comprehensive review of multi-target directed ligands in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107152. [PMID: 38290187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting specifically older population. AD is an irreversible neurodegenerative CNS disorder associated with complex pathophysiology. Presently, the USFDA has approved only four drugs viz. Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Memantine, and Galantamine for the treatment of AD. These drugs exhibit their neuroprotective effects either by inhibiting cholinesterase enzyme (ChE) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. However, the conventional therapy "one target, one molecule" has failed to provide promising therapeutic effects due to the multifactorial nature of AD. This triggered the development of a novel strategy called Multi-Target Directed Ligand (MTDL) which involved designing one molecule that acts on multiple targets simultaneously. The present review discusses the detailed pathology involved in AD and the various MTDL design strategies bearing different heterocycles, in vitro and in vivo activities of the compounds, and their corresponding structure-activity relationships. This knowledge will allow us to identify and design more effective MTDLs for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Uma D Kabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parul Institute of Pharmacy, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
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