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Selicharová I, Fabre B, Soledad Garre Hernández M, Lubos M, Pícha J, Voburka Z, Mitrová K, Jiráček J. Combinatorial Libraries of Bipodal Binders of the Insulin Receptor. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400145. [PMID: 38445366 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The binding process of insulin to its transmembrane receptor entails a sophisticated interplay between two proteins, each possessing two binding sites. Given the difficulties associated with the use of insulin in the treatment of diabetes, despite its remarkable efficacy, there is interest in smaller and more stable compounds than the native hormone that would effectively activate the receptor. Our study adopts a strategy focused on synthesizing extensive combinatorial libraries of bipodal compounds consisting of two distinct peptides linked to a molecular scaffold. These constructs, evaluated in a resin bead-bound format, were designed to assess their binding to the insulin receptor. Despite notable nonspecific binding, our approach successfully generated and tested millions of compounds. Rigorous evaluations via flow cytometry and specific antibodies revealed peptide sequences with specific interactions at either receptor binding Site 1 or 2. Notably, these sequences bear similarity to peptides discovered through phage display by other researchers. This convergence of chemical and biological methods underscores nature's beauty, revealing general principles in peptide binding to the insulin receptor. Overall, our study deepens the understanding of molecular interactions in ligand binding to the insulin receptor, highlighting the challenges of targeting large proteins with small synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Fabre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - María Soledad Garre Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Lubos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Voburka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Mitrová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610, Praha 6, Czech Republic
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2
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Kumar L, Vizgaudis W, Klein-Seetharaman J. Structure-based survey of ligand binding in the human insulin receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3512-3528. [PMID: 34907529 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor is a membrane protein responsible for regulation of nutrient balance and therefore an attractive target in the treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Pharmacology of the insulin receptor involves two distinct mechanisms, (1) activation of the receptor by insulin mimetics that bind in the extracellular domain and (2) inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase enzymatic activity in the cytoplasmic domain. While a complete structural picture of the full-length receptor comprising the entire sequence covering extracellular, transmembrane, juxtamembrane and cytoplasmic domains is still elusive, recent progress through cryoelectron microscopy has made it possible to describe the initial insulin ligand binding events at atomistic detail. We utilize this opportunity to obtain structural insights into the pharmacology of the insulin receptor. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive docking study of known ligands to the new structures of the receptor. Through this approach, we provide an in-depth, structure-based review of human insulin receptor pharmacology in light of the new structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | | | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.,School of Molecular Sciences & College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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3
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Multipodal insulin mimetics built on adamantane or proline scaffolds. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104548. [PMID: 33358613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-orthogonal molecular scaffolds can be applied as core structures of bioactive compounds. Here, we prepared four tri-orthogonal scaffolds based on adamantane or proline skeletons. The scaffolds were used for the solid-phase synthesis of model insulin mimetics bearing two different peptides on the scaffolds. We found that adamantane-derived compounds bind to the insulin receptor more effectively (Kd value of 0.5 μM) than proline-derived compounds (Kd values of 15-38 μM) bearing the same peptides. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that spacers between peptides and central scaffolds can provide greater flexibility that can contribute to increased binding affinity. Molecular modeling showed possible binding modes of mimetics to the insulin receptor. Our data show that the structure of the central scaffold and flexibility of attached peptides in this type of compound are important and that different scaffolds should be considered when designing peptide hormone mimetics.
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4
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Plesch E, Chen CC, Butz E, Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Yinan H, Bartel K, Keller M, Robaa D, Teupser D, Holdt LM, Vollmar AM, Sippl W, Puertollano R, Medina D, Biel M, Wahl-Schott C, Bracher F, Grimm C. Selective agonist of TRPML2 reveals direct role in chemokine release from innate immune cells. eLife 2018; 7:39720. [PMID: 30479274 PMCID: PMC6257821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are produced and secreted by a broad range of immune cells including macrophages. Remarkably, little is known about how these inflammatory mediators are released from the various immune cells. Here, the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML2 is shown to play a direct role in chemokine trafficking and secretion from murine macrophages. To demonstrate acute and direct involvement of TRPML2 in these processes, the first isoform-selective TRPML2 channel agonist was generated, ML2-SA1. ML2-SA1 was not only found to directly stimulate release of the chemokine CCL2 from macrophages but also to stimulate macrophage migration, thus mimicking CCL2 function. Endogenous TRPML2 is expressed in early/recycling endosomes as demonstrated by endolysosomal patch-clamp experimentation and ML2-SA1 promotes trafficking through early/recycling endosomes, suggesting CCL2 being transported and secreted via this pathway. These data provide a direct link between TRPML2 activation, CCL2 release and stimulation of macrophage migration in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Butz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hua Yinan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca M Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Diego Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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5
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Fabre B, Pícha J, Vaněk V, Selicharová I, Chrudinová M, Collinsová M, Žáková L, Buděšínský M, Jiráček J. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Library of Trifunctional Scaffold-Derived Compounds as Modulators of the Insulin Receptor. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:710-722. [PMID: 27936668 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We designed a combinatorial library of trifunctional scaffold-derived compounds, which were derivatized with 30 different in-house-made azides. The compounds were proposed to mimic insulin receptor (IR)-binding epitopes in the insulin molecule and bind to and activate this receptor. This work has enabled us to test our synthetic and biological methodology and to prove its robustness and reliability for the solid-phase synthesis and testing of combinatorial libraries of the trifunctional scaffold-derived compounds. Our effort resulted in the discovery of two compounds, which were able to weakly induce the autophosphorylation of IR and weakly bind to this receptor at a 0.1 mM concentration. Despite these modest biological results, which well document the well-known difficulty in modulating protein-protein interactions, this study represents a unique example of targeting the IR with a set of nonpeptide compounds that were specifically designed and synthesized for this purpose. We believe that this work can open new perspectives for the development of next-generation insulin mimetics based on the scaffold structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fabre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Vaněk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Selicharová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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6
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Bello AM, Wei L, Majchrzak-Kita B, Salum N, Purohit MK, Fish EN, Kotra LP. Small molecule mimetics of an interferon-α receptor interacting domain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:978-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morino-Koga S, Yano S, Kondo T, Shimauchi Y, Matsuyama S, Okamoto Y, Suico MA, Koga T, Sato T, Shuto T, Arima H, Wada I, Araki E, Kai H. Insulin receptor activation through its accumulation in lipid rafts by mild electrical stress. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:439-46. [PMID: 22740366 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is due to the reduced cellular response to insulin in peripheral tissues. The interaction of insulin with its receptor is the first step in insulin action and thus the identified target of insulin resistance. It has been well established that defects or mutations in the insulin receptor (IR) cause insulin resistance. Therefore, an IR activator might be a novel therapeutic approach for insulin resistance. Our previous report showed that mild electrical stress (MES) enhanced the insulin-induced signaling pathway. However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of MES remains unclear. We assessed the effect of MES, which is characterized by low-intensity direct current, on insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo. Here, we showed that MES activated the insulin signaling in an insulin-independent manner and improved insulin resistance in peripheral tissues of high fat-fed mice. Moreover, we found that MES increased the localization of IR in lipid rafts and enhanced the level of phosphorylated Akt in insulin-resistant hepatic cells. Ablation of lipid rafts disrupted the effect of MES on Akt activation. Our findings indicate that MES has potential as an activator of IR in an insulin-independent manner, and might be beneficial for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Morino-Koga
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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8
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Pang YP, Park JG, Wang S, Vummenthala A, Mishra RK, McLaughlin JE, Di R, Kahn JN, Tumer NE, Janosi L, Davis J, Millard CB. Small-molecule inhibitor leads of ribosome-inactivating proteins developed using the doorstop approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17883. [PMID: 21455295 PMCID: PMC3063779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic because they bind to 28S rRNA and depurinate a specific adenine residue from the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL), thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. Shiga-like toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), produced by Escherichia coli, are RIPs that cause outbreaks of foodborne diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. Ricin, produced by the castor bean plant, is another RIP lethal to mammals. Currently, no US Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccines nor therapeutics exist to protect against ricin, Shiga-like toxins, or other RIPs. Development of effective small-molecule RIP inhibitors as therapeutics is challenging because strong electrostatic interactions at the RIP•SRL interface make drug-like molecules ineffective in competing with the rRNA for binding to RIPs. Herein, we report small molecules that show up to 20% cell protection against ricin or Stx2 at a drug concentration of 300 nM. These molecules were discovered using the doorstop approach, a new approach to protein•polynucleotide inhibitors that identifies small molecules as doorstops to prevent an active-site residue of an RIP (e.g., Tyr80 of ricin or Tyr77 of Stx2) from adopting an active conformation thereby blocking the function of the protein rather than contenders in the competition for binding to the RIP. This work offers promising leads for developing RIP therapeutics. The results suggest that the doorstop approach might also be applicable in the development of other protein•polynucleotide inhibitors as antiviral agents such as inhibitors of the Z-DNA binding proteins in poxviruses. This work also calls for careful chemical and biological characterization of drug leads obtained from chemical screens to avoid the identification of irrelevant chemical structures and to avoid the interference caused by direct interactions between the chemicals being screened and the luciferase reporter used in screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Pang
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YPP, chemistry); (NET, biology); (CBM, biology)
| | - Jewn Giew Park
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Vummenthala
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rajesh K. Mishra
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John E. McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rong Di
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Nielsen Kahn
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nilgun E. Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YPP, chemistry); (NET, biology); (CBM, biology)
| | - Laszlo Janosi
- Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jon Davis
- Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Millard
- Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YPP, chemistry); (NET, biology); (CBM, biology)
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9
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Maiti B, Chanda K, Sun CM. Traceless Synthesis of Hydantoin Fused Tetrahydro-β-carboline on Ionic Liquid Support in Green Media. Org Lett 2009; 11:4826-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Maiti
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300-10, Taiwan
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300-10, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Sun
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300-10, Taiwan
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10
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Bello AM, Bende T, Wei L, Wang X, Majchrzak-Kita B, Fish EN, Kotra LP. De novo design of nonpeptidic compounds targeting the interactions between interferon-alpha and its cognate cell surface receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2734-43. [PMID: 18393399 DOI: 10.1021/jm701182y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN) bind specifically to the corresponding receptor, IFNAR. Agonists and antagonists for IFNAR have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of viral infections and systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Specific sequences on the surface of IFN, IFN receptor recognition peptides (IRRPs) mediate the binding and signal transduction when IFN interacts with IFNAR. Structural features of two such IRRPs, IRRP-1 and IRRP-3, were used as templates to design small molecule mimetics. In silico screening was used to identify the molecular structural features mimicking their surface characteristics. A set of 26 compounds were synthesized and their ability to interfere with IFN-IFNAR interactions was investigated. Two compounds exhibited antagonist activity, specifically, blocking IFN-inducible Stat phosphorylation Stat complex-DNA binding. Design principles revealed here pave the way toward a novel series of small molecules as antagonists for IFN-IFNAR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Bello
- Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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Moro S, Bacilieri M, Deflorian F. Combining ligand-based and structure-based drug design in the virtual screening arena. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:37-49. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Fletcher S, Hamilton AD. Protein surface recognition and proteomimetics: mimics of protein surface structure and function. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:632-8. [PMID: 16242379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their key roles in a number of biological processes, protein-protein interactions are attractive and important targets, typically involving areas greater than 6 nm2. The disruption of such interactions remains a challenging feat but, in recent years, there has been considerable progress in the design of proteomimetics: molecules that mimic the structure and function of extended regions of protein surfaces. In particular, porphyrins, calixarenes, alpha-helical mimetics and small molecules have successfully modulated significant protein-protein interactions, including those involved in cancer and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, CT 06520-8107, USA
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Li W, Favelyukis S, Yang J, Zeng Y, Yu J, Gangjee A, Miller WT. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor I receptor autophosphorylation by novel 6-5 ring-fused compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:145-54. [PMID: 15183126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) plays an important role in cell transformation, and it has emerged as a target for anti-cancer drug design. IGF1R is activated by autophosphorylation at three sites in the enzyme activation loop. We describe here a group of 6-5 ring-fused compounds that are the first reported inhibitors selective for the unphosphorylated (0P) form of IGF1R. These compounds do not significantly inhibit the fully activated, triply phosphorylated (3P) form. IGF1R was produced from baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells, and the 0P and 3P forms were purified to homogeneity. We used a continuous spectrophotometric assay to measure inhibition of the 0P and 3P forms. Analysis by native gel electrophoresis confirmed that the step inhibited in the autoactivation process was the transition between the 0P and IP forms of IGF1R. The compounds were also active against IGF1R autophosphorylation in intact Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Most of the compounds also inhibited the closely related insulin receptor to varying degrees, although some compounds showed selectivity for IGF1R or insulin receptor. This class of compounds could form the basis of design efforts to selectively block the autoinhibited conformation of IGF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Basic Science Tower T-6, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
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