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Shagufta, Ahmad I, Mathew S, Rahman S. Recent progress in selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) for the treatment of breast cancer. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:438-454. [PMID: 33479648 PMCID: PMC7580774 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) are a novel class of compounds capable of reducing the ERα protein level and blocking ER activity. Therefore, SERDs are considered as a significant therapeutic approach to treat ER+ breast cancer in both early stage and more advanced drug-resistant cases. After the FDA approval of a steroidal drug, fulvestrant, as a SERD for the treatment of breast cancer in patients who have progressed on antihormonal agents, several molecules with diverse chemical structures have been rapidly developed, studied and evaluated for selective estrogen receptor downregulation activity. Here we compile the promising SERDs reported in recent years and discuss the chemical structure and pharmacological profile of the most potent compound of the considered series. Because of the availability of only a limited number of effective drugs for the treatment of breast cancer, the quest for a potent SERD with respectable activity and bioavailability is still ongoing. The goal of this article is to make available to the reader an overview of the current progress in SERDs and provide clues for the future discovery and development of novel pharmacological potent SERDs for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates . ;
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates . ;
| | - Shimy Mathew
- Department of Biotechnology , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates
| | - Sofia Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology , School of Arts and Sciences , American University of Ras Al Khaimah , P. O. Box 10021 , Ras Al Khaimah , United Arab Emirates
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2
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Jiang W, Chen Q, Zhou B, Wang F. In silico prediction of estrogen receptor subtype binding affinity and selectivity using 3D-QSAR and molecular docking. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Unexpected equivalent potency of a constrained chromene enantiomeric pair rationalized by co-crystal structures in complex with estrogen receptor alpha. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:905-911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Nagasawa J, Govek S, Kahraman M, Lai A, Bonnefous C, Douglas K, Sensintaffar J, Lu N, Lee K, Aparicio A, Kaufman J, Qian J, Shao G, Prudente R, Joseph JD, Darimont B, Brigham D, Maheu K, Heyman R, Rix PJ, Hager JH, Smith ND. Identification of an Orally Bioavailable Chromene-Based Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader (SERD) That Demonstrates Robust Activity in a Model of Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7917-7928. [PMID: 30086626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 75% of breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) positive, and women typically initially respond well to antihormonal therapies such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, but resistance often emerges. Fulvestrant is a steroid-based, selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) that both antagonizes and degrades ER-α and shows some activity in patients who have progressed on antihormonal agents. However, fulvestrant must be administered by intramuscular injections that limit its efficacy. We describe the optimization of ER-α degradation efficacy of a chromene series of ER modulators resulting in highly potent and efficacious SERDs such as 14n. When examined in a xenograft model of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, 14n (ER-α degradation efficacy = 91%) demonstrated robust activity, while, despite superior oral exposure, 15g (ER-α degradation efficacy = 82%) was essentially inactive. This result suggests that optimizing ER-α degradation efficacy in the MCF-7 cell line leads to compounds with robust effects in models of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer derived from an MCF-7 background.
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Hou TY, Weng CF, Leong MK. Insight Analysis of Promiscuous Estrogen Receptor α-Ligand Binding by a Novel Machine Learning Scheme. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:799-813. [PMID: 30019586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a significant role in occurrence of breast cancer and may cause various adverse side-effects when ERα is an off-target protein. A theoretical model was derived to predict the binding affinity of ERα using the pharmacophore ensemble/support vector machine (PhE/SVM) scheme to consider the promiscuous characteristic of ERα. The estimations by PhE/SVM were discovered to be in good agreement with the observed values for those training molecules ( n = 31, r2 = 0.80, qCV2 = 0.77, RMSE = 0.57, s = 0.58), test molecules ( n = 179, q2 = 0.91-0.96, RMSE = 0.33, s = 0.26) and outliers ( n = 15, q2 = 0.80-0.86, RMSE = 0.56, s = 0.49). When subjected to various statistical validations, the PhE/SVM model consistently fulfilled the strictest criteria. A mock test also asserted its predictivity. When compared with crystal structures, the calculated results are consistent with the reported ERα-ligand co-complex structure, and the plasticity nature of ERα is also disclosed. Consequently, this precise, fast, and robust model can be adopted to predict ERα-ligand binding affinities and to design safer non-ERα-targeted pharmaceuticals in the process of drug discovery and development.
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6
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Huang W, Wei W, Yang Y, Zhang T, Shen Z. Discovery of Novel Selective ERα/ERβ Ligands by Multi-pharmacophore Modeling and Virtual Screening. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 63:780-91. [PMID: 26423034 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) regulate different sets of gene expression, and have different ligand responses, which make the estrogen tissue-specific. Thus, the estrogen receptor (ER) subtype-selective ligands can improve the target-site selectivity and decrease the off-target effect. In order to discover the selective ER subtype ligands with novel scaffolds, in this work three-dimensional (3D) pharmacophore models of the ERα ligands (Hypo 1) and the ERβ ligands (Hypo 2) were established (correlation coefficients were 0.959 and 0.966) and validated (R=0.936 and 0.879; enrichment factors (EFs) at 2% were 16.2 and 8.4; areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curve (ROC) were 0.88 and 0.91) using the Discovery Studio 4.0 software package. Hypo 1 and Hypo 2 were then employed for virtual screening and ten hits were found as potential candidate leads. Based on their ERα/ERβ binding affinity results by fluorescence polarization technology, two of these leads, AH-262/34334025 (AH) and AG-670/08803023 (AG) with novel scaffolds were identified as selective ERα ligands. A molecular docking study was also performed, which provided the explanation for the ER subtype preferences for AH and AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Huang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences
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7
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Ng HW, Perkins R, Tong W, Hong H. Versatility or promiscuity: the estrogen receptors, control of ligand selectivity and an update on subtype selective ligands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:8709-42. [PMID: 25162709 PMCID: PMC4198987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110908709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of versatile receptors. They regulate an enormity of processes starting in early life and continuing through sexual reproduction, development, and end of life. This review provides a background and structural perspective for the ERs as part of the nuclear receptor superfamily and discusses the ER versatility and promiscuity. The wide repertoire of ER actions is mediated mostly through ligand-activated transcription factors and many DNA response elements in most tissues and organs. Their versatility, however, comes with the drawback of promiscuous interactions with structurally diverse exogenous chemicals with potential for a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Even when interacting with endogenous hormones, ER actions can have adverse effects in disease progression. Finally, how nature controls ER specificity and how the subtle differences in receptor subtypes are exploited in pharmaceutical design to achieve binding specificity and subtype selectivity for desired biological response are discussed. The intent of this review is to complement the large body of literature with emphasis on most recent developments in selective ER ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen Ng
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Roger Perkins
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Weida Tong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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8
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Liu B, Geng G, Lin R, Ren C, Wu JH. Learning from estrogen receptor antagonism: structure-based identification of novel antiandrogens effective against multiple clinically relevant androgen receptor mutants. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:300-12. [PMID: 22151347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment strategy for advanced prostate cancer is to suppress androgen receptor (AR) by castration and antiandrogens. However, several clinically relevant AR mutations cause insensitivity to current antiandrogens and convert them into agonists. We aim to identify full AR antagonists even for AR mutants. As crystal structure of AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) at antagonistic form is not available, we decided to learn from estrogen receptor (ER) antagonism: (i) We built a structural model of wild-type AR-LBD complexed with antiandrogen bicalutamide (wild type/bicalutamide) using ERα-LBD/hydroxytamoxifen structure as the template for helix-12. (ii) By comparative structural analysis of 24 ERα-LBD complexes, we found residues D351 and L354 at helix-3 adopt unique conformations, and distance between them is a marker of ERα-LBD/antagonist complexes. The AR residues corresponding to D351 and L354 are E709 and L712, respectively. We found distance between E709 and L712 of the wild type/bicalutamide model is substantially different from that of AR-LBD/agonist complexes, suggesting this distance could be a marker of antagonistic AR-LBD, which was supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the wild type/bicalutamide model, we discovered compound 3 is a novel antiandrogen effective against the wild type and T877A-, W741C-, and H874Y-mutated androgen receptors. We found compound 3 has dual functions, inhibiting androgen receptor and IKK(β) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Taha MO, Tarairah M, Zalloum H, Abu-Sheikha G. Pharmacophore and QSAR modeling of estrogen receptor beta ligands and subsequent validation and in silico search for new hits. J Mol Graph Model 2009; 28:383-400. [PMID: 19850503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacophoric space of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) was explored using a set of 119 known ligands. Subsequently, genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression analysis were employed to select optimal combinations of pharmacophoric models and physicochemical descriptors in self-consistent and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) (r(96)(2)=0.79-0.83, F-statistic=40.96-36.20, r(LOO)(2)=0.74-0.76 and r(PRESS)(2) against 23 external compounds=0.54-0.56, respectively). Four binding hypotheses emerged in two optimal QSAR equations suggesting the existence of distinct binding modes accessible to ligands within ERbeta binding pocket. The close similarity among the resulting pharmacophores prompted us to merge them in two hybrid models. The hybrid pharmacophores illustrated superior receiver operator characteristic curves (ROCs) and closely resembled binding interactions suggested by docking experiments. The resulting models and associated QSAR equations were employed to screen the national cancer institute (NCI) list of compounds and an in house built database of known drugs and agrochemicals to search for new ERbeta ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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10
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Zhou J, Geng G, Shi Q, Sauriol F, Wu JH. Design and synthesis of androgen receptor antagonists with bulky side chains for overcoming antiandrogen resistance. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5546-50. [PMID: 19725582 DOI: 10.1021/jm801218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of curcumin and beta-ionone into one chemical entity led to identification of a novel antiandrogen with two bulky side chains, 6, which is a pure antagonist of the wild-type and the T877A, W741C, and H874Y mutated androgen receptors (AR), showing no cross-reactivity with progesterone receptor and low micromolar cytotoxicity in LNCaP, PCa-2b, 22Rv1, and C4-2B prostate cancer cells. Molecular modeling indicates 6 adopts a "Y"-shape conformation and forms multiple hydrogen bonds with AR backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhou
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Segal Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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12
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Wang Y, Li Y, Ding J, Wang Y, Chang Y. Prediction of binding affinity for estrogen receptor alpha modulators using statistical learning approaches. Mol Divers 2008; 12:93-102. [PMID: 18661245 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-008-9080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER), an important drug target for the therapy of breast cancers, received a great deal of attention during recent years. This work aimed at finding more potent and selective ER modulators through the investigations of multiple ligand-receptor interactions by exploring the relationship between the experimental and predicted pIC50 values using in silico methods. A Bayesian-regularized neural network combined with principal component analysis has been conducted on a set of ERalpha modulators (127 molecules), resulting in the correlation coefficients of 0.91 +/- 0.02, 0.87 +/- 0.04 and 0.90 +/- 0.02 for the training set (64 molecules), cross-validation set (32 molecules) and independent test (31 molecules), respectively. Meanwhile, a multiple linear regression (MLR) method has also been applied in order to explore the most important variables related to the biological activities. The proposed MLR model obtains a reasonable predictivity of pIC50 (R = 0.72, Q = 0.79) and makes use of four molecular descriptors, namely, Xvch6, nelem, SsssCH and SaaN. All these results prove the reliabilities of the in silico models, which should be useful not only for the screening but also for the rational design of novel ERalpha modulators with improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Fisheries University, Dalian, China.
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13
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Salum LDB, Polikarpov I, Andricopulo AD. Structural and chemical basis for enhanced affinity and potency for a large series of estrogen receptor ligands: 2D and 3D QSAR studies. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:434-42. [PMID: 17349808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) is an important drug target for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer. Progress towards the design of more potent and selective ER modulators requires the optimization of multiple ligand-receptor interactions. Comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA) and hologram quantitative structure-activity relationships (HQSAR) were conducted on a large set of ERalpha modulators. Two training sets containing either 127 or 69 compounds were used to generate QSAR models for in vitro binding affinity and potency, respectively. Significant correlation coefficients (affinity models, CoMFA, r(2)=0.93 and q(2)=0.79; HQSAR, r(2)=0.92 and q(2)=0.71; potency models, CoMFA, r(2)=0.94 and q(2)=0.72; HQSAR, r(2)=0.92 and q(2)=0.74) were obtained, indicating the potential of the models for untested compounds. The generated models were validated using external test sets, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The final QSAR models as well as the information gathered from 3D contour maps should be useful for the design of novel ERalpha modulators having improved affinity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia de B Salum
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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14
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Dykstra KD, Guo L, Birzin ET, Chan W, Yang YT, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Pai LY, Mosley RT, Kraker B, Fitzgerald PMD, DiNinno F, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 16: 2-Aryl indoles as highly subtype selective ligands for ERalpha. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2322-8. [PMID: 17289385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of indole ligands for estrogen receptor alpha have been discovered which exhibit potent affinity and high selectivity. Substitution of the bazedoxifene skeleton to the linker present in the HTS lead 1a provided 22b which was found to be 130-fold alpha-selective and acted as an antagonist of estradiol activity in uterine tissue and MCF-7 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Dykstra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, 800B-109 Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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15
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Chapter 10 Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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16
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Wilkening RR, Ratcliffe RW, Fried AK, Meng D, Sun W, Colwell L, Lambert S, Greenlee M, Nilsson S, Thorsell A, Mojena M, Tudela C, Frisch K, Chan W, Birzin ET, Rohrer SP, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor beta-subtype selective tetrahydrofluorenones: use of a fused pyrazole as a phenol bioisostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3896-901. [PMID: 16730987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a series of fused pyrazole tetrahydrofluorenone analogs which are potent, ERbeta subtype selective ligands is described. Analogs possessing subnanomolar ERbeta binding, greater than 100-fold ERbeta-selectivity, and oral bioavailability are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Wilkening
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, 800-B116 Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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17
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Wilkening RR, Ratcliffe RW, Tynebor EC, Wildonger KJ, Fried AK, Hammond ML, Mosley RT, Fitzgerald PMD, Sharma N, McKeever BM, Nilsson S, Carlquist M, Thorsell A, Locco L, Katz R, Frisch K, Birzin ET, Wilkinson HA, Mitra S, Cai S, Hayes EC, Schaeffer JM, Rohrer SP. The discovery of tetrahydrofluorenones as a new class of estrogen receptor beta-subtype selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3489-94. [PMID: 16632357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and derivatization of a series of substituted tetrahydrofluorenone analogs giving potent, ERbeta subtype selective ligands are described. Several analogs possessing ERbeta binding affinities comparable to 17beta-estradiol but with greater than 75-fold selectivity over ERalpha are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Wilkening
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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18
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Kim S, DiNinno F, T. Birzin E, Chan W, Tien Yang Y, L. Hammond M. Estrogen Receptor Ligands. Part 15: Synthesis of Benzothiopyran-based Selective Estrogen Receptor Alpha Modulators (SERAM). HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(t)7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Blizzard TA, Morgan JD, Chan W, Birzin ET, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Mosley RT, Yang YT, Rohrer SP, Dininno F, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 14: Application of novel antagonist side chains to existing platforms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5124-8. [PMID: 16203138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two novel side chains which had previously been found to enhance antagonist activity in the dihydrobenzoxathiin SERM series were applied to three existing platforms. The novel side chains did not improve the antagonist activity of the existing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY800-B116, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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20
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Blizzard TA, DiNinno F, Chen HY, Kim S, Wu JY, Chan W, Birzin ET, Yang YT, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 13: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with an optimized antagonist side chain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3912-6. [PMID: 15993065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An optimized side chain for dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs was discovered and attached to four dihydrobenzoxathiin platforms. The novel SERAMs show exceptional estrogen antagonist activity in uterine tissue and an MCF-7 breast cancer cell assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY800-B116, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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21
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Tan Q, Blizzard TA, Morgan JD, Birzin ET, Chan W, Yang YT, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Warrier S, Yudkovitz J, Wilkinson HA, Sharma N, Fitzgerald PMD, Li S, Colwell L, Fisher JE, Adamski S, Reszka AA, Kimmel D, DiNinno F, Rohrer SP, Freedman LP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 10: Chromanes: old scaffolds for new SERAMs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1675-81. [PMID: 15745820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, synthesis, and SAR of chromanes as ER alpha subtype selective ligands are described. X-ray studies revealed that the origin of the ER alpha-selectivity resulted from a C-4 trans methyl substitution to the cis-2,3-diphenyl-chromane platform. Selected compounds from this class demonstrated very potent in vivo antagonism of estradiol in an immature rat uterine weight assay, effectively inhibited ovariectomy-induced bone resorption in a 42 days treatment paradigm, and lowered serum cholesterol levels in ovx'd adult rat models. The best antagonists 8F and 12F also exhibited potent inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth and were shown to be estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, RY800-B107, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Blizzard TA, Dininno F, Morgan JD, Chen HY, Wu JY, Kim S, Chan W, Birzin ET, Yang YT, Pai LY, Fitzgerald PMD, Sharma N, Li Y, Zhang Z, Hayes EC, Dasilva CA, Tang W, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 9: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with alkyl substituted pyrrolidine side chains and linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:107-13. [PMID: 15582421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with alkylated pyrrolidine side chains or alkylated linkers was prepared. Minor modifications in the side chain or linker resulted in significant effects on biological activity, especially in uterine tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, RY800-B116, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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23
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Blizzard TA, DiNinno F, Morgan JD, Wu JY, Chen HY, Kim S, Chan W, Birzin ET, Yang YT, Pai LY, Zhang Z, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Tang W, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 8: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with heteroatom-substituted side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3865-8. [PMID: 15225686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzoxathiin SERAMs with heteroatom-substituted amine side chains was prepared. Minor modifications in the side chain resulted in significant effects on biological activity, especially in uterine tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, Medicinal Chemistry, RY800-B116, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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24
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Blizzard TA, DiNinno F, Morgan JD, Chen HY, Wu JY, Gude C, Kim S, Chan W, Birzin ET, Tien Yang Y, Pai LY, Zhang Z, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, Tang W, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 7: Dihydrobenzoxathiin SERAMs with bicyclic amine side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3861-4. [PMID: 15225685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzoxathiin SERAMs with bicyclic amine side chains was prepared. Minor modifications in the side chain resulted in significant effects on biological activity, especially in uterine tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Blizzard
- Merck Research Laboratories, Medicinal Chemistry, RY800-B116, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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25
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Tan Q, Birzin ET, Chan W, Tien Yang Y, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, DiNinno F, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 5: The SAR of dihydrobenzoxathiins containing modified basic side chains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3747-51. [PMID: 15203155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrobenzoxathiin analogs (1-11) with modifications on the basic side chain region were prepared and evaluated for estrogen/anti-estrogen activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. The compounds generally maintained a high degree of selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta, similar to the original lead compound I. Many of the compounds also maintained high potency in the inhibition of human carcinoma MCF-7 cell growth. However, all were less potent in the inhibition of estradiol-triggered uterine growth. This work demonstrates the sensitive nature of modification to the antagonist basic side chain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, 800B-107, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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26
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Tan Q, Birzin ET, Chan W, Yang YT, Pai LY, Hayes EC, DaSilva CA, DiNinno F, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 6: Synthesis and binding affinity of dihydrobenzodithiins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:3753-5. [PMID: 15203156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrobenzodithiin compounds (1-6) were prepared to explore the expansion of the dihydrobenzoxathiin lead compounds I-III as SERAMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Alpha Modulators). The dihydrobenzodithiin compounds generally maintained a high degree of selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta, however, they lacked the in vivo antagonism/agonism activity exhibited by the lead class in an immature rat uterine growth model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, 800B-107, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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27
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Liu J, Birzin ET, Chan W, Yang YT, Pai LY, Dasilva C, Hayes EC, Mosley RT, Dininno F, Rohrer SP, Schaeffer JM, Hammond ML. Estrogen receptor ligands. Part 11: Synthesis and activity of isochromans and isothiochromans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:715-8. [PMID: 15664843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ring oxygen and sulfur analogs of lasofoxifene, 1a and 1b, were synthesized in an attempt to impart ERalpha selectivity, as found in the closely related dihydrobenzoxathiin compound I, recently discovered in these laboratories. The resulting isochroman and isothiochroman compounds were found to exhibit equipotent binding affinities to the ER isoforms and were less active in the inhibition of estradiol-triggered uterine growth when compared to I and lasofoxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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28
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Kim S, Wu JY, Zhang Z, Tang W, Doss GA, Dean BJ, Dininno F, Hammond ML. Estrogen Receptor Ligands. 12. Synthesis of the Major Metabolites of an ERα-Selective, Dihydrobenzoxathiin Antagonist for Osteoporosis. Org Lett 2005; 7:411-4. [PMID: 15673252 DOI: 10.1021/ol047741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] During the course of drug metabolism studies, a major metabolite of compound 1 was detected in rhesus monkeys and assigned structure 4. The intriguing biotransformation of 1 leading to 4 was confirmed by a 19-step total synthesis starting from resorcinol (11), the key feature of which was the construction of the oxygen bridge utilizing a phenolic oxidation and trapping sequence. In addition, the synthesis of a related metabolite (5) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000 (800B-109), Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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