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Jin Z, Lin H, Srinivasan S, Nwachukwu JC, Bruno N, Griffin PR, Nettles KW, Kamenecka TM. Synthesis of novel steroidal agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists for the glucocorticoid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:347-353. [PMID: 27919657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects of glucocorticoids could be limited by developing new compounds that selectively modulate anti-inflammatory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We have synthesized a novel series of steroidal GR ligands, including potent agonists, partial agonists and antagonists with a wide range of effects on inhibiting secretion of interleukin-6. Some of these new ligands were designed to directly impact conformational stability of helix-12, in the GR ligand-binding domain (LBD). These compounds modulated GR activity and glucocorticoid-induced gene expression in a manner that was inversely correlated to the degree of inflammatory response. In contrast, compounds designed to directly modulate LBD epitopes outside helix-12, led to dissociated levels of GR-mediated gene expression and inflammatory response. Therefore, these new series of compounds and their derivatives will be useful to dissect the ligand-dependent features of GR signaling specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Jin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nelson Bruno
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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2
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Mezaache R, Harkat H, Obszynski J, Benkouider A, Blanc A, Weibel JM, Pale P. Copper(II) bromide as an efficient catalyst for acetal to bisarylmethyl ether interconversion. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Carson MW, Luz JG, Suen C, Montrose C, Zink R, Ruan X, Cheng C, Cole H, Adrian MD, Kohlman DT, Mabry T, Snyder N, Condon B, Maletic M, Clawson D, Pustilnik A, Coghlan MJ. Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators Informed by Crystallography Lead to a New Rationale for Receptor Selectivity, Function, and Implications for Structure-Based Design. J Med Chem 2014; 57:849-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401616g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Carson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John G. Luz
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chen Suen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Chahrzad Montrose
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Richard Zink
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Xiaoping Ruan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christine Cheng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Harlan Cole
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mary D. Adrian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Dan T. Kohlman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas Mabry
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nancy Snyder
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brad Condon
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Milan Maletic
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David Clawson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anna Pustilnik
- Eli Lilly Biotechnology
Center, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
200, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael J. Coghlan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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4
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RAZAVI HOSSEIN, HARCKEN CHRISTIAN. Non-steroidal Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisolone, are amongst the most commonly used drugs due to their potent and efficacious anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, their long-term and/or high-dose administration is limited by a number of deleterious side-effects, including glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and osteoporosis. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Since the discovery of multiple differentiated down-stream functions of the glucocorticoid-bound receptor, such as gene transrepression and transactivation, researchers in academia and industry have been on a quest to discover novel glucocorticoids that achieve functional selectivity, hence dissociating the desired anti-inflammatory from the undesired side-effects. This review describes the current state of discovery and development of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Several small-molecule drug candidates have advanced into clinical trials, and have shown promising early biomarker data, as well as beneficial effects in topical applications. However, a clinically efficacious and systemically available glucocorticoid with significantly reduced side-effects as compared to current steroidal drugs, the “Holy Grail” in immunology, is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- HOSSEIN RAZAVI
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
| | - CHRISTIAN HARCKEN
- Department of Research Networking & Strategic Planning Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877 USA
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5
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Discovery of selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator MK-5932. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7374-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Betageri R, Gilmore T, Kuzmich D, Kirrane TM, Bentzien J, Wiedenmayer D, Bekkali Y, Regan J, Berry A, Latli B, Kukulka AJ, Fadra TN, Nelson RM, Goldrick S, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Souza D, Pelletier J, Dinallo R, Panzenbeck M, Torcellini C, Lee H, Pack E, Harcken C, Nabozny G, Thomson DS. Non-steroidal dissociated glucocorticoid agonists: indoles as A-ring mimetics and function-regulating pharmacophores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6842-51. [PMID: 21963986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a SAR of non-steroidal glucocorticoid mimetics that utilize indoles as A-ring mimetics. Detailed SAR is discussed with a focus on improving PR and MR selectivity, GR agonism, and in vitro dissociation profile. SAR analysis led to compound (R)-33 which showed high PR and MR selectivity, potent agonist activity, and reduced transactivation activity in the MMTV and aromatase assays. The compound is equipotent to prednisolone in the LPS-TNF model of inflammation. In mouse CIA, at 30 mg/kg compound (R)-33 inhibited disease progression with an efficacy similar to the 3 mg/kg dose of prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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7
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Rational ligand-based virtual screening and structure-activity relationship studies in the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor-α. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:483-99. [PMID: 21426128 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in developing synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) arises from the utility of endogenous steroids as potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agents. The first GCs to be discovered, such as cortisol or dexamethasone, still represent the main treatment for conditions of the inflammatory process, despite the fact that they carry a significant risk of side effects. Hence, there is a continuing need to find drugs that preserve the immune effects of GCs without the side effects, such as those on metabolism (diabetes), bone tissue (osteoporosis), muscles (myopathy), eyes and skin. In this review, we focus on the recent use of ligand-based computational approaches in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) drug-design efforts for the determination of novel GR ligands. We examine a number of ligand-based (similarity searches, pharmacophore screens and quantitative structure-activity relationships) approaches that have been implemented in recent years. A recent virtual high-throughput screening similarity search was successful in developing a novel series of nonsteroidal GR antagonists. Additionally, there has been considerable success in ligand-based structure-analysis relationship generation and lead optimization studies for the GR. Future trends toward integrated GR ligand design incorporating ligand- and structure-based methodologies are inevitable.
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8
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Yanagisawa A, Taga M, Atsumi T, Nishimura K, Ando K, Taguchi T, Tsumuki H, Chujo I, Mohri SI. Process Development of the PDE4 Inhibitor K-34. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op100291g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arata Yanagisawa
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Masashi Taga
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Atsumi
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nishimura
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Kyoji Ando
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taguchi
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsumuki
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Iwao Chujo
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Mohri
- Chemical Process Research and Development Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1-1-53, Takasu-cho, Sakai-ku, Sakai, Osaka 590-8554, Japan
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9
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Discovery of quinolines as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5835-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Yates CM, Brown PJ, Stewart EL, Patten C, Austin RJH, Holt JA, Maglich JM, Angell DC, Sasse RZ, Taylor SJ, Uings IJ, Trump RP. Structure guided design of 5-arylindazole glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4531-44. [PMID: 20469868 DOI: 10.1021/jm100447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists have been used for more than half a century as the most effective treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions despite serious side effects that accompany their extended use that include glucose intolerance, muscle wasting, skin thinning, and osteoporosis. As a starting point for the identification of GR ligands with an improved therapeutic index, we wished to discover selective nonsteroidal GR agonists and antagonists with simplified structure compared to known GR ligands to serve as starting points for the optimization of dissociated GR modulators. To do so, we selected multiple chemical series by structure guided docking studies and evaluated GR agonist activity. From these efforts we identified 5-arylindazole compounds that showed moderate binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with clear opportunities for further development. Structure guided optimization was used to design arrays that led to potent GR agonists and antagonists. Several in vitro and in vivo experiments were utilized to demonstrate that GR agonist 23a (GSK9027) had a profile similar to that of a classical steroidal GR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Yates
- Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3398, USA
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11
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Mohler ML, He Y, Wu Z, Hong SS, Miller DD. Dissociated non-steroidal glucocorticoids: tuning out untoward effects. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 17:37-58. [PMID: 20144062 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.17.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous glucocorticoid (GC), cortisol, is involved in maintaining homeostatic balance in glucose regulation and immune response while allowing stress adaptation. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is required to maintain life and is the target of numerous FDA-approved drugs. Synthetic steroidal GCs are useful in a plethora of conditions characterized by excessive inflammatory or immune responses. Unfortunately, the GCs used at present have potentially dose-limiting and debilitating side effects, some of which derive from the glucose regulatory role of GCs. Consequently, there is a great need to find agents which preserve the potent immune effects without the side effects. This manuscript reviews the existing patent literature on these intensely sought non-steroidal agents that dissociate the therapeutic from metabolic effects, or specifically retain certain GR target effects with attenuated untoward effects. The chemical classes and underlying mechanisms (when known) for these non-steroidal GCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Mohler
- GTx, Inc. - The Men's Health Biotech, 3 North Dunlap Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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12
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Bai M, Carr G, DeOrazio RJ, Friedrich TD, Dobritsa S, Fitzpatrick K, Guzzo PR, Kitchen DB, Lynch MA, Peace D, Sajad M, Usyatinsky A, Wolf MA. 5-Functionalized indazoles as glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3017-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Ramachary DB, Vijayendar Reddy Y. A general approach to chiral building blocks via direct amino acid-catalyzed cascade three-component reductive alkylations: formal total synthesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, antibiotic agglomerins, brefeldin A, and (R)-gamma-hexanolide. J Org Chem 2010; 75:74-85. [PMID: 19954143 DOI: 10.1021/jo901799n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multicatalysis cascade (MCC) process for the synthesis of highly substituted chiral building blocks (2-alkyl-CH-acids, 2-alkylcyclohexane-1,3-diones, 2-alkylcyclopentane-1,3-diones, and H-P ketone analogues) is presented based on the cascade three-component reductive alkylation's (TCRA) platform. Herein, we developed the high-yielding alkylation of a variety of CH-acids with (R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide/(S)-Garner aldehyde and Hantzsch ester through amino acid-catalyzed TCRA reaction without racemization at the alpha-position to carbonyl. Direct sequential combination of the L-proline-catalyzed TCRA reaction with other reactions like cascade alkylation/ketenization/esterification (A/K/E), alkylation/ketenization/esterification/alkylation (A/K/E/A), Brønsted acid-catalyzed cascade hydrolysis/lactonization/esterification (H/L/E), hydrolysis/esterification (H/E), hydrolysis/oxy-Michael/dehydration (H/OM/DH), and Robinson annulation (RA) of CH-acids, chiral aldehydes, Hantzsch ester, diazomethane, methyl vinyl ketone, various active olefins, and acetylenes furnished the highly functionalized chiral building blocks in good to high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. In this context, many of the pharmaceutically applicable chiral building blocks were prepared via MCC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhevalapally B Ramachary
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University (PO), Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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14
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Newton R, Leigh R, Giembycz MA. Pharmacological strategies for improving the efficacy and therapeutic ratio of glucocorticoids in inflammatory lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:286-327. [PMID: 19932713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat various inflammatory lung diseases. Acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), they exert clinical effects predominantly by modulating gene transcription. This may be to either induce (transactivate) or repress (transrepress) gene transcription. However, certain individuals, including those who smoke, have certain asthma phenotypes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or some interstitial diseases may respond poorly to the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids. In these cases, high dose, often oral or parental, glucocorticoids are typically prescribed. This generally leads to adverse effects that compromise clinical utility. There is, therefore, a need to enhance the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids while minimizing adverse effects. In this context, a long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) can enhance the clinical efficacy of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) in asthma and COPD. Furthermore, LABAs can augment glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression and this action may account for some of the benefits of LABA/ICS combination therapies when compared to ICS given as a monotherapy. In addition to metabolic genes and other adverse effects that are induced by glucocorticoids, there are many other glucocorticoid-inducible genes that have significant anti-inflammatory potential. We therefore advocate a move away from the search for ligands of GR that dissociate transactivation from transrepression. Instead, we submit that ligands should be functionally screened by virtue of their ability to induce or repress biologically-relevant genes in target tissues. In this review, we discuss pharmacological methods by which selective GR modulators and "add-on" therapies may be exploited to improve the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids while reducing potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Airway Inflammation Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Minireview: live and let die: molecular effects of glucocorticoids on bone cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1525-31. [PMID: 19477950 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are efficient drugs that are used to treat various immune-mediated diseases, but their long-term administration is associated with multiple metabolic side effects, including osteoporosis. Molecular analyses of the mechanisms exerted by the GC receptor have resulted in the development of GC receptor agonists that selectively repress or activate GC target genes. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular effects of GCs on bone cells and highlights the critical signaling pathways that may evolve into future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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16
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Spreafico M, Ernst B, Lill M, Smiesko M, Vedani A. Mixed‐Model QSAR at the Glucocorticoid Receptor: Predicting the Binding Mode and Affinity of Psychotropic Drugs. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:100-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morena Spreafico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐1552
| | - Beat Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐1552
| | - Markus A. Lill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Martin Smiesko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐1552
| | - Angelo Vedani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐1552
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17
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Ramachary DB, Kishor M. Direct amino acid-catalyzed cascade biomimetic reductive alkylations: application to the asymmetric synthesis of Hajos-Parrish ketone analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4176-87. [PMID: 18972048 DOI: 10.1039/b807999d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct amino acid-catalyzed chemo- and enantioselective process for the double cascade synthesis of highly substituted 2-alkyl-cyclopentane-1,3-diones, 2-alkyl-3-methoxy-cyclopent-2-enones and Hajos-Parrish (H-P) ketone analogs is presented via reductive alkylation chemistry. For the first time, we have developed a single-step alkylation of cyclopentane-1,3-dione with aldehydes/ketones and a Hantzsch ester through an organocatalytic reductive alkylation strategy. A direct combination of amino acid-catalyzed cascade olefination-hydrogenation and cascade Robinson annulations of cyclopentane-1,3-dione, aldehydes/ketones, a Hantzsch ester and methyl vinyl ketone furnished the highly functionalized H-P ketone analogues in good to high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. Many of the reductive alkylation products have shown direct applications in pharmaceutical chemistry.
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18
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Ali A, Balkovec JM, Greenlee M, Hammond ML, Rouen G, Taylor G, Einstein M, Ge L, Harris G, Kelly TM, Mazur P, Pandit S, Santoro J, Sitlani A, Wang C, Williamson J, Forrest MJ, Carballo-Jane E, Luell S, Lowitz K, Visco D. Discovery of betamethasone 17alpha-carbamates as dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulators in the rat. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7535-42. [PMID: 18691892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of betamethasone 17alpha-carbamates were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to dissociate the two main functions of the glucocorticoid receptor, that is, transactivation and transrepression, in rat cell lines. A number of alkyl substituted betamethasone 17alpha-carbamates were identified with excellent affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor (e.g., 7, GR IC(50) 5.1 nM) and indicated dissociated profiles in functional assays of transactivation (rat tyrosine aminotransferase, TAT, and rat glutamine synthetase, GS) and transrepression (human A549 cells, MMP-1 assay). Gratifyingly, the in-vivo profile of these compounds, for example, 7, also indicated potent anti-inflammatory activity with impaired effects on glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and body weight. Taken together, these results indicate that dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulators can be identified in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States.
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19
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Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Adams ME, Liu Y, Karanewsky DS, Marschke KB, Mais DE, Miner JN, Zhi L. Discovery of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor ligands based on 6-indole-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3504-8. [PMID: 18513967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands based on a 6-indole-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold are reported. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the pendent indole group identified compound 20 exhibiting good GR binding affinity (K(i)=1.5nM) and 100- to 1000-fold selectivity over MR, PR, and AR while showing activity in an E-selectin repression assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Roach
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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20
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López FJ, Ardecky RJ, Bebo B, Benbatoul K, De Grandpre L, Liu S, Leibowitz MD, Marschke K, Rosen J, Rungta D, Viveros HO, Yen WC, Zhi L, Negro-Vilar A, Miner JN. LGD-5552, an antiinflammatory glucocorticoid receptor ligand with reduced side effects, in vivo. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2080-9. [PMID: 18218700 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of inflammation is often accomplished through the use of glucocorticoids. However, their use is limited by side effects. We have examined the activity of a novel glucocorticoid receptor ligand that binds the receptor efficiently and strongly represses inflammatory gene expression. This compound has potent antiinflammatory activity in vivo and represses the transcription of the inflammatory cytokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and induces the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10. The compound demonstrates differential gene regulation, compared with commonly prescribed glucocorticoids, effectively inducing some genes and repressing others in a manner different from the glucocorticoid prednisolone. The separation between the antiinflammatory effects of LGD-5552 and the side effects commonly associated with glucocorticoid treatment suggest that this molecule differs significantly from prednisolone and other steroids and may provide a safer therapeutic window for inflammatory conditions now commonly treated with steroidal glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J López
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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21
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Advances Toward Dissociated Non-Steroidal Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Biggadike K, Boudjelal M, Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GGA, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Needham D, Skone PA, Uings I, Veitch G, Weingarten GG, McLay IM, Macdonald SJF. Nonsteroidal Glucocorticoid Agonists: Tetrahydronaphthalenes with Alternative Steroidal A-Ring Mimetics Possessing Dissociated (Transrepression/Transactivation) Efficacy Selectivity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6519-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070778w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Biggadike
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mohamed Boudjelal
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Margaret Clackers
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Diane M. Coe
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Derek A. Demaine
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - George W. Hardy
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Davina Humphreys
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Graham G. A. Inglis
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Michael J. Johnston
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Haydn T. Jones
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David House
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Richard Loiseau
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Deborah Needham
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Philip A. Skone
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Iain Uings
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gemma Veitch
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gordon G. Weingarten
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Iain M. McLay
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- ri CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
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23
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Antiinflammatory glucocorticoid receptor ligand with reduced side effects exhibits an altered protein-protein interaction profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19244-9. [PMID: 18032610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705517104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are commonly used antiinflammatory agents whose use is limited by side effects. We have developed a series of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands that retain the strong antiinflammatory activity of conventional glucocorticoids with reduced side effects. We present a compound, LGD5552, that binds the receptor efficiently and strongly represses inflammatory gene expression. LGD5552 bound to GR activates gene expression somewhat differently than glucocorticoids. It activates some genes with an efficacy similar to that of the glucocorticoids. However, other glucocorticoid-activated genes are not regulated by LGD5552. These differences may be because of the more efficient binding of corepressor in the presence of LGD5552, compared with glucocorticoid agonists. This class of nonsteroidal, GR-dependent antiinflammatory drugs may offer a safer alternative to steroidal glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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24
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Ardecky RJ, Hudson AR, Phillips DP, Tyhonas JS, Deckhut C, Lau TL, Li Y, Martinborough EA, Roach SL, Higuchi RI, Lopez FJ, Marschke KB, Miner JN, Karanewsky DS, Negro-Vilar A, Zhi L. 5(Z)-Benzylidene-1,2-dihydro-9-hydroxy-10-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-1-aza-6-oxa-chrysenes as non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4158-62. [PMID: 17553679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-benzylidene-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-5H-1-aza-6-oxa-chrysenes was synthesized and profiled for their ability to act as selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SGRMs). The synthesis and structure-activity relationships for this series of compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ardecky
- Discovery Research, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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25
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Clackers M, Coe DM, Demaine DA, Hardy GW, Humphreys D, Inglis GGA, Johnston MJ, Jones HT, House D, Loiseau R, Minick DJ, Skone PA, Uings I, McLay IM, Macdonald SJF. Non-steroidal glucocorticoid agonists: the discovery of aryl pyrazoles as A-ring mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4737-45. [PMID: 17616395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Starting from an established series of non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists, a large array was designed where a metabolically labile benzoxazinone moiety was replaced. Initial hits bound to GR but lacked agonist activity. Following two further iterations, potent GR agonists were discovered with 20D1E1 having NFkappaB agonism pIC(50) 8.8 (103%). Other analogues such as 23D1E1 display a dissociated profile (NFkappaB pIC(50) 8.1 (103%), MMTV pEC(50) 7.02 (36%)). The tetrahydronaphthalene moiety can also be replaced with substituted aryls such as 24E1 and 25E1.
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26
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Thompson CF, Quraishi N, Ali A, Mosley RT, Tata JR, Hammond ML, Balkovec JM, Einstein M, Ge L, Harris G, Kelly TM, Mazur P, Pandit S, Santoro J, Sitlani A, Wang C, Williamson J, Miller DK, Yamin TTD, Thompson CM, O'Neill EA, Zaller D, Forrest MJ, Carballo-Jane E, Luell S. Novel glucocorticoids containing a 6,5-bicyclic core fused to a pyrazole ring: Synthesis, in vitro profile, molecular modeling studies, and in vivo experiments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3354-61. [PMID: 17467988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemistry was developed to synthesize the title series of compounds. The ability of these novel ligands to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor was investigated. These compounds were also tested in a series of functional assays and some were found to display the profile of a dissociated glucocorticoid. The SAR of the 6,5-bicyclic series differed markedly from the previously reported 6,6-series. Molecular modeling studies were employed to understand the conformational differences between the two series of compounds, which may explain their divergent activity. Two compounds were profiled in vivo and shown to reduce inflammation in a mouse model. An active metabolite is suspected in one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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