1
|
Saleh N, Kleinau G, Heyder N, Clark T, Hildebrand PW, Scheerer P. Binding, Thermodynamics, and Selectivity of a Non-peptide Antagonist to the Melanocortin-4 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:560. [PMID: 29910730 PMCID: PMC5992272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a potential drug target for treatment of obesity, anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction. Crystal structures for MC4R are not yet available, which has hindered successful structure-based drug design. Using microsecond-scale molecular-dynamics simulations, we have investigated selective binding of the non-peptide antagonist MCL0129 to a homology model of human MC4R (hMC4R). This approach revealed that, at the end of a multi-step binding process, MCL0129 spontaneously adopts a binding mode in which it blocks the agonistic-binding site. This binding mode was confirmed in subsequent metadynamics simulations, which gave an affinity for human hMC4R that matches the experimentally determined value. Extending our simulations of MCL0129 binding to hMC1R and hMC3R, we find that receptor subtype selectivity for hMC4R depends on few amino acids located in various structural elements of the receptor. These insights may support rational drug design targeting the melanocortin systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noureldin Saleh
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Computational Modelling and Dynamics of Molecular Complexes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heyder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Computational Modelling and Dynamics of Molecular Complexes, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hruby VJ, Cai M, Nyberg J, Muthu D. Approaches to the rational design of selective melanocortin receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:543-57. [PMID: 22646078 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.565743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When establishing the physiological roles of specific receptors in normal and disease states, it is critical to have selective antagonist ligands for each receptor in a receptor system with several subtypes. The melanocortin receptors have five subtypes referred to as the melanocortin 1 receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor, melanocortin 3 receptor, melanocortin 4 receptor and melanocortin 5 receptor, and they are of critical importance for many aspects of human health and disease. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the current efforts to design selective antagonistic ligands for the five human melanocortin receptors summarizing the currently published orthosteric and allosteric antagonists for each of these receptors. EXPERT OPINION Though there has been progress, there are still few drugs available that address the many significant biological activities and diseases that are associated with these receptors, which is possibly due to the lack of receptor selectivity that these designed ligands are currently showing. The authors believe that further studies into the antagonists' 3D conformational and topographical properties in addition to future mutagenesis studies will provide greater insight into these ligands which could play a role in the treatment of various diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Hruby
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Targeting melanocortin receptors: an approach to treat weight disorders and sexual dysfunction. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:307-23. [PMID: 18323849 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin system has multifaceted roles in the control of body weight homeostasis, sexual behaviour and autonomic functions, and so targeting this pathway has immense promise for drug discovery across multiple therapeutic areas. In this Review, we first outline the physiological roles of the melanocortin system, then discuss the potential of targeting melanocortin receptors by using MC3 and MC4 agonists for treating weight disorders and sexual dysfunction, and MC4 antagonists to treat anorectic and cachectic conditions. Given the complexity of the melanocortin system, we also highlight the challenges and opportunities for future drug discovery in this area.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tran JA, Tucci FC, Arellano M, Jiang W, Chen CW, Marinkovic D, Fleck BA, Wen J, Foster AC, Chen C. Design and synthesis of 3-arylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide derivatives as melanocortin-4 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1931-8. [PMID: 18294847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on 3-phenylpropionamides, a series of 3-arylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide derivatives was designed and synthesized to study the effect of cyclizations as melanocortin-4 receptor ligands. It was found that the 2R,3R-pyrrolidine isomer possessed the most potent affinity among the four stereoisomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Poitout L, Brault V, Sackur C, Bernetière S, Camara J, Plas P, Roubert P. Identification of a novel series of benzimidazoles as potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4464-70. [PMID: 17574418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of benzimidazoles was identified and optimized, leading to the discovery of potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. In addition, compound 5i was shown to cross the blood-brain barrier after intravenous dosing in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Poitout
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ipsen Research Laboratories, Institut Henri Beaufour, 5 Avenue du Canada, 91966 Les Ulis Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blakeney JS, Reid RC, Le GT, Fairlie DP. Nonpeptidic Ligands for Peptide-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2960-3041. [PMID: 17622179 DOI: 10.1021/cr050984g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade S Blakeney
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nozawa D, Okubo T, Ishii T, Kakinuma H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Structure–activity relationships of novel piperazines as antagonists for the melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:1989-2005. [PMID: 17234422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During the investigation of antagonists for the MC4 receptor, we found that 10ab having a naphthyl group showed almost the same binding affinity for the MC4 receptor as that of the lead compound 1 with a benzoyl group. We also developed a new type of compounds, namely, bis-piperazines, and found that the bis-piperazines 10 exhibited a high affinity for the MC4 receptor. In particular, (-)-10bg exhibited the highest affinity for the MC4 receptor with an IC50 value of 8.13nM. In this paper, we present the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of the novel bis-piperazines as MC4 receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nozawa D, Okubo T, Ishii T, Takamori K, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Novel piperazines: Potent melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists with anxiolytic-like activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2375-85. [PMID: 17267226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we found that a novel piperazine compound, 11a, showed a moderate affinity (IC(50)=333nM) for the MC4 receptor. We developed the new type of piperazine compounds and found that mono-piperazine 11b exhibited a high-affinity (IC(50)=40.3nM) for the MC4 receptor. We also found that a series of biphenyl analogues exhibited a high-affinity for the receptor, and in particular, compound 11j exhibited the highest affinity for the MC4 receptor with an IC(50) value of 14.5nM. Furthermore, some of these compounds, when administered orally, significantly reversed the stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. In this paper, we report the synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and oral activity of the novel mono-piperazines as MC4 receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen C. Recent progress toward nonpeptide ligands for the melanocortin-4 receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:111-67. [PMID: 17280903 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12700 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nozawa D, Okubo T, Ishii T, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Nakazato A. Synthesis of Diphenylmethyl Analogues and Their Affinity for the Melanocortin-4 Receptor and the Serotonin Transporter. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:1044-50. [PMID: 17603198 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While examining antagonists of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4 receptor), we found that compound 12b, containing a diphenylmethyl moiety, had a relatively high affinity for the MC4 receptor. When diphenylmethyl analogues were further examined, compounds 12c and 18 were also found to exhibit a high affinity for the MC4 receptor (IC(50)=46.7 nM and 33.2 nM, respectively). Furthermore, compound 12c was also found to show a high affinity for the serotonin transporter (IC(50)=10.7 nM). Here, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of various diphenylmethyl analogues in relation to their actions on the MC4 receptor and the serotonin transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nozawa
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Spengler J, Böttcher C, Albericio F, Burger K. Hexafluoroacetone as Protecting and Activating Reagent: New Routes to Amino, Hydroxy, and Mercapto Acids and Their Application for Peptide and Glyco- and Depsipeptide Modification. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4728-46. [PMID: 17091933 DOI: 10.1021/cr0509962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spengler
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen M, Georgeson KE, Harmon CM, Haskell-Luevano C, Yang Y. Functional characterization of the modified melanocortin peptides responsible for ligand selectivity at the human melanocortin receptors. Peptides 2006; 27:2836-45. [PMID: 16730390 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system plays an important role in energy homeostasis as well as skin pigmentation, steroidogenesis and exocrine gland function. In this study, we examined eight Ac-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH(2) tetrapeptides that were modified at the Phe position and pharmacologically characterized their activities at the human MCR wild-types and their mutants. Our results indicate that at the hMC1R, all D stereochemical modified residues at the Phe position of peptides increase cAMP production in a dose-dependent manner. At the hMC3R, the DPhe peptide dose dependently increases cAMP production but all other three tetrapeptides were not. At the hMC4R, both the DPhe and DNal(1') peptides induce cAMP production. However, both DTyr and DNal(2') were not able to induce cAMP production. Further studies indicated that at the hMC1R M128L mutant receptor, the all D-configured tetrapeptides reduce their potencies as compared to that of hMC1R wild-type. However, at the hMC3R and hMC4R L165M and L133M mutant receptors, the DNal(2') and DTyr tetrapeptides possess agonist activity. These findings indicate that DPhe in tetrapeptide plays an important role in ligand selectivity and specific residue TM3 of the melanocortin receptors is crucial for ligand selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tian X, Field TB, Switzer AG, Mazur AW, Ebetino FH, Wos JA, Berberich SM, Jayasinghe LR, Obringer CM, Dowty ME, Pinney BB, Farmer JA, Crossdoersen D, Sheldon RJ. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of proline and pyrrolidine based melanocortin receptor agonists. A conformationally restricted dipeptide mimic approach. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4745-61. [PMID: 16854081 DOI: 10.1021/jm060384p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of novel proline and pyrrolidine based melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonists are described. To validate a conformationally constrained Arg-Nal dipeptide analogue strategy, we first synthesized and evaluated a test set of cis-(2R,4R)-proline analogues (21a-g). All of these compounds showed significant binding and agonist potency at the hMC1R, hMC3R, and hMC4R. Potent cis-(2S,4R)-pyrrolidine based MCR agonists (35a-g) were subsequently developed by means of this design approach. A SAR study directed toward probing the effect of the two chiral centers in the pyrrolidine ring on biological activity revealed the importance of the (S) absolute configuration at the 2-position for binding affinity, agonist potency, and receptor selectivity. Among the four sets of the pyrrolidine diastereomers investigated, analogues with the (2S,4R) configuration were the most potent agonists across the three receptors, followed by those possessing the (2S,4S) configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Tian
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tran JA, Pontillo J, Fleck BA, Marinkovic D, Arellano M, Tucci FC, Lanier M, Saunders J, Jiang W, Chen CW, Foster AC, Chen C. Design, synthesis, and SAR studies on a series of 2-pyridinylpiperazines as potent antagonists of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3693-6. [PMID: 16697187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-pyridinylpiperazines derived from beta-Ala-(2,4-Cl)Phe dipeptide was synthesized for the study of their SARs and possible interactions with the MC4 receptor. Compounds such as 11k (Ki=6.5 nM) possessed high potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Health problems related to weight regulation are increasingly common in the USA and around the world. Although obesity and associated complications garner the most attention in the media, clinical problems at the opposite end of the spectrum, such as involuntary disease-associated weight loss or cachexia, are equally devastating. This review focuses on the role of the central melanocortin system in body weight regulation, and specifically on the anticatabolic properties of antagonists of the melanocortin-4 receptor. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past several years, the central melanocortin system has emerged as a major contributor to the body weight regulatory system in both animals and humans. In particular, the melanocortin-4 receptor, its endogenous agonist alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, and its endogenous antagonist agouti-related protein have been shown to be vital to the maintenance of normal body weight in both genetic and physiologic experiments. This system is now the target of multiple drug discovery endeavors, as the search continues for effective treatments for both obesity and cachexia. Several investigators have recently shown that selective synthetic antagonists of the melanocortin-4 receptor can prevent or attenuate the development of cachexia in animal models of acute and chronic disease. SUMMARY An understanding of the biology of weight regulation, including both appetite regulation and energy metabolism, is vital if we are to unravel the etiology of and develop effective treatment for obesity and cachexia. The data reviewed here supporting a role for melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists in the treatment of catabolism represent an important advance in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Madison
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vos TJ, Balani S, Blackburn C, Chau RW, Danca MD, Drabic SV, Farrer CA, Patane MA, Stroud SG, Yowe DL, Claiborne CF. Identification and structure–activity relationships of a new series of Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2302-5. [PMID: 16458508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification and optimization of a series of acylguanidine-based melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tricia J Vos
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 40 Landsdowne St. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pontillo J, Marinkovic D, Tran JA, Arellano M, Fleck BA, Wen J, Tucci FC, Nelson J, Saunders J, Foster AC, Chen C. Optimization of piperazinebenzylamines with a N-(1-methoxy-2-propyl) side chain as potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4615-8. [PMID: 16105734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Piperazinebenzylamines bearing a small N-(1-methoxy-2-propyl) side chain were found to be potent and selective antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 (MC4) receptor. Compound 7b, having K(i) values of 6.9 and 2800 nM at the human MC4 and MC3 receptors, respectively, has moderate oral bioavailability in mice, which is improved relative to the arylethyl analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pontillo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|