1
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Gaur V, Kumar N, Vyas A, Chowdhury D, Singh J, Bera S. Identification of potential inhibitors against Escherichia coli Mur D enzyme to combat rising drug resistance: an in-silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38149858 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2297007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of anti-microbial agents has resulted in the inception, frequency, and spread of antibiotic resistance among targeted bacterial pathogens and the commensal flora. Mur enzymes, playing a crucial role in cell-wall synthesis, are one of the most appropriate targets for developing novel inhibitors against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. In the present study, in-silico high-throughput virtual (HTVS) and Standard-Precision (SP) screening was carried out with 0.3 million compounds from several small-molecule libraries against the E. coli Mur D enzyme (PDB ID 2UUP). The docked complexes were further subjected to extra-precision (XP) docking calculations, and highest Glide-score compound was further subjected to molecular simulation studies. The top six virtual hits (S1-S6) displayed a glide score (G-score) within the range of -9.013 to -7.126 kcal/mol and compound S1 was found to have the highest stable interactions with the Mur D enzyme (2UUP) of E. coli. The stability of compound S1 with the Mur D (2UUP) complex was validated by a 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation. Binding free energy calculation by the MM-GBSA strategy of the S1-2UUP (Mur D) complex established van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, lipophilic, and Coulomb energy terms as significant favorable contributors for ligand binding. The final lead molecules were subjected to ADMET predictions to study their pharmacokinetic properties and displayed promising results, except for certain modifications required to improve QPlogHERG values. So, the compounds screened against the Mur D enzyme can be further studied as preparatory points for in-vivo studies to develop potential drugs. HIGHLIGHTSE.coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections.E.coli MurD enzyme is a suitable target for drug development.Novel inhibitors against E.coli MurD enzyme were identified.Molecular dynamics studies identified in-silico potential of identified compound.ADMET predictions and Lipinski's rule of five studies showed promising results.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles' University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashish Vyas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Debabrata Chowdhury
- School of Medicine - Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Surojit Bera
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
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2
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Voráčová M, Zore M, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kiuru P. Harvesting phosphorus-containing moieties for their antibacterial effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117512. [PMID: 37939493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antibacterial agents. Recently, the use of phosphorus in antibacterial agents has been explored in quite an unprecedent manner. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the use of phosphorus-containing moieties (phosphonates, phosphonamidates, phosphonopeptides, phosphates, phosphoramidates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, and phosphoniums) in compounds with antibacterial effect, including their use as β-lactamase inhibitors and antibacterial disinfectants. We show that phosphorus-containing moieties can serve as novel pharmacophores, bioisosteres, and prodrugs to modify pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. We further discuss the mechanisms of action, biological activities, clinical use and highlight possible future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Voráčová
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Zore
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Kiuru
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Hervin V, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance-Mur Ligases as an Antibacterial Target. Molecules 2023; 28:8076. [PMID: 38138566 PMCID: PMC10745416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) strains of bacteria has accelerated the search for new antibacterials. The specific bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway represents opportunities for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Among the enzymes involved, Mur ligases, described herein, and especially the amide ligases MurC-F are key targets for the discovery of multi-inhibitors, as they share common active sites and structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Roy
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, Université d’Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Luigi A. Agrofoglio
- ICOA UMR CNRS 7311, Université d’Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France;
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Zheng X, Zheng T, Liao Y, Luo L. Identification of Potential Inhibitors of MurD Enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus from a Marine Natural Product Library. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216426. [PMID: 34770835 PMCID: PMC8587310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause fatal bacterial infections. MurD catalyzes the formation of peptide bond between UDP-N-acetylehyl-l-alanine and d-glutamic acid, which plays an important role in the synthesis of peptidoglycan and the formation of cell wall by S. aureus. Because S. aureus is resistant to most existing antibiotics, it is necessary to develop new inhibitors. In this study, Schrodinger 11.5 Prime homology modeling was selected to prepare the protein model of MurD enzyme, and its structure was optimized. We used a virtual screening program and similarity screening to screen 47163 compounds from three marine natural product libraries to explore new inhibitors of S. aureus. ADME provides analysis of the physicochemical properties of the best performing compounds during the screening process. To determine the stability of the docking effect, a 100 ns molecular dynamics was performed to verify how tightly the compound was bound to the protein. By docking analysis and molecular dynamics analysis, both 46604 and 46608 have strong interaction with the docking pocket, have good pharmacological properties, and maintain stable conformation with the target protein, so they have a chance to become drugs for S. aureus. Through virtual screening, similarity screening, ADME study and molecular dynamics simulation, 46604 and 46608 were selected as potential drug candidates for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zheng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (X.Z.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tongyu Zheng
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (X.Z.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yinglin Liao
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (X.Z.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Correspondence:
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5
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Phosphinotripeptidic Inhibitors of Leucylaminopeptidases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105090. [PMID: 34065004 PMCID: PMC8151835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphinate pseudopeptide are analogs of peptides containing phosphinate moiety in a place of the amide bond. Due to this, the organophosphorus fragment resembles the tetrahedral transition state of the amide bond hydrolysis. Additionally, it is also capable of coordinating metal ions, for example, zinc or magnesium ions. These two properties of phosphinate pseudopeptides make them an ideal candidate for metal-related protease inhibitors. This research investigates the influence of additional residue in the P2 position on the inhibitory properties of phosphinopeptides. The synthetic strategy is proposed, based on retrosynthetic analysis. The N-C-P bond formation in the desired compounds is conveniently available from the three-component condensation of appropriate amino components, aldehydes, and hypophosphorous acid. One of the crucial synthetic steps is the careful selection of the protecting groups for all the functionals. Determination of the inhibitor activity of the obtained compounds has been done using UV-Vis spectroscopy and standard substrate L-Leu-p-nitroanilide toward the enzymes isolated from the porcine kidney (SsLAP, Sus scrofa Leucine aminopeptidase) and barley seeds (HvLAP, Hordeum vulgare Leucine aminopeptidase). An efficient procedure for the preparation of phosphinotripeptides has been performed. Activity test shown that introduction of additional residue into P2 position obtains the micromolar range inhibitors of SsLAP and HvLAP. Moreover, careful selection of the residue in the P2 position should improve its selectivity toward mammalian and plant leucyl aminopeptidases.
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6
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Design, synthesis and molecular modelling of phenoxyacetohydrazide derivatives as Staphylococcus aureus MurD inhibitors. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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MurE inhibitors as antibacterial agents: a review. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-020-01018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Maitra A, Munshi T, Healy J, Martin LT, Vollmer W, Keep NH, Bhakta S. Cell wall peptidoglycan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An Achilles' heel for the TB-causing pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:548-575. [PMID: 31183501 PMCID: PMC6736417 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the leading causes of mortality across the world. There is an urgent requirement to build a robust arsenal of effective antimicrobials, targeting novel molecular mechanisms to overcome the challenges posed by the increase of antibiotic resistance in TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a unique cell envelope structure and composition, containing a peptidoglycan layer that is essential for maintaining cellular integrity and for virulence. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis, degradation, remodelling and recycling of peptidoglycan have resurfaced as attractive targets for anti-infective drug discovery. Here, we review the importance of peptidoglycan, including the structure, function and regulation of key enzymes involved in its metabolism. We also discuss known inhibitors of ATP-dependent Mur ligases, and discuss the potential for the development of pan-enzyme inhibitors targeting multiple Mur ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Jess Healy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Liam T Martin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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9
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Abdou MM. Synopsis of recent synthetic methods and biological applications of phosphinic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Azam MA, Jupudi S. MurD inhibitors as antibacterial agents: a review. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Jupudi S, Azam MA, Wadhwani A. Synthesis, molecular docking, binding free energy calculation and molecular dynamics simulation studies of benzothiazol-2-ylcarbamodithioates as Staphylococcus aureus MurD inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 39:283-293. [PMID: 31538846 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1663538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of benzothiazol-2-ylcarbamodithioate functional compounds 5a-f has been designed, synthesized and characterized by spectral data. These compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 5021, NCIM 5022 and methicillin-resistant isolate 43300), Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2545), Escherichia coli (NCIM 2567), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIM 2706) and Psudomonas aeruginosa (NCIM 2036). Compounds 5a and 5d exhibited significant activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Specifically, compounds 5a and 5d showed potent activity against K. pneumoniae (NCIM 2706), while compound 5a also displayed potent activity against S. aureus (NCIM 5021). Compound 5d showed minimum IC50 value of 13.37 μM against S. aureus MurD enzyme. Further, the binding interactions of compounds 5a-f in the catalytic pocket have been investigated using the extra-precision molecular docking and binding free energy calculation by MM-GBSA approach. A 30 ns molecular dynamics simulation of 5d/modeled S. aureus MurD enzyme was performed to determine the stability of the predicted binding conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Jupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy , Ooty , India
| | - Mohammed Afzal Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy , Ooty , India
| | - Ashish Wadhwani
- Department of Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy , Ooty , India
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12
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Shan L, Wenling Q, Mauro P, Stefano B. Antibacterial Agents Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2902-2926. [PMID: 32003656 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200128103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections either by killing or blocking their growth has been accompanied by the studies of mechanism that allows the drugs to kill the bacteria or to stop their proliferation. In such a scenario, the emergence of antibacterial agents active on the bacterial cell wall has been of fundamental importance in the fight against bacterial agents responsible for severe diseases. As a matter of fact, the cell wall, which plays many roles during the lifecycle, is an essential constituent of most bacteria. This overview focuses on the intracellular steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and the research of new antibacterial agents based on the enzymes involved in these early steps of the formation of cell membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Wenling
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Panunzio Mauro
- Isof-CNR Chemistry Department, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Biondi Stefano
- BioVersys AG, C/o Technologiepark Basel, Hochbergerstrasse 60c, CH- 4057 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Helal AM, Sayed AM, Omara M, Elsebaei MM, Mayhoub AS. Peptidoglycan pathways: there are still more! RSC Adv 2019; 9:28171-28185. [PMID: 35530449 PMCID: PMC9071014 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04518j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of 3rd and 4th generations of currently existing classes of antibiotics has not hindered bacterial resistance, which is escalating at an alarming global level. This review follows WHO recommendations through implementing new criteria for newly discovered antibiotics. These recommendations focus on abandoning old scaffolds and hitting new targets. In light of these recommendations, this review discusses seven bacterial proteins that no commercial antibiotics have targeted yet, alongside their reported chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Helal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Mariam Omara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elsebaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology Giza Egypt
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14
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Structure-based virtual screening to identify inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus MurD enzyme. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Azam MA, Jupudi S, Saha N, Paul RK. Combining molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies for modelling Staphylococcus aureus MurD inhibitory activity. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 30:1-20. [PMID: 30406684 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1539034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent bacterial MurD enzyme catalyses the formation of the peptide bond between cytoplasmic intermediate UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine and D-glutamic acid. This is essential for bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. MurD is recognized as an important target for the development of new antibacterial agents. In the present study we prepared the 3D-stucture of the catalytic pocket of the Staphylococcus aureus MurD enzyme by homology modelling. Extra-precision docking, binding free energy calculation by the MM-GBSA approach and a 40 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one based inhibitor $1 was carried out to elucidate its inhibition potential for the S. aureus MurD enzyme. Molecular docking results showed that Lys19, Gly147, Tyr148, Lys328, Thr330 and Phe431 residues are responsible for the inhibitor-protein complex stabilization. Binding free energy calculation revealed electrostatic solvation and van der Waals energy components as major contributors for the inhibitor binding. The inhibitor-modelled S. aureus protein complex had a stable conformation in response to the atomic flexibility and interaction, when subjected to MD simulation at 40 ns in aqueous solution. We designed some molecules as potent inhibitors of S. aureus MurD, and to validate the stability of the designed molecule D1-modelled protein complex we performed a 20 ns MD simulation. Results obtained from this study can be utilized for the design of potent S. aureus MurD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Azam
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , JSS College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru) , India
| | - S Jupudi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , JSS College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru) , India
| | - N Saha
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , JSS College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru) , India
| | - R K Paul
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , JSS College of Pharmacy, Tamil Nadu (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru) , India
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16
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Extra precision docking, free energy calculation and molecular dynamics studies on glutamic acid derivatives as MurD inhibitors. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 69:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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Kouidmi I, Levesque RC, Paradis-Bleau C. The biology of Mur ligases as an antibacterial target. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:242-53. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imène Kouidmi
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Université de Montreal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Roger C. Levesque
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes; Université Laval; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Catherine Paradis-Bleau
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology; Université de Montreal; Montreal Quebec Canada
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18
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Hrast M, Sosič I, Sink R, Gobec S. Inhibitors of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes MurA-F. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:2-15. [PMID: 24755374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread emergence of resistant bacterial strains is becoming a serious threat to public health. This thus signifies the need for the development of new antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms of action. Continuous efforts in the design of novel antibacterials remain one of the biggest challenges in drug development. In this respect, the Mur enzymes, MurA-F, that are involved in the formation of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide can be genuinely considered as promising antibacterial targets. This review provides an in-depth insight into the recent developments in the field of inhibitors of the MurA-F enzymes. Special attention is also given to compounds that act as multiple inhibitors of two, three or more of the Mur enzymes. Moreover, the reasons for the lack of preclinically successful inhibitors and the challenges to overcome these hurdles in the next years are also debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Sink
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Arvind A, Kumar V, Saravanan P, Mohan CG. Homology modeling, molecular dynamics and inhibitor binding study on MurD ligase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 4:223-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-012-0133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Simčič M, Sosič I, Hodošček M, Barreteau H, Blanot D, Gobec S, Grdadolnik SG. The binding mode of second-generation sulfonamide inhibitors of MurD: clues for rational design of potent MurD inhibitors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52817. [PMID: 23285193 PMCID: PMC3527612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of optimized sulfonamide derivatives was recently reported as novel inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine:D-glutamate ligase (MurD). These are based on naphthalene-N-sulfonyl-D-glutamic acid and have the D-glutamic acid replaced with rigidified mimetics. Here we have defined the binding site of these novel ligands to MurD using (1)H/(13)C heteronuclear single quantum correlation. The MurD protein was selectively (13)C-labeled on the methyl groups of Ile (δ1 only), Leu and Val, and was isolated and purified. Crucial Ile, Leu and Val methyl groups in the vicinity of the ligand binding site were identified by comparison of chemical shift perturbation patterns among the ligands with various structural elements and known binding modes. The conformational and dynamic properties of the bound ligands and their binding interactions were examined using the transferred nuclear Overhauser effect and saturation transfer difference. In addition, the binding mode of these novel inhibitors was thoroughly examined using unrestrained molecular dynamics simulations. Our results reveal the complex dynamic behavior of ligand-MurD complexes and its influence on ligand-enzyme contacts. We further present important findings for the rational design of potent Mur ligase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Simčič
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Hodošček
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hélène Barreteau
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Didier Blanot
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, France
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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21
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Synthesis and modifications of phosphinic dipeptide analogues. Molecules 2012; 17:13530-68. [PMID: 23154272 PMCID: PMC6268094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudopeptides containing the phosphinate moiety (-P(O)(OH)CH2-) have been studied extensively, mainly as transition state analogue inhibitors of metalloproteases. The key synthetic aspect of their chemistry is construction of phosphinic dipeptide derivatives bearing appropriate side-chain substituents. Typically, this synthesis involves a multistep preparation of two individual building blocks, which are combined in the final step. As this methodology does not allow simple variation of the side-chain structure, many efforts have been dedicated to the development of alternative approaches. Recent achievements in this field are summarized in this review. Improved methods for the formation of the phosphinic peptide backbone, including stereoselective and multicomponent reactions, are presented. Parallel modifications leading to the structurally diversified substituents are also described. Finally, selected examples of the biomedical applications of the title compounds are given.
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22
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Anusuya S, Natarajan J. Multi-targeted therapy for leprosy: insilico strategy to overcome multi drug resistance and to improve therapeutic efficacy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1899-910. [PMID: 22981928 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy remains a major public health problem, since single and multi-drug resistance has been reported worldwide over the last two decades. In the present study, we report the novel multi-targeted therapy for leprosy to overcome multi drug resistance and to improve therapeutic efficacy. If multiple enzymes of an essential metabolic pathway of a bacterium were targeted, then the therapy would become more effective and can prevent the occurrence of drug resistance. The MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF enzymes of peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway were selected for multi targeted therapy. The conserved or class specific active site residues important for function or stability were predicted using evolutionary trace analysis and site directed mutagenesis studies. Ten such residues which were present in at least any three of the four Mur enzymes (MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF) were identified. Among the ten residues G125, K126, T127 and G293 (numbered based on their position in MurC) were found to be conserved in all the four Mur enzymes of the entire bacterial kingdom. In addition K143, T144, T166, G168, H234 and Y329 (numbered based on their position in MurE) were significant in binding substrates and/co-factors needed for the functional events in any three of the Mur enzymes. These are the probable residues for designing newer anti-leprosy drugs in an attempt to reduce drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Anusuya
- Department of Bioinformatics, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem 636 308, India.
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23
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Virtual screening of phenylsulfonamido-3-morpholinopropan-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate derivatives as novel inhibitors of MurC–MurF ligases from Mycobacterium leprae. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Zidar N, Tomašić T, Šink R, Kovač A, Patin D, Blanot D, Contreras-Martel C, Dessen A, Premru MM, Zega A, Gobec S, Mašič LP, Kikelj D. New 5-benzylidenethiazolidin-4-one inhibitors of bacterial MurD ligase: design, synthesis, crystal structures, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5512-23. [PMID: 21963114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mur ligases (MurC-MurF), a group of bacterial enzymes that catalyze four consecutive steps in the formation of cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor, are becoming increasingly adopted as targets in antibacterial drug design. Based on the crystal structure of MurD cocrystallized with thiazolidine-2,4-dione inhibitor I, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of improved glutamic acid containing 5-benzylidenerhodanine and 5-benzylidenethiazolidine-2,4-dione inhibitors of MurD with IC(50) values up to 28 μM. Inhibitor 37, with an IC(50) of 34 μM, displays a weak antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 128 μg/mL. High-resolution crystal structures of MurD in complex with two new inhibitors (compounds 23 and 51) reveal details of their binding modes within the active site and provide valuable information for further structure-based optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nace Zidar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Tomašić T, Kovač A, Simčič M, Blanot D, Grdadolnik SG, Gobec S, Kikelj D, Peterlin Mašič L. Novel 2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one inhibitors of bacterial MurD ligase targeting d-Glu- and diphosphate-binding sites. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3964-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Mucha A, Kafarski P, Berlicki Ł. Remarkable potential of the α-aminophosphonate/phosphinate structural motif in medicinal chemistry. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5955-80. [PMID: 21780776 DOI: 10.1021/jm200587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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27
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Tomašić T, Zidar N, Šink R, Kovač A, Blanot D, Contreras-Martel C, Dessen A, Müller-Premru M, Zega A, Gobec S, Kikelj D, Peterlin Mašič L. Structure-Based Design of a New Series of d-Glutamic Acid Based Inhibitors of Bacterial UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine:d-glutamate Ligase (MurD). J Med Chem 2011; 54:4600-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Tomašić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nace Zidar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Šink
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Kovač
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Didier Blanot
- Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Manica Müller-Premru
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Zega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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28
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Second-generation sulfonamide inhibitors of D-glutamic acid-adding enzyme: activity optimisation with conformationally rigid analogues of D-glutamic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2880-94. [PMID: 21524830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
D-Glutamic acid-adding enzyme (MurD) catalyses the essential addition of d-glutamic acid to the cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine, and as such it represents an important antibacterial drug-discovery target enzyme. Based on a series of naphthalene-N-sulfonyl-d-Glu derivatives synthesised recently, we synthesised two series of new, optimised sulfonamide inhibitors of MurD that incorporate rigidified mimetics of d-Glu. The compounds that contained either constrained d-Glu or related rigid d-Glu mimetics showed significantly better inhibitory activities than the parent compounds, thereby confirming the advantage of molecular rigidisation in the design of MurD inhibitors. The binding modes of the best inhibitors were examined with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. We have solved a new crystal structure of the complex of MurD with an inhibitor bearing a 4-aminocyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxyl moiety. These data provide an additional step towards the development of sulfonamide inhibitors with potential antibacterial activities.
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29
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Gautam A, Vyas R, Tewari R. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis machinery: a rich source of drug targets. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:295-336. [PMID: 21091161 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.525498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The range of antibiotic therapy for the control of bacterial infections is becoming increasingly limited because of the rapid rise in multidrug resistance in clinical bacterial isolates. A few diseases, such as tuberculosis, which were once thought to be under control, have re-emerged as serious health threats. These problems have resulted in intensified research to look for new inhibitors for bacterial pathogens. Of late, the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, the most important component of the bacterial cell wall has been the subject of drug targeting because, first, it is essential for the survivability of eubacteria and secondly, it is absent in humans. The last decade has seen tremendous inputs in deciphering the 3-D structures of the PG biosynthetic enzymes. Many inhibitors against these enzymes have been developed using virtual and high throughput screening techniques. This review discusses the mechanistic and structural properties of the PG biosynthetic enzymes and inhibitors developed in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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30
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Benfodda Z, Guillen F, Blancou H. A Convenient Synthesis of N-Functionalized Perfluoroalkanesulfonamides. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500903362535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Benfodda
- a Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) , UMR CNRS 5247 Université de Montpellier I et de Montpellier II , Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Guillen
- b S3F Chimie Université de Montpellier II , Montpellier, France
| | - Hubert Blancou
- a Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) , UMR CNRS 5247 Université de Montpellier I et de Montpellier II , Montpellier, France
- b S3F Chimie Université de Montpellier II , Montpellier, France
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31
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In silico identification of common putative drug targets in Leptospira interrogans. J Chem Biol 2010; 3:165-73. [PMID: 21572503 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-010-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. Hence, there is a need to develop new antimicrobial agents. Traditional method of drug discovery is time consuming and yields a few drug targets with little intracellular information for guiding target selection. Thus, focus in drug development has been shifted to computational comparative genomics for identifying novel drug targets. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis of global concern caused by Leptospira interrogans. Availability of L. interrogans serovars and human genome sequences facilitated to search for novel drug targets using bioinformatics tools. The genome sequence of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni has 5,124 genes while that of serovar Lai has 4,727 genes. Through subtractive genomic approach 218 genes in serovar Copenhageni and 158 genes in serovar Lai have been identified as putative drug targets. Comparative genomic approach had revealed that 88 drug targets were common to both the serovars. Pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes revealed that 66 targets are enzymes and 22 are non-enzymes. Sixty two common drug targets were predicted to be localized in cytoplasm and 16 were surface proteins. The identified potential drug targets form a platform for further investigation in discovery of novel therapeutic compounds against Leptospira.
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32
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Virtual screening for potential inhibitors of homology modeled Leptospira interrogans MurD ligase. J Chem Biol 2010; 3:175-87. [PMID: 21566738 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-010-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening infections caused by Leptospira serovars remain a global challenge since long time. Prevention of infection by controlling environmental factors being difficult to practice in developing countries, there is a need for designing potent anti-leptospirosis drugs. ATP-dependent MurD involved in biosynthesis of peptidoglycan was identified as common drug target among pathogenic Leptospira serovars through subtractive genomic approach. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway being unique to bacteria and absent in host represents promising target for antimicrobial drug discovery. Thus, MurD 3D models were generated using crystal structures of 1EEH and 2JFF as templates in Modeller9v7. Structural refinement and energy minimization of the model was carried out in Maestro 9.0 applying OPLS-AA 2001 force field and was evaluated through Procheck, ProSA, PROQ, and Profile 3D. The active site residues were confirmed from the models in complex with substrate and inhibitor. Four published MurD inhibitors (two phosphinics, one sulfonamide, and one benzene 1,3-dicarbixylic acid derivative) were queried against more than one million entries of Ligand.Info Meta-Database to generate in-house library of 1,496 MurD inhibitor analogs. Our approach of virtual screening of the best-ranked compounds with pharmacokinetics property prediction has provided 17 novel MurD inhibitors for developing anti-leptospirosis drug targeting peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway.
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33
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Sova M, Kovac A, Turk S, Hrast M, Blanot D, Gobec S. Phosphorylated hydroxyethylamines as novel inhibitors of the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis enzymes MurC to MurF. Bioorg Chem 2009; 37:217-22. [PMID: 19804894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan represent important targets for development of new antibacterial drugs. Among them, Mur ligases (MurC to MurF) catalyze the formation of the final cytoplasmic precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide from UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid. We present the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of phosphorylated hydroxyethylamines as new type of small-molecule inhibitors of Mur ligases. We show that the phosphate group attached to the hydroxyl moiety of the hydroxyethylamine core is essential for good inhibitory activity. The IC(50) values of these inhibitors were in the micromolar range, which makes them a promising starting point for the development of multiple inhibitors of Mur ligases as potential antibacterial agents. In addition, 1-(4-methoxyphenylsulfonamido)-3-morpholinopropan-2-yl dihydrogen phosphate 7a was discovered as one of the best inhibitors of MurE described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Sova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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34
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Perdih A, Kovac A, Wolber G, Blanot D, Gobec S, Solmajer T. Discovery of novel benzene 1,3-dicarboxylic acid inhibitors of bacterial MurD and MurE ligases by structure-based virtual screening approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2668-73. [PMID: 19369074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway provides an array of potential targets for antibacterial drug design, attractive especially with respect to selective toxicity. Within this pathway, the members of the Mur ligase family are considered as promising emerging targets for novel antibacterial drug design. Based on the available MurD crystal structures co-crystallised with N-sulfonyl glutamic acid inhibitors, a virtual screening campaign was performed, combining three-dimensional structure-based pharmacophores and molecular docking calculations. A novel class of glutamic acid surrogates-benzene 1,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives-were identified and compounds 14 and 16 found to possess dual MurD and MurE inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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35
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Perdih A, Hodoscek M, Solmajer T. MurD ligase from E. coli: Tetrahedral intermediate formation study by hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical replica path method. Proteins 2009; 74:744-59. [PMID: 18704940 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MurD (UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine:D-glutamate ligase), a three-domain bacterial protein, catalyses a highly specific incorporation of D-glutamate to the cytoplasmic intermediate UDP-N-acetyl-muramoyl-L-alanine (UMA) utilizing ATP hydrolysis to ADP and P(i). This reaction is part of a biosynthetic path yielding bacterial peptidoglycan. On the basis of structural studies of MurD complexes, a stepwise catalytic mechanism was proposed that commences with a formation of the acyl-phosphate intermediate, followed by a nucleophilic attack of D-glutamate that, through the formation of a tetrahedral reaction intermediate and subsequent phosphate dissociation, affords the final product, UDP-N-acetyl-muramoyl-L-alanine-D-glutamate (UMAG). A hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular modeling approach was utilized, combining the B3LYP QM level of theory with empirical force field simulations to evaluate three possible reaction pathways leading to tetrahedral intermediate formation. Geometries of the starting structures based on crystallographic experimental data and tetrahedral intermediates were carefully examined together with a role of crucial amino acids and water molecules. The replica path method was used to generate the reaction pathways between the starting structures and the corresponding tetrahedral reaction intermediates, offering direct comparisons with a sequential kinetic mechanism and the available structural data for this enzyme. The acquired knowledge represents new and valuable information to assist in the ongoing efforts leading toward novel inhibitors of MurD as potential antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Perdih
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and NMR Spectroscopy, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Perdih A, Bren U, Solmajer T. Binding free energy calculations of N-sulphonyl-glutamic acid inhibitors of MurD ligase. J Mol Model 2009; 15:983-96. [PMID: 19198900 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of bacterial resistance to most available antibiotics has underlined the urgent need for the discovery of novel efficacious antibacterial agents. The biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan, where the MurD enzyme is involved in the intracellular phase of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide formation, represents a collection of highly selective targets for novel antibacterial drug design. Structural studies of N-sulfonyl-glutamic acid inhibitors of MurD have made possible the examination of binding modes of this class of compounds, providing valuable information for the lead optimization phase of the drug discovery cycle. Binding free energies were calculated for a series of MurD N-sulphonyl-Glu inhibitors using the linear interaction energy (LIE) method. Analysis of interaction energy during the 20-ns MD trajectories revealed non-polar van der Waals interactions as the main driving force for the binding of these inhibitors, and excellent agreement with the experimental free energies was obtained. Calculations of binding free energies for selected moieties of compounds in this structural class substantiated even deeper insight into the source of inhibitory activity. These results constitute new valuable information to further assist the lead optimization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Perdih
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and NMR Spectroscopy, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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37
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Turk S, Kovac A, Boniface A, Bostock JM, Chopra I, Blanot D, Gobec S. Discovery of new inhibitors of the bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes MurD and MurF by structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1884-9. [PMID: 19223185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent Mur ligases (MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF) successively add L-Ala, D-Glu, meso-A(2)pm or L-Lys, and D-Ala-D-Ala to the nucleotide precursor UDP-MurNAc, and they represent promising targets for antibacterial drug discovery. We have used the molecular docking programme eHiTS for the virtual screening of 1990 compounds from the National Cancer Institute 'Diversity Set' on MurD and MurF. The 50 top-scoring compounds from screening on each enzyme were selected for experimental biochemical evaluation. Our approach of virtual screening and subsequent in vitro biochemical evaluation of the best ranked compounds has provided four novel MurD inhibitors (best IC(50)=10 microM) and one novel MurF inhibitor (IC(50)=63 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Turk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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38
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Benfodda Z, Guillen F, Arnion HÃ, Dahmani A, Blancou H. A new synthesis of alkane and polyfluoroalkanesulfonyl chlorides. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Biological Activity of Aminophosphonic Acids and Their Short Peptides. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2008_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Humljan J, Kotnik M, Contreras-Martel C, Blanot D, Urleb U, Dessen A, Šolmajer T, Gobec S. Novel Naphthalene-N-sulfonyl-d-glutamic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of MurD, a Key Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis Enzyme,. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7486-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800762u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Humljan
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Kotnik
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlos Contreras-Martel
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Didier Blanot
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Urleb
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andréa Dessen
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tom Šolmajer
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Drug Discovery, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Laboratoire des Protéines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, CNRS, UJF, UMR5075, 41 Rue Jules Horowitz, F-38027 Grenoble, France, Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, IBBMC, UMR 8619 CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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Tomasić T, Zidar N, Rupnik V, Kovac A, Blanot D, Gobec S, Kikelj D, Masic LP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new glutamic acid-based inhibitors of MurD ligase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:153-7. [PMID: 19014883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mur ligases catalyze the biosynthesis of the UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide precursor of peptidoglycan, an essential polymer of bacterial cell-wall. They constitute attractive targets for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Here we report on the synthesis of a series of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines, quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones, 5-benzylidenerhodanines and 5-benzylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones and their inhibitory activities against MurD from Escherichia coli. Compounds (R)-27 and (S)-27 showed inhibitory activity against MurD with IC(50) values of 174 and 206 microM, respectively, which makes them promising starting points for optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Tomasić
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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42
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Fiuza M, Canova MJ, Patin D, Letek M, Zanella-Cléon I, Becchi M, Mateos LM, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Molle V, Gil JA. The MurC ligase essential for peptidoglycan biosynthesis is regulated by the serine/threonine protein kinase PknA in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36553-63. [PMID: 18974047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807175200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mur ligases play an essential role in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan and thus represent attractive targets for the design of novel antibacterials. These enzymes catalyze the stepwise formation of the peptide moiety of the peptidoglycan disaccharide peptide monomer unit. MurC is responsible of the addition of the first residue (L-alanine) onto the nucleotide precursor UDP-MurNAc. Phosphorylation of proteins by Ser/Thr protein kinases has recently emerged as a major physiological mechanism of regulation in prokaryotes. Herein, the hypothesis of a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism of regulation of the MurC activity was investigated in Corynebacterium glutamicum. We showed that MurC was phosphorylated in vitro by the PknA protein kinase. An analysis of the phosphoamino acid content indicated that phosphorylation exclusively occurred on threonine residues. Six phosphoacceptor residues were identified by mass spectrometry analysis, and we confirmed that mutagenesis to alanine residues totally abolished PknA-dependent phosphorylation of MurC. In vitro and in vivo ligase activity assays showed that the catalytic activity of MurC was impaired following mutation of these threonine residues. Further in vitro assays revealed that the activity of the MurC-phosphorylated isoform was severely decreased compared with the non-phosphorylated protein. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a MurC ligase phosphorylation in vitro. The finding that phosphorylation is correlated with a decrease in MurC enzymatic activity could have significant consequences in the regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fiuza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de León, León 24071, Spain
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43
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Šink R, Kovač A, Tomašić T, Rupnik V, Boniface A, Bostock J, Chopra I, Blanot D, Mašič LP, Gobec S, Zega A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation ofN-Acylhydrazones as Inhibitors of MurC and MurD Ligases. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1362-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Chopra I, Schofield C, Everett M, O'Neill A, Miller K, Wilcox M, Frère JM, Dawson M, Czaplewski L, Urleb U, Courvalin P. Treatment of health-care-associated infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria: a consensus statement. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:133-9. [PMID: 18222164 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This consensus statement presents the conclusions of a group of academic and industrial experts who met in London in September, 2006, to consider the issues associated with the treatment of hospital infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The group discussed the severe clinical problems arising from the emergence of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria and the lack of new antibacterial agents to challenge the threat. The discovery of new drugs active against hospital-acquired Gram-negative bacteria is essential to prevent a future medical and social catastrophe. An important strategy to promote drug discovery will be the development of focused cooperations between academic institutions and small pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Chopra
- Antimicrobial Research Centre and Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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45
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Barreteau H, Kovac A, Boniface A, Sova M, Gobec S, Blanot D. Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:168-207. [PMID: 18266853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process that involves enzyme reactions that take place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner side (synthesis of lipid-linked intermediates) and outer side (polymerization reactions) of the cytoplasmic membrane. This review deals with the cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which can be divided into four sets of reactions that lead to the syntheses of (1) UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from fructose 6-phosphate, (2) UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, (3) UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide from UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid and (4) D-glutamic acid and dipeptide D-alanyl-D-alanine. Recent data concerning the different enzymes involved are presented. Moreover, special attention is given to (1) the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of the nucleotide precursor substrates that are not commercially available and (2) the search for specific inhibitors that could act as antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Barreteau
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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46
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47
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Structural and functional characterization of enantiomeric glutamic acid derivatives as potential transition state analogue inhibitors of MurD ligase. J Mol Biol 2007; 370:107-15. [PMID: 17507028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mur ligases play an essential role in the intracellular biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan, the main component of the bacterial cell wall, and represent attractive targets for the design of novel antibacterials. UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine:D-glutamate ligase (MurD) catalyses the addition of D-glutamic acid to the cytoplasmic intermediate UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine (UMA) and is the second in the series of Mur ligases. MurD ligase is highly stereospecific for its substrate, D-glutamic acid (D-Glu). Here, we report the high resolution crystal structures of MurD in complexes with two novel inhibitors designed to mimic the transition state of the reaction, which contain either the D-Glu or the L-Glu moiety. The binding modes of N-sulfonyl-D-Glu and N-sulfonyl-L-Glu derivatives were also characterised kinetically. The results of this study represent an excellent starting point for further development of novel inhibitors of this enzyme.
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48
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Strancar K, Boniface A, Blanot D, Gobec S. Phosphinate Inhibitors of UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-Alanyl-D-Glutamate:L-Lysine Ligase (MurE). Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:127-34. [PMID: 17335103 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The increasing emergence of pathogenic bacterial strains with high resistance to antibiotic therapy has created an urgent need for the development of new antibacterial agents that are directed towards novel targets. We have focused our attention on the Mur ligases (MurC-F), which catalyze the early steps of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and which to date represent under-exploited targets for antibacterial drug design. We show that some of our phosphinate inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl:D-glutamate ligase (MurD) also inhibits UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate:L-lysine ligase (MurE). To obtain new information on their structure-activity relationships, three new, structurally related phosphinates were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of MurD and MurE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Strancar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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49
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Kovac A, Majce V, Lenarsic R, Bombek S, Bostock JM, Chopra I, Polanc S, Gobec S. Diazenedicarboxamides as inhibitors of D-alanine-D-alanine ligase (Ddl). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2047-54. [PMID: 17267218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
D-Alanine-D-alanine ligase (Ddl) catalyzes the biosynthesis of an essential bacterial peptidoglycan precursor D-alanyl-D-alanine and it represents an important target for development of new antibacterial drugs. A series of semicarbazides, aminocarbonyldiazenecarboxylates, diazenedicarboxamides, and hydrazinedicarboxamides was synthesized and screened for inhibition of DdlB from Escherichia coli. Compounds with good inhibitory activity were identified, enabling us to deduce initial structure-activity relationships. Thirteen diazenedicarboxamides were better inhibitors than D-cycloserine and some of them also possess antibacterial activity, which makes them a promising starting point for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kovac
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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50
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Humljan J, Kotnik M, Boniface A, Šolmajer T, Urleb U, Blanot D, Gobec S. A new approach towards peptidosulfonamides: synthesis of potential inhibitors of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes MurD and MurE. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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