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Xu B, Tong T, Wang X, Liu F, Zhang X, Hu X, Li X, Yang X, Liao F. Short divalent ethacrynic amides as pro-inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase isozyme Mu and potent sensitisers of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:728-742. [PMID: 35176963 PMCID: PMC8865112 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2038591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The linking of ethacrynic acid with ethylenediamine and 1,4-butanediamine gave EDEA and BDEA, respectively, as membrane-permeable divalent pro-inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Their divalent glutathione conjugates showed subnanomolar inhibition and divalence-binding to GSTmu (GSTM) (PDB: 5HWL) at ∼0.35 min-1. In cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3, COC1, SGC7901 and A549 cells, GSTM activities probed by 15 nM BDEA or EDEA revealed 5-fold and 1.0-fold increases in cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3 and COC1 cells, respectively, in comparison with the susceptible parental cells. Being tolerable by HEK293 and LO2 cells, BDEA at 0.2 μM sensitised resistant SK-OV-3 and COC1 cells by ∼3- and ∼5-folds, respectively, released cytochrome c and increased apoptosis; EDEA at 1.0 μM sensitised resistant SK-OV-3 and A549 cells by ∼5- and ∼7-fold, respectively. EDEA at 1.7 μg/g sensitised resistant SK-OV-3 cells to cisplatin at 3.3 μg/g in nude mouse xenograft model. BDEA and EDEA are promising leads for probing cellular GSTM and sensitising cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangtian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Tong
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Păunescu E, Soudani M, Martin P, Scopelliti R, Lo Bello M, Dyson PJ. Organometallic Glutathione S-Transferase Inhibitors. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Păunescu
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Soudani
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paloma Martin
- Department
of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Lo Bello
- Department
of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via
della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mohana K, Achary A. Human cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases: quantitative analysis of expression, comparative analysis of structures and inhibition strategies of isozymes involved in drug resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:318-337. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1343343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Mohana
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
| | - Anant Achary
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Research, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India
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Vaidyanathan G, McDougald D, Choi J, Pruszynski M, Koumarianou E, Zhou Z, Zalutsky MR. N-Succinimidyl 3-((4-(4-[(18)F]fluorobutyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(guanidinomethyl)benzoate ([(18)F]SFBTMGMB): a residualizing label for (18)F-labeling of internalizing biomolecules. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1261-71. [PMID: 26645790 PMCID: PMC4720566 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Residualizing labeling methods for internalizing peptides and proteins are designed to trap the radionuclide inside the cell after intracellular degradation of the biomolecule. The goal of this work was to develop a residualizing label for the (18)F-labeling of internalizing biomolecules based on a template used successfully for radioiodination. N-Succinimidyl 3-((4-(4-[(18)F]fluorobutyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(bis-Boc-guanidinomethyl)benzoate ([(18)F]SFBTMGMB-Boc2) was synthesized by a click reaction of an azide precursor and [(18)F]fluorohexyne in 8.5 ± 2.8% average decay-corrected radiochemical yield (n = 15). An anti-HER2 nanobody 5F7 was labeled with (18)F using [(18)F]SFBTMGMB ([(18)F]RL-I), obtained by the deprotection of [(18)F]SFBTMGMB-Boc2, in 31.2 ± 6.7% (n = 5) conjugation efficiency. The labeled nanobody had a radiochemical purity of >95%, bound to HER2-expressing BT474M1 breast cancer cells with an affinity of 4.7 ± 0.9 nM, and had an immunoreactive fraction of 62-80%. In summary, a novel residualizing prosthetic agent for labeling biomolecules with (18)F has been developed. An anti-HER2 nanobody was labeled using this prosthetic group with retention of affinity and immunoreactivity to HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Sang Y, Shi Q, Mo M, Ni C, Li Z, Liu B, Deng Q, Creighton DJ, Zheng ZB. Novel bivalent inhibitors with sub-nanomolar affinities towards human glyoxalase I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4724-4727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Huang YC, Huang HL, Yeh CN, Lin KJ, Yu CS. Investigation of brain tumors using (18)F-fluorobutyl ethacrynic amide and its metabolite with positron emission tomography. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1877-85. [PMID: 26244025 PMCID: PMC4521672 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, imaging of malignant glioma remains challenging. In positron emission tomography-related diagnostic imaging, differential tumor uptake of 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F] fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) has been shown to reflect the levels of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. However, additional biomarkers for tumors are urgently required. Aberrant levels of glutathione transferase (GST) activity have been hypothesized to constitute such a novel diagnostic marker. Here, a C6 rat glioma tumor model was used to assess the ability of the positron emission tomography tracers, [18F]FLT and 18F-fluorobutyl ethacrynic amide ([18F]FBuEA), to indicate reactive oxygen species-induced stress responses as well as detoxification-related processes in tumors. Using a GST activity assay, we were able to demonstrate that FBuEA is more readily catalyzed by GST-π than by GST-α. Furthermore, we showed that FBuEA-GS, a metabolite of FBuEA, elicits greater cytotoxicity in tumor cells than in normal fibroblast cells. Finally, in vitro and in vivo investigation of radiotracer distribution of [18F]FBuEA and [18F] FBuEA-GS revealed preferential accumulation in C6 glioma tumor cells over normal fibroblast cells for [18F]FBuEA-GS but not for [18F]FBuEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Lien Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ; Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Grison CM, Robin S, Aitken DJ. The discovery of 9/8-ribbons, β/γ-peptides with curved shapes governed by a combined configuration-conformation code. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16233-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07136d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The design of a β/γ-peptide reveals an unprecedented 9/8-ribbon whose curvature depends on the β-residue configuration and the γ-residue conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Grison
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group
- ICMMO-UMR 8182
- Université Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Sylvie Robin
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group
- ICMMO-UMR 8182
- Université Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - David J. Aitken
- CP3A Organic Synthesis Group
- ICMMO-UMR 8182
- Université Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
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Espinoza HM, Shireman LM, McClain V, Atkins W, Gallagher EP. Cloning, expression and analysis of the olfactory glutathione S-transferases in coho salmon. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:839-48. [PMID: 23261526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) provide cellular protection by detoxifying xenobiotics, maintaining redox status, and modulating secondary messengers, all of which are critical to maintaining olfaction in salmonids. Here, we characterized the major coho salmon olfactory GSTs (OlfGSTs), namely omega, pi, and rho subclasses. OlfGST omega contained an open reading frame of 720bp and encoded a protein of 239 amino acids. OlfGST pi and OlfGST rho contained open reading frames of 627 and 681nt, respectively, and encoded proteins of 208 and 226 amino acids. Whole-protein mass spectrometry yielded molecular weights of 29,950, 23,354, and 26,655Da, respectively, for the GST omega, pi, and rho subunits. Homology modeling using four protein-structure prediction algorithms suggest that the active sites in all three OlfGST isoforms resembled counterparts in other species. The olfactory GSTs conjugated prototypical GST substrates, but only OlfGST rho catalyzed the demethylation of the pesticide methyl parathion. OlfGST pi and rho exhibited thiol oxidoreductase activity toward 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide (2-HEDS) and conjugated 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a toxic aldehyde with neurodegenerative properties. The kinetic parameters for OlfGST pi conjugation of HNE were K(M)=0.16 ± 0.06mM and V(max)=0.5 ± 0.1μmolmin⁻¹mg⁻¹, whereas OlfGST rho was more efficient at catalyzing HNE conjugation (K(M)=0.022 ± 0.008 mM and V(max)=0.47 ± 0.05μmolmin⁻¹mg⁻¹). Our findings indicate that the peripheral olfactory system of coho expresses GST isoforms that detoxify certain electrophiles and pesticides and that help maintain redox status and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert M Espinoza
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Clipson AJ, Bhat VT, McNae I, Caniard AM, Campopiano DJ, Greaney MF. Bivalent enzyme inhibitors discovered using dynamic covalent chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:10562-70. [PMID: 22782854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A bivalent dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) system has been designed to selectively target members of the homodimeric glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme family. The dynamic covalent libraries (DCLs) use aniline-catalysed acylhydrazone exchange between bivalent hydrazides and glutathione-conjugated aldehydes and the bis-hydrazides act as linkers to bridge between each glutathione binding site. The resultant DCLs were found to be compatible and highly responsive to templating with different GST isozymes, with the best results coming from the M and Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) class of GSTs, targets in cancer and tropical disease, respectively. The approach yielded compounds with selective, nanomolar affinity (K(i) =61 nM for mGSTM1-1) and demonstrates that DCC can be used to simultaneously interrogate binding sites on different subunits of a dimeric protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Clipson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh, UK
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Samra AI, Kamita SG, Yao HW, Cornel AJ, Hammock BD. Cloning and characterization of two glutathione S-transferases from pyrethroid-resistant Culex pipiens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:764-72. [PMID: 22290868 PMCID: PMC3583349 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Marin strain of Culex pipiens Say is a pyrethroid-resistant population that was collected in Marin County, California, in 2001 and subsequently maintained in the laboratory under regular permethrin exposure. RESULTS In this study, two cDNAs, CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd2, encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) were cloned from Cx. pipiens Marin. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences, CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2, of these genes indicated that they belong to the Delta class of insect GSTs. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd2 were 59 and 48% identical respectively. CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant GSTs exhibited unique selectivity towards the general GST substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), and also differed in their sensitivity to known inhibitors of GSTs. CpGSTD1 exhibited peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide, while CpGSTD2 appeared to lack this activity. CpGSTD1 was able to metabolize 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), while DDT metabolism by CpGSTD2 was not detectable. CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2 showed no detectable metabolism of permethrin. Gene expression of CpGSTd1 and CpGSTd2 in Marin mosquitoes was elevated about twofold in comparison with that found in a pyrethroid-sensitive mosquito strain. CONCLUSION The results indicate that CpGSTD1 and CpGSTD2 have unique biochemical characteristics, but they do not appear to play major roles in permethrin resistance in Marin mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman I Samra
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shizuo G Kamita
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Yao
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anthony J Cornel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Please send correspondence and proofs to: Professor Bruce D Hammock, Department of Entomology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, telephone: 530-752-7519, fax: 530-752-1537,
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Hanušová V, Boušová I, Skálová L. Possibilities to increase the effectiveness of doxorubicin in cancer cells killing. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:540-57. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.609174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kuchelmeister HY, Schmuck C. Nucleotide recognition in water by a guanidinium-based artificial tweezer receptor. Chemistry 2011; 17:5311-8. [PMID: 21462273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble tweezer receptor 1 with two symmetric peptidic arms, which are connected by an aromatic scaffold and contain lysine, phenylalanine, and a guanidinium-based anion-binding site as headgroup, has been synthesized. UV/Vis-derived Job plots show that the receptor forms 1:1 complexes with nucleotides and phosphate in buffered water at neutral pH. Binding constants have been determined by fluorescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy. All nucleotides tested were bound very efficiently, even in pure water, with binding constants between 10(4) and 10(5) M(-1) . Interestingly, all mononucleotides were bound much stronger than phosphate by a factor of at least 5 to 10. Furthermore 1 favors the binding of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) over adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is unprecedented for artificial nucleotide receptors reported so far. According to NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling studies, the efficient binding is a result of strong electrostatic contacts supported by π-π interactions with the nucleobase within the cavity-shaped receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Y Kuchelmeister
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Díez-Dacal B, Pajares MA, Llorca O, Pérez-Sala D. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins with Dienone Structure Promote Cross-Linking of the Chemoresistance-Inducing Enzyme Glutathione Transferase P1-1. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:723-33. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kuchelmeister HY, Schmuck C. An Efficient Synthesis of an Orthogonally Protected Aromatic Diamine as Scaffold for Tweezer Receptors with Two Different Arms. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Multivalency-assisted control of intracellular signaling pathways: application for ubiquitin- dependent N-end rule pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:121-31. [PMID: 19246002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling is often mediated by a family of functionally overlapping signal mediators that contain multiple sites interacting with other proteins or ligands with weak affinity (K(d) > microM). Conjugation of multiple low-affinity ligands into a high-affinity multivalent molecule provides a means to control the entire protein family within a single intracellular pathway. The N-end rule pathway is a ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteolytic system where at least four Ub ligases, called N-recognins, have a common domain critical for binding to type 1 (basic) and type 2 (bulky hydrophobic) destabilizing N-terminal residues of substrates as degrons. The recent development of a heterodivalent inhibitor targeting type 1 and type 2 substrate binding sites of the N-recognin family provides new opportunities to manipulate this proteolytic pathway in biochemical and pathophysiological conditions. We overview the N-end rule pathway as an intracellular target for heterodivalent molecules and discuss the basis of thermodynamics and kinetics related to heterodivalent interactions.
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Allosteric FBPase inhibitors gain 10(5) times in potency when simultaneously binding two neighboring AMP sites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4708-12. [PMID: 18650089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase, EC 3.1.3.11) is a key gluconeogenic enzyme, responsible for the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, and thus presents an opportunity for the development of novel therapeutics focused on lowering the hepatic glucose production in type 2 diabetics. In its active form FBPase exists as a homotetramer and is allosterically regulated by AMP. In an HTS campaign aromatic sulfonylureas have been identified as FBPase inhibitors mimicking AMP. By bridging two adjacent allosteric binding sites using two aromatic sulfonylureas as anchor units and covalently linking them, it was possible to obtain dual binding AMP site inhibitors that exhibit a strong inhibitory effect.
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