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Gu L, Hickey RJ, Malkas LH. Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Replication Stress in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1346. [PMID: 37510250 PMCID: PMC10378776 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the currently used therapeutic strategies to target DNA replication stress for cancer treatment in the clinic, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations due to toxicity and drug resistance. Cancer cells experience enhanced spontaneous DNA damage due to compromised DNA replication machinery, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, loss of tumor suppressor genes, and/or constitutive activation of oncogenes. Consequently, these cells are addicted to DNA damage response signaling pathways and repair machinery to maintain genome stability and support survival and proliferation. Chemotherapeutic drugs exploit this genetic instability by inducing additional DNA damage to overwhelm the repair system in cancer cells. However, the clinical use of DNA-damaging agents is limited by their toxicity and drug resistance often arises. To address these issues, the article discusses a potential strategy to target the cancer-associated isoform of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (caPCNA), which plays a central role in the DNA replication and damage response network. Small molecule and peptide agents that specifically target caPCNA can selectively target cancer cells without significant toxicity to normal cells or experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Seshan G, Kanagasabai S, Ananthasri S, Kannappan B, Suvitha A, Jaimohan SM, Kanagaraj S, Kothandan G. Insights of structure-based pharmacophore studies and inhibitor design against Gal3 receptor through molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6987-6999. [PMID: 32772816 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1804452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our present work studies the structure-based pharmacophore modeling and designing inhibitor against Gal3 receptor through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations extensively. Pharmacophore models play a key role in computer-aided drug discovery like in the case of virtual screening of chemical databases, de novo drug design and lead optimization. Structure-based methods for developing pharmacophore models are important, and there have been a number of studies combining such methods with the use of MD simulations to model protein's flexibility. The two potential antagonists SNAP 37889 and SNAP 398299 were docked and simulated for 250 ns and the results are analyzed and carried for the structure-based pharmacophore studies. This helped in identification of the subtype selectivity of the binding sites of the Gal3 receptor. Our work mainly focuses on identifying these binding site residues and to design more potent inhibitors compared to the previously available inhibitors through pharmacophore models. The study provides crucial insight into the binding site residues Ala2, Asp3, Ala4, Gln5, Phe24, Gln79, Ala80, Ile82, Tyr83, Trp88, His99, Ile102, Tyr103, Met106, Tyr157, Tyr161, Pro174, Trp176, Arg181, Ala183, Leu184, Asp185, Thr188, Trp248, His251, His252, Ile255, Leu256, Phe258, Trp259, Tyr270, Arg273, Leu274 and His277, which plays a significant role in the conformational changes of the receptor and helps to understand the inhibition mechanism. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunalan Seshan
- Biopolymer Modelling Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Somarathinam Kanagasabai
- Biopolymer Modelling Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sailapathi Ananthasri
- Biopolymer Modelling Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Kannappan
- National Research Center for Dementia, Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - A Suvitha
- Department of Physics, CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S M Jaimohan
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Kanagaraj
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gugan Kothandan
- Biopolymer Modelling Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hökfelt T, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Kuteeva E, Rüegg J, Le Maitre E, Risling M, Kehr J, Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E, Palkovits M, Deakin W, Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Prud’homme HJ, Mechawar N, Diaz-Heijtz R, Ögren SO. Neuropeptide and Small Transmitter Coexistence: Fundamental Studies and Relevance to Mental Illness. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 30627087 PMCID: PMC6309708 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as transmitters and trophic factors, and play a role particularly when the nervous system is challenged, as by injury, pain or stress. Here neuropeptides and coexistence in mammals are reviewed, but with special focus on the 29/30 amino acid galanin and its three receptors GalR1, -R2 and -R3. In particular, galanin's role as a co-transmitter in both rodent and human noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is addressed. Extensive experimental animal data strongly suggest a role for the galanin system in depression-like behavior. The translational potential of these results was tested by studying the galanin system in postmortem human brains, first in normal brains, and then in a comparison of five regions of brains obtained from depressed people who committed suicide, and from matched controls. The distribution of galanin and the four galanin system transcripts in the normal human brain was determined, and selective and parallel changes in levels of transcripts and DNA methylation for galanin and its three receptors were assessed in depressed patients who committed suicide: upregulation of transcripts, e.g., for galanin and GalR3 in LC, paralleled by a decrease in DNA methylation, suggesting involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that, when exposed to severe stress, the noradrenergic LC neurons fire in bursts and release galanin from their soma/dendrites. Galanin then acts on somato-dendritic, inhibitory galanin autoreceptors, opening potassium channels and inhibiting firing. The purpose of these autoreceptors is to act as a 'brake' to prevent overexcitation, a brake that is also part of resilience to stress that protects against depression. Depression then arises when the inhibition is too strong and long lasting - a maladaption, allostatic load, leading to depletion of NA levels in the forebrain. It is suggested that disinhibition by a galanin antagonist may have antidepressant activity by restoring forebrain NA levels. A role of galanin in depression is also supported by a recent candidate gene study, showing that variants in genes for galanin and its three receptors confer increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. In summary, galanin, a neuropeptide coexisting in LC neurons, may participate in the mechanism underlying resilience against a serious and common disorder, MDD. Existing and further results may lead to an increased understanding of how this illness develops, which in turn could provide a basis for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Eugenia Kuteeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joelle Rüegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Swetox, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Erwan Le Maitre
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Pronexus Analytical AB, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP 2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gu L, Lingeman R, Yakushijin F, Sun E, Cui Q, Chao J, Hu W, Li H, Hickey RJ, Stark JM, Yuan YC, Chen Y, Vonderfecht SL, Synold TW, Shi Y, Reckamp KL, Horne D, Malkas LH. The Anticancer Activity of a First-in-class Small-molecule Targeting PCNA. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6053-6065. [PMID: 29967249 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an essential role in regulating DNA synthesis and repair and is indispensable to cancer cell growth and survival. We previously reported a novel cancer associated PCNA isoform (dubbed caPCNA), which was ubiquitously expressed in a broad range of cancer cells and tumor tissues, but not significantly in nonmalignant cells. We found the L126-Y133 region of caPCNA is structurally altered and more accessible to protein-protein interaction. A cell-permeable peptide harboring the L126-Y133 sequence blocked PCNA interaction in cancer cells and selectively kills cancer cells and xenograft tumors. On the basis of these findings, we sought small molecules targeting this peptide region as potential broad-spectrum anticancer agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By computer modeling and medicinal chemistry targeting a surface pocket partly delineated by the L126-Y133 region of PCNA, we identified a potent PCNA inhibitor (AOH1160) and characterized its therapeutic properties and potential toxicity. RESULTS AOH1160 selectively kills many types of cancer cells at below micromolar concentrations without causing significant toxicity to a broad range of nonmalignant cells. Mechanistically, AOH1160 interferes with DNA replication, blocks homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair, and causes cell-cycle arrest. It induces apoptosis in cancer cells and sensitizes them to cisplatin treatment. AOH1160 is orally available to animals and suppresses tumor growth in a dosage form compatible to clinical applications. Importantly, it does not cause significant toxicity at 2.5 times of an effective dose. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the favorable therapeutic properties and the potential of AOH1160 as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California.
| | - Robert Lingeman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Fumiko Yakushijin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Emily Sun
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jianfei Chao
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Translational Biomarker Discovery Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jeremy M Stark
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Steven L Vonderfecht
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Timothy W Synold
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
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5
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Liu P, Guo J, Wei W, Liu X, Sun P. Iodine-Catalyzed Oxidation ofN-Substituted Indoles by using Chloramine-B: A Facile and Practical Approach to Isatins. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen Z, Wang Q. Synthesis of o-Aminophenols via a Formal Insertion Reaction of Arynes into Hydroxyindolinones. Org Lett 2015; 17:6130-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Freimann K, Kurrikoff K, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors as a potential target for neurological disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26220265 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galanin is a 29/30 amino acid long neuropeptide that is widely expressed in the brains of many mammals. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-coupled receptors, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3. The widespread distribution of galanin and its receptors in the CNS and the various physiological and pharmacological effects of galanin make the galanin receptors attractive drug targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the role of galanin and its receptors in the CNS, the involvement of the galaninergic system in various neurological diseases and the development of new galanin receptor-specific ligands. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances and novel approaches in migrating the directions of subtype-selective ligand development and chemical modifications of the peptide backbone highlight the importance of the galanin neurochemical system as a potential target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Freimann
- a 1 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia +372 737 4871 ;
| | - Kaido Kurrikoff
- b 2 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- c 3 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia.,d 4 Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Department of Neurochemistry , Stockholm, Sweden
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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Scheller KJ, Williams SJ, Lawrence AJ, Jarrott B, Djouma E. An improved method to prepare an injectable microemulsion of the galanin-receptor 3 selective antagonist, SNAP 37889, using Kolliphor(®) HS 15. MethodsX 2014; 1:212-6. [PMID: 26150955 PMCID: PMC4472996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the galanin-3 (GAL3) receptor has many challenges, including the lack of commercially available selective ligands. While the identification of non-peptidergic GAL3 receptor-selective antagonists, 1-phenyl-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]iminoindol-2-one (SNAP 37889) and 1-[3-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]iminoindol-2-one (SNAP 398299) have implicated a role for GAL3 receptors in anxiety, depression and drug-seeking behaviour, a major limitation of their use is poor aqueous solubility. Previously we have used 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with 1% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in saline to dissolve SNAP 37889 for intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of rats; however this produced a micro-suspension that was not ideal. The injectable formulation of SNAP 37889 was improved as follows:•30% (w/v) Kolliphor(®) HS 15 (Solutol HS(®) 15) and sodium phosphate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.4) were used as vehicles.•A smooth glass mortar and pestle was used to triturate the Kolliphor(®) HS 15 and SNAP 37889 into a paste before addition to the sodium phosphate buffer at room temperature (RT).•The resulting mixture was vortexed until the paste was fully dissolved and the microemulsion was allowed to sit for 20 min to allow air bubbles to coalesce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene J. Scheller
- Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elvan Djouma
- Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 9479 5005.
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Ash BL, Quach T, Williams SJ, Lawrence AJ, Djouma E. Galanin-3 Receptor Antagonism by SNAP 37889 Reduces Motivation to Self-administer Alcohol and Attenuates Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol-Seeking in iP Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:211-6. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13221fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Chen H, Hu X, Zhou W, Deng GJ. Selenium-Promoted Intramolecular Oxidative Amidation of 2-(Arylamino)acetophenones for the Synthesis ofN-Arylisatins. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Kothandan G, Gadhe CG, Cho SJ. Theoretical Characterization of Galanin Receptor Type 3 (Gal3) and Its Interaction with Agonist (GALANIN) and Antagonists (SNAP 37889 and SNAP 398299): AnIn SilicoAnalysis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:757-74. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gugan Kothandan
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development; College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju; 501-759; Korea
| | - Changdev G. Gadhe
- Department of Bio-New Drug Development; College of Medicine; Chosun University; Gwangju; 501-759; Korea
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Sun J, Liu B, Xu B. Copper-catalyzed tandem oxidative cyclization of arylacetamides: efficient access to N-functionalized isatins. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Jurkowski W, Yazdi S, Elofsson A. Ligand binding properties of human galanin receptors. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 30:206-16. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.750384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Panda SS, Jain SC. “On water” synthesis of spiro-indoles via Schiff bases. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Webling KEB, Runesson J, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors and ligands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:146. [PMID: 23233848 PMCID: PMC3516677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago. Today, the galanin family consists of galanin, galanin-like peptide (GALP), galanin-message associated peptide (GMAP), and alarin and this family has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological functions. The effect is mediated through three GPCR subtypes, GalR1-3. The limited number of specific ligands to the galanin receptor subtypes has hindered the understanding of the individual effects of each receptor subtype. This review aims to summarize the current data of the importance of the galanin receptor subtypes and receptor subtype specific agonists and antagonists and their involvement in different biological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. B. Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kristin E. B. Webling, Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 21A, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
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Akhaja TN, Raval JP. 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones derivatives: Design, Synthesis, in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular study. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5573-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rogness DC, Larock RC. Synthesis of N-Arylisatins by the Reaction of Arynes with Methyl 2-Oxo-2-(arylamino)acetates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4980-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200651b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald C. Rogness
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Richard C. Larock
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Determining receptor–ligand interaction of human galanin receptor type 3. Neurochem Int 2010; 57:804-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Faure P, Dubus E, Ijjaali I, Morlière C, Barberan O, Petitet F. Knowledge-based analysis of multi-potent G-protein coupled receptors ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5708-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ash BL, Zanatta SD, Williams SJ, Lawrence AJ, Djouma E. The galanin-3 receptor antagonist, SNAP 37889, reduces operant responding for ethanol in alcohol-preferring rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 166:59-67. [PMID: 20736033 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The galanin-3 receptor (GALR3) subtype has been identified as having a role in both feeding behaviour and the regulation of emotional states including anxiety. Despite the evidence for an association between galanin and alcohol, the current study is the first to explore the direct role of GALR3 in this context. The present study investigated the potential of the novel selective GALR3 antagonist, SNAP 37889, to reduce anxiety-like behaviour and voluntary ethanol consumption in the iP (alcohol-preferring) rat. This was achieved through a number of behavioural paradigms testing for anxiety, along with the operant self-administration model. RESULTS Overall, male iP rats treated with SNAP 37889 at a dose of 30 mg/kg (i.p.) did not show altered locomotor activity or changes in anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze or light-dark paradigms. Treatment with SNAP 37889 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced operant responding for solutions containing ethanol, sucrose and saccharin. Collectively, results from the current study showed that SNAP 37889 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) is effective in reducing operant responding for ethanol, independent of a sedative effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that GALR3 antagonism reduces alcohol consumption and further suggest that GALR3 may be implicated in the rewarding effects of natural and drug reinforcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L Ash
- School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Mitsukawa K, Lu X, Bartfai T. Galanin, galanin receptors, and drug targets. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2010; 102:7-23. [PMID: 21299058 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0228-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin, a neuropeptide widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the endocrine system, has been shown to regulate numerous physiological and pathological processes through interactions with three G-protein-coupled receptors, GalR1 through GalR3. Over the past decade, some of the receptor subtype-specific effects have been elucidated through pharmacological studies using subtype selective ligands, as well as through molecular approaches involving knockout animals. In this chapter, we summarize the current data which constitute the basis of targeting GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3 for the treatment of various human diseases and pathological conditions, including seizure, Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders, anxiety, alcohol intake in addiction, metabolic diseases, pain and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mitsukawa
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sonawane AE, Pawar YA, Nagle PS, Mahulikar PP, More DH. Synthesis of 1,4-Benzothiazine Compounds Containing Isatin Hydrazone Moiety as Antimicrobial Agent. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Evidence that the modulatory effect of galanin on inflammatory edema formation is mediated by the galanin receptor 3 in the murine microvasculature. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 37:177-81. [PMID: 18679831 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides released from cutaneous nerves are attracting interest as modulators of inflammation in the skin. Recently, we showed that the neuropeptides galanin and galanin-like peptide potently inhibit inflammatory edema by reduction of microvascular blood flow. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of murine skin revealed the expression of galanin receptors 2 and 3. The aim of the present study was to elucidate which galanin receptor subtype mediates the galanin-evoked inhibition of inflammatory edema formation in the skin. In this study, we report that AR-M1896, a non-GalR1 agonist, inhibited plasma extravasation induced by substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in a manner similar to galanin, confirming a non-GalR1-mediated effect. SNAP 37889, a nonpeptidergic selective antagonist of galanin receptor 3 (GalR3), dose-dependently abolished the antiedema effect of galanin. Thus, we were able to show that SNAP 37889 selectively antagonized galanin in the periphery and suggest that GalR3 is the receptor subtype mediating galanin's effects on the dermal microvasculature.
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