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Stiedl O, Kuteeva E, Hökfelt T, Ögren SO. Injection of galanin into the dorsal hippocampus impairs emotional memory independent of 5-HT 1A receptor activation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113178. [PMID: 33607166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that interaction between the neuropeptide galanin and the 5-HT1A receptor represents an integrative mechanism in the regulation of serotonergic neurotransmission. Thus, in rats intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) galanin did not impair retention in the passive avoidance (PA) test 24 h after training, but attenuated the retention deficit caused by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT. This impairment has been linked to postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor activation. To confirm these results in mice, galanin was infused i.c.v. (1 nmol/mouse) in C57BL/6/Bkl mice 30 min prior to training followed by s.c. injection (0.3 mg/kg) of 8-OH-DPAT or saline 15 min before PA training. In line with previous results, i.c.v. galanin significantly attenuated the PA impairment caused by 5-HT1A receptor activation in mice. To study if the galanin 5-HT1A receptor interaction involved the dorsal hippocampus, galanin (1 nmol/mouse) was directly infused into this brain region alone or in combination with s.c. 8-OH-DPAT. However, unlike i.c.v. galanin, galanin infusion into the dorsal hippocampus alone impaired PA retention and failed to attenuate the 8-OH-DPAT-mediated PA impairment. These results indicate that the ability of i.c.v. galanin to modify 5-HT1A receptor activation is not directly mediated via receptor interactions in the dorsal hippocampus. Instead, the galanin-mediated PA impairment suggests an important inhibitory role of galanin receptors in the dorsal hippocampus for acquisition (encoding) and/or consolidation of emotional memory. In addition, the interaction between galanin and 5-HT1A receptors probably involves a wide serotonergic network that is important for the integration of emotional and cognitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stiedl
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Health, Safety & Environment, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eugenia Kuteeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Atlas Antibodies, Bromma, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Adem A, Madjid N, Stiedl O, Bonito-Oliva A, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Holst S, Fisone G, Ögren SO. Atypical but not typical antipsychotic drugs ameliorate phencyclidine-induced emotional memory impairments in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:616-628. [PMID: 30910381 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with cognitive impairments related to hypofunction in glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) transmission. Phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, models schizophrenia-like behavioral symptoms including cognitive deficits in rodents. This study examined the effects of PCP on emotional memory function examined in the passive avoidance (PA) task in mice and the ability of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) to rectify the PCP-mediated impairment. Pre-training administration of PCP (0.5, 1, 2 or 3 mg/kg) dose-dependently interfered with memory consolidation in the PA task. In contrast, PCP was ineffective when administered after training, and immediately before the retention test indicating that NMDAR blockade interferes with memory encoding mechanisms. The typical APD haloperidol and the dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist raclopride failed to block the PCP-induced PA impairment suggesting a negligible role of D2 receptors in the PCP impairment. In contrast, the memory impairment was blocked by the atypical APDs clozapine and olanzapine in a dose-dependent manner while risperidone was effective only at the highest dose tested (1 mg/kg). The PCP-induced impairment involves 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms since the antagonist NAD-299 blocked the memory impairment caused by PCP and the ability of clozapine to attenuate the impairment by PCP. These results indicate that atypical but not typical APDs can ameliorate NMDAR-mediated memory impairments and support the view that atypical APDs such as clozapine can modulate glutamatergic memory dysfunctions through 5-HT1A receptor mechanisms. These findings suggest that atypical APDs may improve cognitive impairments related to glutamatergic dysfunction relevant for emotional memories in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nather Madjid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Stiedl
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Åsa Konradsson-Geuken
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Holst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hökfelt T, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Kuteeva E, Rüegg J, Le Maitre E, Risling M, Kehr J, Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E, Palkovits M, Deakin W, Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Prud’homme HJ, Mechawar N, Diaz-Heijtz R, Ögren SO. Neuropeptide and Small Transmitter Coexistence: Fundamental Studies and Relevance to Mental Illness. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 30627087 PMCID: PMC6309708 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as transmitters and trophic factors, and play a role particularly when the nervous system is challenged, as by injury, pain or stress. Here neuropeptides and coexistence in mammals are reviewed, but with special focus on the 29/30 amino acid galanin and its three receptors GalR1, -R2 and -R3. In particular, galanin's role as a co-transmitter in both rodent and human noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is addressed. Extensive experimental animal data strongly suggest a role for the galanin system in depression-like behavior. The translational potential of these results was tested by studying the galanin system in postmortem human brains, first in normal brains, and then in a comparison of five regions of brains obtained from depressed people who committed suicide, and from matched controls. The distribution of galanin and the four galanin system transcripts in the normal human brain was determined, and selective and parallel changes in levels of transcripts and DNA methylation for galanin and its three receptors were assessed in depressed patients who committed suicide: upregulation of transcripts, e.g., for galanin and GalR3 in LC, paralleled by a decrease in DNA methylation, suggesting involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that, when exposed to severe stress, the noradrenergic LC neurons fire in bursts and release galanin from their soma/dendrites. Galanin then acts on somato-dendritic, inhibitory galanin autoreceptors, opening potassium channels and inhibiting firing. The purpose of these autoreceptors is to act as a 'brake' to prevent overexcitation, a brake that is also part of resilience to stress that protects against depression. Depression then arises when the inhibition is too strong and long lasting - a maladaption, allostatic load, leading to depletion of NA levels in the forebrain. It is suggested that disinhibition by a galanin antagonist may have antidepressant activity by restoring forebrain NA levels. A role of galanin in depression is also supported by a recent candidate gene study, showing that variants in genes for galanin and its three receptors confer increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. In summary, galanin, a neuropeptide coexisting in LC neurons, may participate in the mechanism underlying resilience against a serious and common disorder, MDD. Existing and further results may lead to an increased understanding of how this illness develops, which in turn could provide a basis for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Eugenia Kuteeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joelle Rüegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Swetox, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Erwan Le Maitre
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Pronexus Analytical AB, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP 2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Adem A, Madjid N, Kahl U, Holst S, Sadek B, Sandin J, Terenius L, Ögren SO. Nociceptin and the NOP receptor in aversive learning in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1298-1307. [PMID: 29102248 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous neuropeptide nociceptin (N/OFQ), which mediates its actions via the nociceptin receptor (NOP), is implicated in multiple behavioural and physiological functions. This study examined the effects of the NOP agonists N/OFQ and the synthetic agonist Ro 64-6198, the antagonists NNN and NalBzoH, as well as deletion of the Pronociceptin gene on emotional memory in mice. The animals were tested in the passive avoidance (PA) task, dependent on hippocampal and amygdala functions. N/OFQ injected intraventricularly (i.c.v.) prior to training produced a biphasic effect on PA retention; facilitation at a low dose and impairment at higher doses. Ro 64-6198 also displayed a biphasic effect with memory facilitation at lower doses and impairment at a high dose. None of the agonists influenced PA training latencies. NNN did not significantly modulate retention in the PA task but antagonized the inhibitory effects of N/OFQ. NalBzoH facilitated memory retention in a dose-dependent manner and blocked the impairing effects of N/OFQ. However, neither NNN nor NalBzoH blocked the memory-impairing effects of Ro 64-6198. Finally, the Pnoc knockout mice exhibited enhanced PA retention latencies compared to the wild type mice. The biphasic effect of the natural ligand and Ro 64-6198 and the failure of the antagonists to block the action of Ro 64-6198 indicate complexity in ligand-receptor interaction. These results indicate that brain nociceptin and its NOP has a subtle role in regulation of mechanisms of relevance for treatment of disorders with processing disturbances of aversive events e.g. Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, depression and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Adem
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nather Madjid
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences UAE University, Al Ain, UAE; Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Kahl
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Sarah Holst
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sandin
- AlzeCure Foundation, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Hälsovägen 7, S-141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:01, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences UAE University, Al Ain, UAE.
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Sahlholm K, Zeberg H, Nilsson J, Ögren SO, Fuxe K, Århem P. The fast-off hypothesis revisited: A functional kinetic study of antipsychotic antagonism of the dopamine D2 receptor. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:467-76. [PMID: 26811292 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Newer, "atypical" antipsychotics carry a lower risk of motor side-effects than older, "typical" compounds. It has been proposed that a ~100-fold faster dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) distinguishes atypical from typical antipsychotics. Furthermore, differing antipsychotic D2R affinities have been suggested to reflect differences in dissociation rate constants (koff), while association rate constants (kon) were assumed to be similar. However, it was recently demonstrated that lipophilic accumulation of ligand in the cell interior and/or membrane can cause underestimation of koff, and as high-affinity D2R antagonists are frequently lipophilic, this may have been a confounding factor in previous studies. In the present work, a functional electrophysiology assay was used to measure the recovery of dopamine-mediated D2R responsivity from antipsychotic antagonism, using elevated concentrations of dopamine to prevent the potential bias of re-binding of lipophilic ligands. The variability of antipsychotic kon was also reexamined, capitalizing on the temporal resolution of the assay. kon was estimated from the experimental recordings using a simple mathematical model assumed to describe the binding process. The time course of recovery from haloperidol (typical antipsychotic) was only 6.4- to 2.5-fold slower than that of the atypical antipsychotics, amisulpride, clozapine, and quetiapine, while antipsychotic kons were found to vary more widely than previously suggested. Finally, affinities calculated using our kon and koff estimates correlated well with functional potency and with affinities reported from radioligand binding studies. In light of these findings, it appears unlikely that typical and atypical antipsychotics are primarily distinguished by their D2R binding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hugo Zeberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Århem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bonito-Oliva A, DuPont C, Madjid N, Ögren SO, Fisone G. Involvement of the Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons of the Direct Pathway in the Motor Stimulant Effects of Phencyclidine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv134. [PMID: 26657176 PMCID: PMC4926795 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychotomimetic phencyclidine (PCP) produces behavioral symptoms similar to those observed in schizophrenia, accompanied by increased motor activity. The dopamine and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa (DARPP-32) is enriched in the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum and has been implicated in the actions of PCP. We examined the effects of deletion of DARPP-32 in distinct populations of striatal MSNs, on the ability of PCP to induce motor activation and memory deficit. METHODS The effects of PCP were examined in mice with conditional knockout of DARPP-32 in the MSNs of the direct, or indirect pathway. DARPP-32 phosphorylation was determined by Western blotting. The motor stimulant effects of PCP were determined by measuring locomotion following acute and chronic administration. Memory deficit was evaluated using the passive avoidance test. RESULTS Loss of DARPP-32 in direct MSNs prevents PCP-induced phosphorylation and abolishes the motor stimulation effects of PCP. In contrast, lack of DARPP-32 in indirect MSNs does not affect the ability of PCP to promote DARPP-32 phosphorylation and to increase motor activity. The impairment in passive avoidance induced by PCP is independent of the expression of DARPP-32 in direct or indirect MSNs. CONCLUSIONS The increase in DARPP-32 phosphorylation induced by PCP occurs selectively in the MSNs of the direct pathway, which are also specifically involved in the motor stimulant effects of this drug. The memory deficit induced by PCP is not linked to the expression of DARPP-32 in striatal MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gilberto Fisone
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (Drs Bonito-Olivia, Madjid, Ögren, and Fisone, and Ms DuPont).
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Stiedl O, Pappa E, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Ögren SO. The role of the serotonin receptor subtypes 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 and its interaction in emotional learning and memory. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:162. [PMID: 26300776 PMCID: PMC4528280 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is a multifunctional neurotransmitter innervating cortical and limbic areas involved in cognition and emotional regulation. Dysregulation of serotonergic transmission is associated with emotional and cognitive deficits in psychiatric patients and animal models. Drugs targeting the 5-HT system are widely used to treat mood disorders and anxiety-like behaviors. Among the fourteen 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) subtypes, the 5-HT1AR and 5-HT7R are associated with the development of anxiety, depression and cognitive function linked to mechanisms of emotional learning and memory. In rodents fear conditioning and passive avoidance (PA) are associative learning paradigms to study emotional memory. This review assesses the role of 5-HT1AR and 5-HT7R as well as their interplay at the molecular, neurochemical and behavioral level. Activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1ARs impairs emotional memory through attenuation of neuronal activity, whereas presynaptic 5-HT1AR activation reduces 5-HT release and exerts pro-cognitive effects on PA retention. Antagonism of the 5-HT1AR facilitates memory retention possibly via 5-HT7R activation and evidence is provided that 5HT7R can facilitate emotional memory upon reduced 5-HT1AR transmission. These findings highlight the differential role of these 5-HTRs in cognitive/emotional domains of behavior. Moreover, the results indicate that tonic and phasic 5-HT release can exert different and potentially opposing effects on emotional memory, depending on the states of 5-HT1ARs and 5-HT7Rs and their interaction. Consequently, individual differences due to genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role for the responsiveness to drug treatment, e.g., by SSRIs which increase intrasynaptic 5-HT levels thereby activating multiple pre- and postsynaptic 5-HTR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stiedl
- Department of Functional Genomics, Behavioral Neuroscience Group, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam - VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Behavioral Neuroscience Group, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam -VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elpiniki Pappa
- Department of Functional Genomics, Behavioral Neuroscience Group, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam - VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Behavioral Neuroscience Group, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam -VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ögren SO, Ögren SO. 60 years of advances in neuropsychopharmacology for improving brain health, renewed hope for progress. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:591-8. [PMID: 25799919 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy is effective in helping many patients suffering from psychiatric and neurological disorders, and both psychotherapeutic and stimulation-based techniques likewise have important roles to play in their treatment. However, therapeutic progress has recently been slow. Future success for improving the control and prevention of brain disorders will depend upon deeper insights into their causes and pathophysiological substrates. It will also necessitate new and more rigorous methods for identifying, validating, developing and clinically deploying new treatments. A field of Research and Development (R and D) that remains critical to this endeavour is Neuropsychopharmacology which transformed the lives of patients by introducing pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorder some 60 years ago. For about half of this time, the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) has fostered efforts to enhance our understanding of the brain, and to improve the management of psychiatric disorders. Further, together with partners in academia and industry, and in discussions with regulators and patients, the ECNP is implicated in new initiatives to achieve this goal. This is then an opportune moment to survey the field, to analyse what we have learned from the achievements and failures of the past, and to identify major challenges for the future. It is also important to highlight strategies that are being put in place in the quest for more effective treatment of brain disorders: from experimental research and drug discovery to clinical development and collaborative ventures for reinforcing "R and D". The present article sets the scene, then introduces and interlinks the eight articles that comprise this Special Volume of European Neuropsychopharmacology. A broad-based suite of themes is covered embracing: the past, present and future of "R and D" for psychiatric disorders; complementary contributions of genetics and epigenetics; efforts to improve the treatment of depression, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders; and advances in the analysis and neuroimaging of cellular and cerebral circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Millan MJ, Goodwin GM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ove Ögren S. Learning from the past and looking to the future: Emerging perspectives for improving the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:599-656. [PMID: 25836356 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern neuropsychopharmacology commenced in the 1950s with the serendipitous discovery of first-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants which were therapeutically effective yet had marked adverse effects. Today, a broader palette of safer and better-tolerated agents is available for helping people that suffer from schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders, while complementary approaches like psychotherapy also have important roles to play in their treatment, both alone and in association with medication. Nonetheless, despite considerable efforts, current management is still only partially effective, and highly-prevalent psychiatric disorders of the brain continue to represent a huge personal and socio-economic burden. The lack of success in discovering more effective pharmacotherapy has contributed, together with many other factors, to a relative disengagement by pharmaceutical firms from neuropsychiatry. Nonetheless, interest remains high, and partnerships are proliferating with academic centres which are increasingly integrating drug discovery and translational research into their traditional activities. This is, then, a time of transition and an opportune moment to thoroughly survey the field. Accordingly, the present paper, first, chronicles the discovery and development of psychotropic agents, focusing in particular on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic utility, and how problems faced were eventually overcome. Second, it discusses the lessons learned from past successes and failures, and how they are being applied to promote future progress. Third, it comprehensively surveys emerging strategies that are (1), improving our understanding of the diagnosis and classification of psychiatric disorders; (2), deepening knowledge of their underlying risk factors and pathophysiological substrates; (3), refining cellular and animal models for discovery and validation of novel therapeutic agents; (4), improving the design and outcome of clinical trials; (5), moving towards reliable biomarkers of patient subpopulations and medication efficacy and (6), promoting collaborative approaches to innovation by uniting key partners from the regulators, industry and academia to patients. Notwithstanding the challenges ahead, the many changes and ideas articulated herein provide new hope and something of a framework for progress towards the improved prevention and relief of psychiatric and other CNS disorders, an urgent mission for our Century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Innovation in Neurosciences, IDR Servier, 125 chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy sur Seine, France.
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, England, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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Åberg E, Holst S, Neagu A, Ögren SO, Lavebratt C. Prenatal exposure to carbamazepine reduces hippocampal and cortical neuronal cell population in new-born and young mice without detectable effects on learning and memory. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80497. [PMID: 24244693 PMCID: PMC3828387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women with epilepsy have to balance maternal and fetal risks associated with uncontrolled seizures against the potential teratogenic effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Carbamazepine (CBZ) is among the four most commonly used AEDs for treatment of pregnant epileptic women. We previously reported that new-born children had a decreased head circumference after in utero CBZ exposure. This study investigates how prenatal exposure of CBZ influences the number of neurons in new-born and young mouse hippocampus, amygdala and cortex cerebri. Clinical studies describe inconclusive results on if prenatal CBZ treatment influences cognition. Here we investigate this issue in mice using two well characterized cognitive tasks, the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. Prenatal exposure of CBZ reduced the number of neurons (NeuN-immunoreactive cells) in the new-born mouse hippocampus with 50% compared to non-exposed mice. A reduction of neurons (20%) in hippocampus was still observed when the animals were 5 weeks old. These mice also displayed a 25% reduction of neurons in cortex cerebri. Prenatal CBZ treatment did not significantly impair learning and memory measured in the passive avoidance test and in the Morris water maze. However, these mice displayed a higher degree of thigmotaxic behaviour than the control mice. The body weight of prenatally CBZ exposed five-week old mice were lower compared to control mice not exposed to CBZ (p = 0.001). In conclusion, prenatal exposure to CBZ reduces the number of neurons dramatically in areas important for cognition such as hippocampus and cortex, without severe impairments on learning and memory. These results are in line with some clinical studies, reporting that CBZ has minor negative effects on cognition. The challenge for future studies are to segment out what possible effects a reduction of neurons could have on different types of cognition, like intellectual ability and social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Åberg
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Holst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandru Neagu
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Misane I, Kruis A, Pieneman AW, Ögren SO, Stiedl O. GABAA receptor activation in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus impairs consolidation of conditioned contextual fear in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 238:160-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Sahlholm K, Frisk S, Nilsson J, Marcellino D, Fuxe K, Ove Ögren S, Århem P. Novel Aspects of the Reversibility of the Antagonism at the Dopamine D2 Receptor by Antipsychotics. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Eriksson TM, Holst S, Stan TL, Hager T, Sjögren B, Ögren SO, Svenningsson P, Stiedl O. 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor crosstalk in the regulation of emotional memory: Implications for effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Eriksson TM, Delagrange P, Spedding M, Popoli M, Mathé AA, Ögren SO, Svenningsson P. Emotional memory impairments in a genetic rat model of depression: involvement of 5-HT/MEK/Arc signaling in restoration. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:173-84. [PMID: 21242991 PMCID: PMC3265836 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions are common in major depressive disorder, but have been difficult to recapitulate in animal models. This study shows that Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic rat model of depression, display a pronounced impairment of emotional memory function in the passive avoidance (PA) task, accompanied by reduced transcription of Arc in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. At the cellular level, FSL rats have selective reductions in levels of NMDA receptor subunits, serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors and MEK activity. Treatment with chronic escitalopram, but not with an antidepressant regimen of nortriptyline, restored memory performance and increased Arc transcription in FSL rats. Multiple pharmacological manipulations demonstrated that procognitive effects could also be achieved by either disinhibition of 5-HT(1A)R/MEK/Arc or stimulation of 5-HT₄R/MEK/Arc signaling cascades. Taken together, studies of FSL rats in the PA task revealed reversible deficits in emotional memory processing, providing a potential model with predictive and construct validity for assessments of procognitive actions of antidepressant drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Eriksson
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Delagrange
- Inst De Recherches Servier, Experimental Sciences, Suresnes, France
| | - M Spedding
- Inst De Recherches Servier, Experimental Sciences, Suresnes, France
| | - M Popoli
- Center of Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A A Mathé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S O Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Svenningsson
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Nanna Svartz väg 2, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden. E-mail:
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15
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D'Addario C, Johansson S, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Ögren SO, Terenius L, Ekström TJ. Ethanol and acetaldehyde exposure induces specific epigenetic modifications in the prodynorphin gene promoter in a human neuroblastoma cell line. FASEB J 2010; 25:1069-75. [PMID: 21106935 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-168534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol alters neural activity through interaction with multiple neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. The endogenous opioid system seems to play a key role, since the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (ReVia®) attenuates craving for alcohol. We recently reported that ethanol and acetaldehyde, the first product of ethanol metabolism, affect transcription of opioid system genes in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In the current study, potential epigenetic mechanisms were investigated to clarify these effects on prodynorphin gene expression. DNA methylation was analyzed by bisulfite pyrosequencing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess putative specific histone modifications at the prodynorphin gene promoter. The results demonstrated a temporal relationship between selective chromatin modifications induced by ethanol and acetaldehyde and changes in prodynorphin gene expression quantitated by real-time qPCR. DNA methylation was not altered in any of the experimental conditions used. The epigenetic changes may precede gene transcription, and histone modifications might keep the prodynorphin gene in a poised state for later reactivation. A link has been observed between gene expression alterations and selective epigenetic modulation in the prodynorphin promoter region, demonstrating a specificity of the changes induced by ethanol and acetaldehyde. The latter may be mediating ethanol effects at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Addario
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Johansson JU, Ericsson J, Janson J, Beraki S, Stanić D, Mandic SA, Wikström MA, Hökfelt T, Ögren SO, Rozell B, Berggren PO, Bark C. An ancient duplication of exon 5 in the Snap25 gene is required for complex neuronal development/function. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000278. [PMID: 19043548 PMCID: PMC2581893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is an evolutionary innovation to create functionally diverse proteins from a limited number of genes. SNAP-25 plays a central role in neuroexocytosis by bridging synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis. The SNAP-25 polypeptide is encoded by a single copy gene, but in higher vertebrates a duplication of exon 5 has resulted in two mutually exclusive splice variants, SNAP-25a and SNAP-25b. To address a potential physiological difference between the two SNAP-25 proteins, we generated gene targeted SNAP-25b deficient mouse mutants by replacing the SNAP-25b specific exon with a second SNAP-25a equivalent. Elimination of SNAP-25b expression resulted in developmental defects, spontaneous seizures, and impaired short-term synaptic plasticity. In adult mutants, morphological changes in hippocampus and drastically altered neuropeptide expression were accompanied by severe impairment of spatial learning. We conclude that the ancient exon duplication in the Snap25 gene provides additional SNAP-25-function required for complex neuronal processes in higher eukaryotes. In evolution, duplication of genes or gene segments appears to be an efficient way to add diverse functions in more complex organisms. The SNAP-25 protein plays an important role in mediating the release of neurotransmitters and hormones. SNAP-25 exists as two variants: SNAP-25a, which is present in early development, and SNAP-25b, which is most abundant from early adulthood and onwards. We have developed mouse mutants that only express SNAP-25a, but retain normal SNAP-25 levels by replacing the SNAP-25b segment in the Snap25 gene with an additional SNAP-25a copy. We show that SNAP-25b is required for early postnatal development and that a balanced expression of the two proteins is a prerequisite for maintaining an operational neuronal network during adulthood. Mice that only have SNAP-25a develop seizures, and show learning deficits and anxiety. Synaptic plasticity is impaired, and structural changes are observed in areas that are connected to such behavioral functions. In man, SNAP-25 function has been linked to behavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD. Our present findings using genetic elimination of SNAP-25b suggest that even small alterations in the regulation of the Snap25 gene, resulting in a disturbed balance between SNAP-25a and SNAP-25b, lead to nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny U. Johansson
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Ericsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juliette Janson
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simret Beraki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davor Stanić
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Slavena A. Mandic
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Rozell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Bark
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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17
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Björklund O, Kahlström J, Salmi P, Ögren SO, Vahter M, Chen JF, Fredholm BB, Daré E. The effects of methylmercury on motor activity are sex- and age-dependent, and modulated by genetic deletion of adenosine receptors and caffeine administration. Toxicology 2007; 241:119-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Högberg T, Ström P, Hall H, Ögren SO. Potential antipsychotic agents. Part 8. Antidopaminergic properties of a potent series of 5-substituted (−)-(S)-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-2,3-dimethoxybcnzaimides. Synthesisviacommon lithio intermediates. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19900730221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Yoshitake T, Iizuka R, Yoshitake S, Weikop P, Müller WE, Ögren SO, Kehr J. Hypericum perforatum L (St John's wort) preferentially increases extracellular dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:414-8. [PMID: 15148244 PMCID: PMC1574978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Hypericum perforatum L on extracellular serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) levels and the acidic metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) were examined by in vivo microdialysis in the prefrontal cortex of awake rats. Thus, a single dose (60 mg kg(-1) i.p. or 300 mg kg(-1) p.o.) of H. perforatum increased DA concentrations to 165 and 140% of control values, respectively, and increased locomotor activity in nonhabituated rats. DOPAC and HVA levels were markedly reduced. 5-HT concentrations were elevated only moderately, while the NA levels were not affected by any treatment. The whole-tissue analysis revealed that hypericum increased, whereas the monoamine oxidase (MAO) A/B inhibitor phenelzine decreased DA and 5-HT turnover. The present data indicate that the mechanism of action of hypericum extract in vivo is more complex than the inhibition of monoamine reuptake or metabolism observed in vitro. The finding of preferential enhancement of DA transmission is in agreement with human studies measuring DA-mediated neuroendocrine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryuji Iizuka
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 3-822 Ishii Machi, Hita, Oita 877-0061, Japan
| | - Shimako Yoshitake
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Weikop
- NeuroSearch, 93 Pederstrupvej, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Author for correspondence:
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20
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Razani H, Dı́az-Cabiale Z, Misane I, Wang FH, Fuxe K, Ögren SO. Erratum to “Prolonged effects of intraventricular galanin on a 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor mediated function in the rat” [Neurosci. Lett. 299 (2001) 145–149]. Neurosci Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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de Paulis T, Hall H, Kumar Y, Rämsby S, Ögren SO, Högberg T. Potential antipsychotic agents. 6. Synthesis and antidopaminergic properties of substituted N-(1-benzyl-4-piperidinyl)salicylamides and related compounds. QSAR based design of more active members. Eur J Med Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(90)90145-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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