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Tantak M, Rayala R, Deng Z, Bunnell A, Wang T, Chaudhari P, Leng F, Nefzi A. Polyheterocyclic peptidomimetics: Parallel solid phase synthesis of oligo cyclic guanidines and their inhibition activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129439. [PMID: 37557925 PMCID: PMC10993493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyheterocycles are one of the most desired synthetic targets due to their numerous and valuable applications in various fields. We report the design and the parallel synthesis of novel linear oligocyclic guanidine peptidomimetics from predesigned reduced polyamides. A screening of these compounds identified active Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase inhibitors which do not inhibit human DNA topoisomerase IIα and topoisomerase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Tantak
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ramanjaneyulu Rayala
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Zifang Deng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ashley Bunnell
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Prakash Chaudhari
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Fenfei Leng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, FIU, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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2
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Teng P, Shao H, Huang B, Xie J, Cui S, Wang K, Cai J. Small Molecular Mimetics of Antimicrobial Peptides as a Promising Therapy To Combat Bacterial Resistance. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2211-2234. [PMID: 36739538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinically, antibiotics are widely used to treat infectious diseases; however, excessive drug abuse and overuse exacerbate the prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, making the development of novel antibiotics extremely difficult. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is one of the most promising candidates for overcoming bacterial resistance owing to its unique structure and mechanism of action. This study examines the development of small molecular mimetics of AMPs over the past two decades. These mimetics can selectively disrupt membranes, which are the characteristic antibacterial mechanism of AMPs. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of small AMP mimetics are discussed. The small molecular mimetics of AMPs are anticipated to garner interest and investment in discovering new antibiotics. This Perspective will assist in revitalizing the golden age of antibiotics in the current era of combating bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Teng
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Haodong Shao
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Junqiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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3
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Abdelgalil MM, Ammar YA, Elhag Ali GA, Ali AK, Ragab A. A novel of quinoxaline derivatives tagged with pyrrolidinyl scaffold as a new class of antimicrobial agents: Design, synthesis, antimicrobial activity, and molecular docking simulation. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Afza N, Fatma S, Ghous F, Shukla S, Rai S, Srivastava K, Bishnoi A. An Efficient Multicomponent Synthesis, Characterization, SAR, In-silico ADME prediction and Molecular docking Studies of 2-Amino-7-(substituted-phenyl)-3-cyano-4-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrano[2,3-b] pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid Derivatives and Their in-vitro Antimicrobial Activity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Si YX, Feng CC, Zhang SL. Three-Component Coupling of Anilines, Amines, and Difluorocarbene to Access Formamidines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13564-13572. [PMID: 36260868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot three-component reaction of two anilines (or one aniline and one alkylamine) and in situ-generated difluorocarbene is developed herein to enable efficient construction of formamidines. Crucial formimidoyl fluoride intermediate RN═CHF is proposed from the reaction of a primary aniline and difluorocarbene. Ensuing nucleophilic iminyl substitution of this intermediate with a second amine allows cross-condensation of the two amines to produce formamidines. When only one type of primary aniline is used as the substrate, the difluoromethylated homo-condensation products can also be produced under a 1:1 molar ratio of aniline/difluorocarbene. Intramolecular variant of this method allows concise synthesis of benzimidazoquinazolines and nitrogen-fused/spirocyclic compounds, showing the potential of this method in organic synthesis. More interesting reactions are anticipated by exploiting the reactivity of difluorocarbene and primary amines to isocyanides or the formimidoyl fluoride intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Si
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong-Cong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Bis-Cyclic Guanidine Heterocyclic Peptidomimetics as Opioid Ligands with Mixed μ-, κ- and δ-Opioid Receptor Interactions: A Potential Approach to Novel Analgesics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179623. [PMID: 36077029 PMCID: PMC9455983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and development of analgesics with mixed-opioid receptor interactions has been reported to decrease side effects, minimizing respiratory depression and reinforcing properties to generate safer analgesic therapeutics. We synthesized bis-cyclic guanidine heterocyclic peptidomimetics from reduced tripeptides. In vitro screening with radioligand competition binding assays demonstrated variable affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), delta-opioid receptor (DOR), and kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) across the series, with compound 1968-22 displaying good affinity for all three receptors. Central intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 1968-22 produced dose-dependent, opioid receptor-mediated antinociception in the mouse 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay, and 1968-22 also produced significant antinociception up to 80 min after oral administration (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Compound 1968-22 was detected in the brain 5 min after intravenous administration and was shown to be stable in the blood for at least 30 min. Central administration of 1968-22 did not produce significant respiratory depression, locomotor effects or conditioned place preference or aversion. The data suggest these bis-cyclic guanidine heterocyclic peptidomimetics with multifunctional opioid receptor activity may hold potential as new analgesics with fewer liabilities of use.
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New Guanidinium and Aminoguanidinim Salts of 2-Hydroxypyridine-3-carboxylic acid: Preparation and Spectral, Structural, Thermal, ADMET, Biological, and Molecular Docking Studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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1,5-Disubstituted Acylated 2-Amino-4,5-dihydroimidazoles as a New Class of Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor (ROR) Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084433. [PMID: 35457251 PMCID: PMC9029089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests a pathogenic role for pro-inflammatory T helper 17 cells (Th17) in several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type I diabetes, and psoriasis-diseases for which no curative treatment is currently available. The nuclear retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors alpha and gamma (RORα/γ), in particular the truncated isoform RORγt that is specifically expressed in the thymus, play a critical role in the activation of a pro-inflammatory Th17 response, and RORγ inverse agonists have shown promise as negative regulators of Th17 for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Our study underscores the screening of a large combinatorial library of 1,5-disubstituted acylated 2-amino-4,5-dihydroimidazoles using a demonstrated synthetic and screening approach and the utility of the positional scanning libraries strategy for the rapid identification of a novel class of ROR inhibitors. We identified compound 1295-273 with the highest activity against RORγ (3.3 µM IC50) in this series, and almost a two-fold selectivity towards this receptor isoform, with 5.3 and 5.8 µM IC50 against RORα and RORβ cells, respectively.
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Hanafy SM, Abd El-Shafea YM, Saleh WD, Fathy HM. Chemical profiling, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of pomegranate, orange and banana peel-extracts against pathogenic microorganisms. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:80. [PMID: 34056675 PMCID: PMC8165049 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The use of natural preservatives became of great interest; good examples of these natural preservation agents are plant peels. The use of plant peels has dual benefits; first is their antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens, while the second is minimizing agro-industrial wastes. Results The evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of both methanolic and ethanolic extracts of three fruit peels (orange, pomegranate, and banana), against 4 Gram-positive (G+), 3 Gram-negative bacteria (G−), and 2 fungal strains revealed that both pomegranate peel extracts exhibited significantly higher inhibitory effect on all tested G+ bacteria. Methanolic extract of pomegranate peel gave higher activity than the ethanolic one against G+ and G− bacteria except for S. typhimurium. Against A. flavus and A. niger, both pomegranate and orange extracts showed activity ranging between 65 and 100% more than the positive control. The ethanolic extracts of all tested peels showed a considerable capacity of antioxidant compounds compared to the methanolic extracts. The highest antioxidant capacity was found for ethanolic and methanolic extracts of pomegranate, 66.870 and 56.262 mg/ml, respectively. Generally, the concentration of total phenolic compounds was higher than that of total flavonoids followed by tannins. The highest readings of all tested constituents were reported for pomegranate extracts followed by orange and then banana. The total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and tannins were proportional to antioxidant values. GC-MS of pomegranate peel extracts identified 23 compounds in the methanolic extract versus 31 compounds in the ethanolic one. These components were identified based on their retention times and mass spectral fragmentation pattern. 5-hydroxymethylfufural (HMF) represented the major component in both methanolic and ethanolic extracts with peak area percentage of 65.78% and 48.43%, respectively. Conclusions The results showed negative effect of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of pomegranate on G+ and G− bacteria and two fungal pathogenic strains. The phytochemical analysis regarded these results to the high content of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. GC-MS chromatogram identified many compounds known to be effective as antioxidants and antibacterial and antifungal agents. These indications show that pomegranate peel may be a superior natural food-preserver, but further studies about the suitable formulation, dosage, and possible side-effects are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safynaz Magdy Hanafy
- Regional Centre for Food and Feed (RCFF), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Hayam Mohamed Fathy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Doering SR, Freeman K, Debevec G, Geer P, Santos RG, Lavoi TM, Giulianotti MA, Pinilla C, Appel JR, Houghten RA, Ericson MD, Haskell-Luevano C. Discovery of Nanomolar Melanocortin-3 Receptor (MC3R)-Selective Small Molecule Pyrrolidine Bis-Cyclic Guanidine Agonist Compounds Via a High-Throughput "Unbiased" Screening Campaign. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5577-5592. [PMID: 33886285 PMCID: PMC8552302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The central melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors (MC3R, MC4R) are key regulators of body weight and energy homeostasis. Herein, the discovery and characterization of first-in-class small molecule melanocortin agonists with selectivity for the melanocortin-3 receptor over the melanocortin-4 receptor are reported. Identified via "unbiased" mixture-based high-throughput screening approaches, pharmacological evaluation of these pyrrolidine bis-cyclic guanidines resulted in nanomolar agonist activity at the melanocortin-3 receptor. The pharmacological profiles at the remaining melanocortin receptor subtypes tested indicated similar agonist potencies at both the melanocortin-1 and melanocortin-5 receptors and antagonist or micromolar agonist activities at the melanocortin-4 receptor. This group of small molecules represents a new area of chemical space for the melanocortin receptors with mixed receptor pharmacology profiles that may serve as novel lead compounds to modulate states of dysregulated energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye R Doering
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ginamarie Debevec
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Phaedra Geer
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314, United States
| | - Travis M Lavoi
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Marc A Giulianotti
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Jon R Appel
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Mark D Ericson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Sulfaguanidine Hybrid with Some New Pyridine-2-One Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria as Dual DNA Gyrase and DHFR Inhibitors. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020162. [PMID: 33562582 PMCID: PMC7915026 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a series of novel hybrid sulfaguanidine moieties, bearing 2-cyanoacrylamide 2a-d, pyridine-2-one 3-10, and 2-imino-2H-chromene-3-carboxamide 11, 12 derivatives, were synthesized, and their structure confirmed by spectral data and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity against eight pathogens. The most promising six derivatives, 2a, 2b, 2d, 3a, 8, and 11, revealed to be best in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth, thus showing bactericidal and fungicidal activity. These derivatives exhibited moderate to potent inhibition against DNA gyrase and DHFR enzymes, with three derivatives 2d, 3a, and 2a demonstrating inhibition of DNA gyrase, with IC50 values of 18.17-23.87 µM, and of DHFR, with IC50 values of 4.33-5.54 µM; their potency is near to that of the positive controls. Further, the six derivatives exhibited immunomodulatory potential and three derivatives, 2d, 8, and 11, were selected for further study and displayed an increase in spleen and thymus weight and enhanced the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Finally, molecular docking and some AMED studies were performed.
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12
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Rodriguez L, Fišera R, Gaálová B, Koči K, Bujdáková H, Mečiarová M, Górová R, Jurdáková H, Šebesta R. Synthesis of Chiral 3,4-Disubstituted Pyrrolidines with Antibacterial Properties. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Fišera
- SYNKOLA Ltd.; Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Barbora Gaálová
- Comenius University in Bratislava; 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Kamila Koči
- Comenius University in Bratislava; 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Renáta Górová
- Institute of Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Helena Jurdáková
- Institute of Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 84215 Bratislava Slovakia
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Kinetics, mechanism and density functional theory calculations on base hydrolysis of α-amino acid esters catalyzed by [Pd(AEMP)(H2O)2]2+ (AEMP = 2-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine). REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Sreekanth K, Jha A. Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel Pyrrolidine Derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036322001020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Santosh Kumar B, Madhu G, Ravindranath L. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and in silico studies of novel 3,4-disubstituted pyrrolidinesulfonamides. CHEMICAL BULLETIN OF KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.15328/cb1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-Disubstituted pyrrolidinesulfonamides were synthesized and screened for their antimicrobial activity. Title compounds were established as potent antibacterial and antifungal agents. Noteworthy antimicrobial activity was found for the title compounds against the tested microorganisms. They exhibit comparable results with standard drugs. Besides the in vitro antimicrobial activity, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in silico inhibitory activity on active site of β-glucosidase enzyme. In silico studies were done by GOLD docking method against β-glucosidase 3VKK (PDB Id). In silico studies were conducted to evaluate the ability of synthesized compounds to inhibit the β-glucosidase enzyme. The results revealed that 3,4-disubstitutedpyrrolidinesulfonamides are the potent β-glucosidase inhibitors by binding at the active site. A sensible inhibition against β-glucosidases was observed for the compound with 13,4-oxadizole ring has higher β-glucosidase inhibition activity than the other compounds. The free energy of binding and inhibition constant (Ki) of the docked compounds were evaluated and presented.
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Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3-substituted 1-(2-methyl-5-nitrophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-03916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Jette CI, Geibel I, Bachman S, Hayashi M, Sakurai S, Shimizu H, Morgan JB, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters by Enantioselective Arylation of γ-Lactams with Aryl Chlorides and Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4297-4301. [PMID: 30677201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first Pd-catalyzed enantioselective arylation of α-substituted γ-lactams. Two sets of conditions were developed for this transformation, allowing for the use of either aryl chlorides or bromides as electrophiles. Utilizing a highly electron-rich dialkylphosphine ligand we have been able to construct α-quaternary centers in good yields (up to 91 % yield) and high enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina I Jette
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Irina Geibel
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shoshana Bachman
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Masaki Hayashi
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shunya Sakurai
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hideki Shimizu
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jeremy B Morgan
- Dobo Hall, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Identification of Bis-Cyclic Guanidines as Antiplasmodial Compounds from Positional Scanning Mixture-Based Libraries. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061100. [PMID: 30897744 PMCID: PMC6471430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The screening of more than 30 million compounds derived from 81 small molecule libraries built on 81 distinct scaffolds identified pyrrolidine bis-cyclic guanidine library (TPI-1955) to be one of the most active and selective antiplasmodial libraries. The screening of the positional scanning library TPI-1955 arranged on four sets of sublibraries (26 + 26 + 26 + 40), totaling 120 samples for testing provided information about the most important groups of each variable position in the TPI-1955 library containing 738,192 unique compounds. The parallel synthesis of the individual compounds derived from the deconvolution of the positional scanning library led to the identification of active selective antiplasmodial pyrrolidine bis-cyclic guanidines.
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20
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Jette CI, Geibel I, Bachman S, Hayashi M, Sakurai S, Shimizu H, Morgan JB, Stoltz BM. Palladium‐Catalyzed Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters by Enantioselective Arylation of γ‐Lactams with Aryl Chlorides and Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina I. Jette
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Irina Geibel
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Shoshana Bachman
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Masaki Hayashi
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Shunya Sakurai
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Hideki Shimizu
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jeremy B. Morgan
- Dobo Hall Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina 601 S. College Rd. Wilmington NC 28403 USA
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- Warren And Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. MC 101-20 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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21
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Kathayat D, Helmy YA, Deblais L, Rajashekara G. Novel small molecules affecting cell membrane as potential therapeutics for avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15329. [PMID: 30333507 PMCID: PMC6193035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a most common bacterial pathogen of poultry, causes multiple extra-intestinal diseases in poultry which results in significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In addition, APEC are a subgroup of extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), and APEC contaminated poultry products are a potential source of foodborne ExPEC infections to humans and transfer of antimicrobial resistant genes. The emergence of multi-drug resistant APEC strains and the limited efficacy of vaccines necessitate novel APEC control approaches. Here, we screened a small molecule (SM) library and identified 11 SMs bactericidal to APEC. The identified SMs were effective against multiple APEC serotypes, biofilm embedded APEC, antimicrobials resistant APECs, and other pathogenic E. coli strains. Microscopy revealed that these SMs affect the APEC cell membrane. Exposure of SMs to APEC revealed no resistance. Most SMs showed low toxicity towards chicken and human cells and reduced the intracellular APEC load. Treatment with most SMs extended the wax moth larval survival and reduced the intra-larval APEC load. Our studies could facilitate the development of antimicrobial therapeutics for the effective management of APEC infections in poultry as well as other E. coli related foodborne zoonosis, including APEC related ExPEC infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Yosra A Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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22
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Synthesis and structure of new 2-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines containing phosphine oxide group. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Synthesis, spectroscopic and DFT studies of novel 4-(morpholinomethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Kaur G, Balamurugan P, Vasudevan S, Jadav S, Princy SA. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential of Acyclic Amines and Diamines against Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1767. [PMID: 28966610 PMCID: PMC5605668 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) remains a great challenge despite a decade of research on antimicrobial compounds against their infections. In the present study, various acyclic amines and diamines were chemically synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial as well as antibiofilm activity against MDRSA. Among all the synthesized compounds, an acyclic diamine, (2,2'-((butane-1,4-diylbis(azanediyl)bis(methylene))diphenol) designated as ADM 3, showed better antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration at 50 μg/mL) and antibiofilm activity (MBIC50 at 5 μg/mL). In addition, ADM 3 was capable of reducing the virulence factors expression (anti-virulence). Confocal laser scanning microscope analysis of the in vitro tested urinary catheters showed biofilm reduction as well as bacterial killing by ADM 3. On the whole, our data suggest that acyclic diamines, especially ADM 3 can be a potent lead for the further studies in alternative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. A. Princy
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
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25
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Nural Y. Synthesis and Determination of Acid Dissociation Constants in Dimethyl Sulfoxide–Water Hydroorganic Solvent of 5,5-Diphenylpyrrolidine N-Aroylthiourea Derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.332034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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26
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Blanco-Ania D, W. M. Aben R, van Berkom LWA, Scheeren HW, Rutjes FPJT. Synthesis of Steroidal D
-Ring-Fused Pyrrolidines of Dehydroepiandrosterone. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blanco-Ania
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - René W. M. Aben
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Leon W. A. van Berkom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Scheeren
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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27
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Li M, Chu R, Chen J, Wu X, Zhao Y, Liu S, Hu W. Enantioselective Formal [3 + 1 + 1] Cycloaddition Reaction by Ru(II)/Iminium Cocatalysis for Construction of Multisubstituted Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2017; 19:1290-1293. [PMID: 28248513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Rui Chu
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jianghui Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shunying Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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28
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MOHAJER S, BAHARFAR R. Diastereoselective synthesis of novel 2,5-dioxopyrrolidine derivatives via biocatalytic domino reactions. Turk J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/kim-1612-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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29
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Shinde AH, Arepally S, Baravkar MD, Sharada DS. Nickel-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Isocyanide Insertion: Access to Benzimidazoquinazoline Derivatives via a Sequential Double Annulation Cascade (SDAC) Strategy. J Org Chem 2016; 82:331-342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand H. Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy 502
285, Telangana, India
| | - Sagar Arepally
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy 502
285, Telangana, India
| | - Mayur D. Baravkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy 502
285, Telangana, India
| | - Duddu S. Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy 502
285, Telangana, India
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30
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Li J, Wang H, Hou Y, Yu W, Xu S, Zhang Y. A General and Mild Copper(I)-Catalyzed Three-Component Reaction of Cyanamides, Amines, and Diaryliodonium Triflates. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Li JH, Wen H, Liu L, Du DM. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiro-Pyrrolidine-Pyrazolones by Squaramide-Catalyzed Cascade Aza-Michael/Michael Reactions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new N-substituted 7-amino-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ones. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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33
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Jiang H, He J, Liu T, Yu JQ. Ligand-Enabled γ-C(sp(3))-H Olefination of Amines: En Route to Pyrrolidines. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2055-9. [PMID: 26796676 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed olefination of γ-C(sp(3))-H bonds of triflyl (Tf) and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Ns) protected amines is achieved. Subsequent aza-Wacker oxidative cyclization or conjugate addition of the olefinated intermediates provides a variety of C-2 alkylated pyrrolidines. Three pyridine- and quinoline-based ligands are developed to match different classes of amine substrates, demonstrating a rare example of ligand-enabled C(sp(3))-H olefination reactions. The use of Ns protecting group to direct C(sp(3))-H activation of alkyl amines is also a significant step toward practical C-H functionalizations of alkyl amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jian He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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34
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Houghten RA, Ganno ML, McLaughlin JP, Dooley C, Eans SO, Santos RG, LaVoi T, Nefzi A, Welmaker G, Giulianotti MA, Toll L. Direct Phenotypic Screening in Mice: Identification of Individual, Novel Antinociceptive Compounds from a Library of 734,821 Pyrrolidine Bis-piperazines. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:51-64. [PMID: 26651386 PMCID: PMC4710894 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis in the current study is that the simultaneous direct in vivo testing of thousands to millions of systematically arranged mixture-based libraries will facilitate the identification of enhanced individual compounds. Individual compounds identified from such libraries may have increased specificity and decreased side effects early in the discovery phase. Testing began by screening ten diverse scaffolds as single mixtures (ranging from 17,340 to 4,879,681 compounds) for analgesia directly in the mouse tail withdrawal model. The "all X" mixture representing the library TPI-1954 was found to produce significant antinociception and lacked respiratory depression and hyperlocomotor effects using the Comprehensive Laboratory Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS). The TPI-1954 library is a pyrrolidine bis-piperazine and totals 738,192 compounds. This library has 26 functionalities at the first three positions of diversity made up of 28,392 compounds each (26 × 26 × 42) and 42 functionalities at the fourth made up of 19,915 compounds each (26 × 26 × 26). The 120 resulting mixtures representing each of the variable four positions were screened directly in vivo in the mouse 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay (ip administration). The 120 samples were then ranked in terms of their antinociceptive activity. The synthesis of 54 individual compounds was then carried out. Nine of the individual compounds produced dose-dependent antinociception equivalent to morphine. In practical terms what this means is that one would not expect multiexponential increases in activity as we move from the all-X mixture, to the positional scanning libraries, to the individual compounds. Actually because of the systematic formatting one would typically anticipate steady increases in activity as the complexity of the mixtures is reduced. This is in fact what we see in the current study. One of the final individual compounds identified, TPI 2213-17, lacked significant respiratory depression, locomotor impairment, or sedation. Our results represent an example of this unique approach for screening large mixture-based libraries directly in vivo to rapidly identify individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Michelle L. Ganno
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Jay P. McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Colette
T. Dooley
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Shainnel O. Eans
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Radleigh G. Santos
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Travis LaVoi
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Greg Welmaker
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Marc A. Giulianotti
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies, 11350
Southwest Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
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35
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Metwally NH, Abdelrazek FM, Eldaly SM, Metz P. 3-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)-3-Oxopropanenitrile as Precursor for Some New Mono-Heterocyclic and Bis-Heterocyclic Compounds. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H. Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Fathy M. Abdelrazek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; TU-Dresden; Dresden 01062 Germany
| | - Salwa M. Eldaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Peter Metz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; TU-Dresden; Dresden 01062 Germany
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36
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Eans SO, Ganno ML, Mizrachi E, Houghten RA, Dooley CT, McLaughlin JP, Nefzi A. Parallel Synthesis of Hexahydrodiimidazodiazepines Heterocyclic Peptidomimetics and Their in Vitro and in Vivo Activities at μ (MOR), δ (DOR), and κ (KOR) Opioid Receptors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4905-17. [PMID: 25996309 DOI: 10.1021/jm501637c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the development of analgesics with mixed-opioid agonist activity, peripherally selective activity is expected to decrease side effects, minimizing respiratory depression and reinforcing properties generating significantly safer analgesic therapeutics. We synthesized diazaheterocyclics from reduced tripeptides. In vitro screening with radioligand competition binding assays demonstrated variable affinity for μ (MOR), δ (DOR), and κ (KOR) opioid receptors across the series, with the diimidazodiazepine 14 (2065-14) displaying good affinity for DOR and KOR. Central (icv), intraperitoneal (ip), or oral (po) administration of 14 produced dose-dependent, opioid-receptor mediated antinociception in the mouse, as determined from a 55 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. Only trace amounts of compound 14 was found in brain up to 90 min later, suggesting poor BBB penetration and possible peripherally restricted activity. Central administration of 14 did not produce locomotor effects, acute antinociceptive tolerance, or conditioned-place preference or aversion. The data suggest these diazaheterocyclic mixed activity opioid receptor agonists may hold potential as new analgesics with fewer liabilities of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shainnel O Eans
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Michelle L Ganno
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Elisa Mizrachi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Colette T Dooley
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Adel Nefzi
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
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37
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Facile access to oxazolidin-2-imine, thiazolidin-2-imine and imidazolidin-2-imine derivatives bearing an exocyclic haloalkyliene via direct halocyclization between propargylamines, heterocumulenes and I2 (NBS). Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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38
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Fleeman R, LaVoi TM, Santos RG, Morales A, Nefzi A, Welmaker GS, Medina-Franco JL, Giulianotti MA, Houghten RA, Shaw LN. Combinatorial Libraries As a Tool for the Discovery of Novel, Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents Targeting the ESKAPE Pathogens. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3340-55. [PMID: 25780985 DOI: 10.1021/jm501628s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixture based synthetic combinatorial libraries offer a tremendous enhancement for the rate of drug discovery, allowing the activity of millions of compounds to be assessed through the testing of exponentially fewer samples. In this study, we used a scaffold-ranking library to screen 37 different libraries for antibacterial activity against the ESKAPE pathogens. Each library contained between 10000 and 750000 structural analogues for a total of >6 million compounds. From this, we identified a bis-cyclic guanidine library that displayed strong antibacterial activity. A positional scanning library for these compounds was developed and used to identify the most effective functional groups at each variant position. Individual compounds were synthesized that were broadly active against all ESKAPE organisms at concentrations <2 μM. In addition, these compounds were bactericidal, had antibiofilm effects, showed limited potential for the development of resistance, and displayed almost no toxicity when tested against human lung cells and erythrocytes. Using a murine model of peritonitis, we also demonstrate that these agents are highly efficacious in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis M LaVoi
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Angela Morales
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Adel Nefzi
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Gregory S Welmaker
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- ⊥Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Marc A Giulianotti
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
| | - Richard A Houghten
- ∥Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987, United States
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39
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Tahir S, Badshah A, Hussain RA. Guanidines from ‘toxic substances’ to compounds with multiple biological applications – Detailed outlook on synthetic procedures employed for the synthesis of guanidines. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:39-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Arasasppan H, Thangamuthu MD. An Easy Access to the Synthesis of Sugar-BasedN-Methyl-Pyrrolidine via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Methodology. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemamalini Arasasppan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 India
| | - Mohan Das Thangamuthu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus Chennai 600 025 India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Tamil Nadu; Thiruvarur 610 004 India
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41
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In vitro inhibitory and cytotoxic activity of MFM 501, a novel codonopsinine derivative, against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:823829. [PMID: 25710030 PMCID: PMC4331153 DOI: 10.1155/2015/823829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
28 new pyrrolidine types of compounds as analogues for natural polyhydroxy alkaloids of codonopsinine were evaluated for their anti-MRSA activity using MIC and MBC value determination assay against a panel of S. aureus isolates. One pyrrolidine compound, MFM 501, exhibited good inhibitory activity with MIC value of 15.6 to 31.3 μg/mL against 55 S. aureus isolates (43 MRSA and 12 MSSA isolates). The active compound also displayed MBC values between 250 and 500 μg/mL against 58 S. aureus isolates (45 MRSA and 13 MSSA isolates) implying that MFM 501 has a bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect against both MRSA and MSSA isolates. In addition, MFM 501 showed no apparent cytotoxicity activity towards three normal cell lines (WRL-68, Vero, and 3T3) with IC50 values of >625 µg/mL. Selectivity index (SI) of MFM 501 gave a value of >10 suggesting that MFM 501 is significant and suitable for further in vivo investigations. These results suggested that synthetically derived intermediate compounds based on natural products may play an important role in the discovery of new anti-infective agents against MRSA.
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Shaw JW, Grayson DH, Rozas I. Synthesis of Guanidines and Some of Their Biological Applications. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2015_174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhao BL, Lin Y, Yan HH, Du DM. Squaramide-catalysed asymmetric cascade aza-Michael/Michael addition reaction for the synthesis of chiral trisubstituted pyrrolidines. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11351-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A squaramide catalysed aza-Michael/Michael cascade reaction between nitroalkenes and tosylaminomethyl enones or enoates afforded highly functionalized chiral pyrrolidines in good yields (up to 99%) with good diastereoselectivities (up to 91 : 9 dr) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Liang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Hao Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Ming Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
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Coqueiro A, Regasini LO, Stapleton P, da Silva Bolzani V, Gibbons S. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Prenylated Guanidine Alkaloids from Pterogyne nitens and Synthetic Analogues. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1972-1975. [PMID: 25089583 DOI: 10.1021/np500281c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation deals with the antibiotic activity of eight natural guanidine alkaloids and two synthetic analogues against a variety of clinically relevant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Galegine (1) and pterogynidine (2) were the most potent compounds, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/L, to all tested strains. The preliminary chemical features correlating to anti-MRSA activity showed that the size of the side chain and the substitution pattern in the guanidine core played a key role in the antibacterial activity of the imino group. Guanidine alkaloids 1 and 2 are promising molecular models for further synthetic derivatives and, thus, for medicinal chemistry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Coqueiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University , Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara14800-900, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Octávio Regasini
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University , Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara14800-900, Brazil
| | - Paul Stapleton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University , Rua Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara14800-900, Brazil
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Metwally NH, Abdelrazek FM, Jaafar MT. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Substituted Bis-Pyridone, Pyrazole, and Thiazole Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H. Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | | | - Mohammed T. Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
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Cell compatible arginine containing cationic polymer: one-pot synthesis and preliminary biological assessment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 807:59-73. [PMID: 24619618 DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1777-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cationic polymers are of interest as both nonviral vectors for intracellular gene delivery and antimicrobial agents. For both applications synthetic polymers containing guanidine groups are of special interest since such kind of organic compounds/polymers show a high transfection potential along with antibacterial activity. It is important that the delocalization of the positive charge of the cationic group in guanidine significantly decreases the toxicity compared to the ammonium functionality. One of the most convenient ways for incorporating guanidine groups is the synthesis of polymers composed of the amino acid arginine (Arg) via either application of Arg-based monomers or chemical modification of polymers with derivatives of Arg. It is also important to have biodegradable cationic polymers that will be cleared from the body after their function as transfection or antimicrobial agent is fulfilled. This chapter deals with a two-step/one-pot synthesis of a new biodegradable cationic polymer-poly(ethylene malamide) containing L-arginine methyl ester covalently attached to the macrochains in β-position of the malamide residue via the α-amino group. The goal cationic polymer was synthesized by in situ interaction of arginine methyl ester dihydrochloride with intermediary poly(ethylene epoxy succinimide) formed by polycondensation of di-p-nitrophenyl-trans-epoxy succinate with ethylenediamine. The cell compatibility study with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and insect Schneider 2 cells (S2) within the concentration range of 0.02-500 mg/mL revealed that the new polymer is not cytotoxic. It formed nanocomplexes with pDNA (120-180 nm in size) at low polymer/DNA weight ratios (WR = 5-10). A preliminarily transfection efficiency of the Arg-containing new cationic polymer was assessed using CHO, S2, H5, and Sf9 cells.
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Rauf MK, Imtiaz-ud-Din, Badshah A. Novel approaches to screening guanidine derivatives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 9:39-53. [PMID: 24261559 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.857308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compounds containing guanidine moiety, originating both from natural and synthetic sources, have found potential applications in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Indeed, guanidine functionality can be found in many natural and pharmaceutical products as well as in cosmetic ingredients produced by synthetic methods. AREAS COVERED This review covers the latest developments in the research undertaken for the therapeutic application of newly synthesized guanidine derivatives including: small peptides and peptidomimetics. This article encompasses the selected literature published in the last three decades with a focus on the novel approaches for screening of lead drug candidates with their pharmacological action. EXPERT OPINION Guanidines, as they are both organically based and also hydrophilic in nature, have undergone a mammoth amount of screening and testing to discover promising lead structures with a CN3 core, appropriate for potential future drug development. The compounds have the potential to be neurodegenerative therapeutic options, as well as: anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoal, anti-HIV, chemotherapeutic, anti-diabetic agents and so on. It is true that guanidine-based compounds of natural sources also, like synthetic and virtually designed drugs, have been of significant interest and have the potential to be useful therapeutic options in the future. As for now, however, there is not sufficient data to support their use in a number of the suggested areas, and further studies are required.
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Zavesky BP, Babij NR, Fritz JA, Wolfe JP. Synthesis of cyclic guanidines via Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination. Org Lett 2013; 15:5420-3. [PMID: 24147839 DOI: 10.1021/ol402377y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to the synthesis of substituted 5-membered cyclic guanidines is described. Palladium-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions between acyclic N-allyl guanidines and aryl or alkenyl halides provide these products in good yield. This method allows access to a number of different cyclic guanidine derivatives in only two steps from readily available allylic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blane P Zavesky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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Munk JK, Uggerhøj LE, Poulsen TJ, Frimodt-Møller N, Wimmer R, Nyberg NT, Hansen PR. Synthetic analogs of anoplin show improved antimicrobial activities. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:669-75. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens K. Munk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK; 2100; Copenhagen Ø; Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Uggerhøj
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; University of Aalborg; DK; 9000; Aalborg; Denmark
| | - Tanja J. Poulsen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; University of Aalborg; DK; 9000; Aalborg; Denmark
| | - Niels Frimodt-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Hvidovre Hospital; DK; 2650; Hvidovre; Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; University of Aalborg; DK; 9000; Aalborg; Denmark
| | - Nils T. Nyberg
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK; 2100; Copenhagen Ø; Denmark
| | - Paul R. Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; DK; 2100; Copenhagen Ø; Denmark
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Pinilla C, Edwards BS, Appel JR, Yates-Gibbins T, Giulianotti MA, Medina-Franco JL, Young SM, Santos RG, Sklar LA, Houghten RA. Selective agonists and antagonists of formylpeptide receptors: duplex flow cytometry and mixture-based positional scanning libraries. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:314-24. [PMID: 23788657 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.086595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylpeptide receptor (FPR1) and formylpeptide-like 1 receptor (FPR2) are G protein-coupled receptors that are linked to acute inflammatory responses, malignant glioma stem cell metastasis, and chronic inflammation. Although several N-formyl peptides are known to bind to these receptors, more selective small-molecule, high-affinity ligands are needed for a better understanding of the physiologic roles played by these receptors. High-throughput assays using mixture-based combinatorial libraries represent a unique, highly efficient approach for rapid data acquisition and ligand identification. We report the superiority of this approach in the context of the simultaneous screening of a diverse set of mixture-based small-molecule libraries. We used a single cross-reactive peptide ligand for a duplex flow cytometric screen of FPR1 and FPR2 in color-coded cell lines. Screening 37 different mixture-based combinatorial libraries totaling more than five million small molecules (contained in 5,261 mixture samples) resulted in seven libraries that significantly inhibited activity at the receptors. Using positional scanning deconvolution, selective high-affinity (low nM K(i)) individual compounds were identified from two separate libraries, namely, pyrrolidine bis-diketopiperazine and polyphenyl urea. The most active individual compounds were characterized for their functional activities as agonists or antagonists with the most potent FPR1 agonist and FPR2 antagonist identified to date with an EC₅₀ of 131 nM (4 nM K(i)) and an IC₅₀ of 81 nM (1 nM K(i)), respectively, in intracellular Ca²⁺ response determinations. Comparative analyses of other previous screening approaches clearly illustrate the efficiency of identifying receptor selective, individual compounds from mixture-based combinatorial libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemencia Pinilla
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
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