1
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Jin G, Wang K, Zhao Y, Yuan S, He Z, Zhang J. Targeting histone deacetylases for heart diseases. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106601. [PMID: 37224740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues in histone or non-histone substrates, leading to the regulation of many biological functions, such as gene transcription, translation and remodeling chromatin. Targeting HDACs for drug development is a promising way for human diseases, including cancers and heart diseases. In particular, numerous HDAC inhibitors have revealed potential clinical value for the treatment of cardiac diseases in recent years. In this review, we systematically summarize the therapeutic roles of HDAC inhibitors with different chemotypes on heart diseases. Additionally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in developing HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohui Zhao
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Zhangxu He
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, China.
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2
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Moinul M, Amin SA, Khatun S, Das S, Jha T, Gayen S. A detail survey and analysis of selectivity criteria for indole-based histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Beshore DC, Adam GC, Barnard RJO, Burlein C, Gallicchio SN, Holloway MK, Krosky D, Lemaire W, Myers RW, Patel S, Plotkin MA, Powell DA, Rada V, Cox CD, Coleman PJ, Klein DJ, Wolkenberg SE. Redefining the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Pharmacophore: High Potency with No Zinc Cofactor Interaction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:540-547. [PMID: 33854701 PMCID: PMC8040053 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel series of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors lacking a zinc-binding moiety has been developed and described herein. HDAC isozyme profiling and kinetic studies indicate that these inhibitors display a selectivity preference for HDACs 1, 2, 3, 10, and 11 via a rapid equilibrium mechanism, and crystal structures with HDAC2 confirm that these inhibitors do not interact with the catalytic zinc. The compounds are nonmutagenic and devoid of electrophilic and mutagenic structural elements and exhibit off-target profiles that are promising for further optimization. The efficacy of this new class in biochemical and cell-based assays is comparable to the marketed HDAC inhibitors belinostat and vorinostat. These results demonstrate that the long-standing pharmacophore model of HDAC inhibitors requiring a metal binding motif should be revised and offers a distinct class of HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Krosky
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wei Lemaire
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert W. Myers
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sangita Patel
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - David A. Powell
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Vanessa Rada
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Paul J. Coleman
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel J. Klein
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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4
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Melesina J, Simoben CV, Praetorius L, Bülbül EF, Robaa D, Sippl W. Strategies To Design Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1336-1359. [PMID: 33428327 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review classifies drug-design strategies successfully implemented in the development of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which have many applications including cancer treatment. Our focus is on especially demanded selective HDAC inhibitors and their structure-activity relationships in relation to corresponding protein structures. The main part of the paper is divided into six subsections each narrating how optimization of one of six structural features can influence inhibitor selectivity. It starts with the impact of the zinc binding group on selectivity, continues with the optimization of the linker placed in the substrate binding tunnel as well as the adjustment of the cap group interacting with the surface of the protein, and ends with the addition of groups targeting class-specific sub-pockets: the side-pocket-, lower-pocket- and foot-pocket-targeting groups. The review is rounded off with a conclusion and an outlook on the future of HDAC inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Melesina
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Conrad V Simoben
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucas Praetorius
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emre F Bülbül
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle - Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Straße 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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5
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Li Y, Wang F, Chen X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li Y, He B. Zinc-dependent Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors with Different Zinc Binding Groups. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:223-241. [PMID: 30674261 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190122144949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The state of histone acetylation plays a very crucial role in carcinogenesis and its development by chromatin remodeling and thus altering transcription of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Such epigenetic regulation was controlled by zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs), one of the major regulators. Due to the therapeutic potential of HDACs as one of the promising drug targets in cancer, HDAC inhibitors have been intensively investigated over the last few decades. Notably, there are five HDAC inhibitors already approved to the market. Vorinostat (SAHA), Belinostat (PXD-101) and Romidepsin (FK228) have been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in USA for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) or peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) while Panbinostat (LBH-589) has also been approved by the FDA for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Recently, Chidamide was approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for the treatment of PTCL. The structural feature of almost all HDAC inhibitors consists of Cap group, linker, and zinc-binding group (ZBG). The binding of ZBG groups to zinc ion plays a decisive role in the inhibition of HDAC. Therefore, we will summarize the developed HDAC inhibitors according to different ZBG groups and discuss their binding mode with zinc ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yonglong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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6
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Singh AK, Bishayee A, Pandey AK. Targeting Histone Deacetylases with Natural and Synthetic Agents: An Emerging Anticancer Strategy. Nutrients 2018; 10:E731. [PMID: 29882797 PMCID: PMC6024317 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression are the result of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations. Acetylation-mediated histone/non-histone protein modification plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Histone modification is controlled by the balance between histone acetyltransferase and (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Imbalance between the activities of these two enzymes is associated with various forms of cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) regulate the activity of HDACs and are being used in cancer treatment either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs/radiotherapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has already approved four compounds, namely vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and panobinostat, as HDACi for the treatment of cancer. Several other HDACi of natural and synthetic origin are under clinical trial for the evaluation of efficiency and side-effects. Natural compounds of plant, fungus, and actinomycetes origin, such as phenolics, polyketides, tetrapeptide, terpenoids, alkaloids, and hydoxamic acid, have been reported to show potential HDAC-inhibitory activity. Several HDACi of natural and dietary origin are butein, protocatechuic aldehyde, kaempferol (grapes, green tea, tomatoes, potatoes, and onions), resveratrol (grapes, red wine, blueberries and peanuts), sinapinic acid (wine and vinegar), diallyl disulfide (garlic), and zerumbone (ginger). HDACi exhibit their antitumor effect by the activation of cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, angiogenesis inhibition, increased reactive oxygen species generation causing oxidative stress, and mitotic cell death in cancer cells. This review summarizes the HDACs classification, their aberrant expression in cancerous tissue, structures, sources, and the anticancer mechanisms of HDACi, as well as HDACi that are either FDA-approved or under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Bagnall NH, Hines BM, Lucke AJ, Gupta PK, Reid RC, Fairlie DP, Kotze AC. Insecticidal activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors against a dipteran parasite of sheep, Lucilia cuprina. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:51-60. [PMID: 28110187 PMCID: PMC5247571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are being investigated for the control of various human parasites. Here we investigate their potential as insecticides for the control of a major ecto-parasite of sheep, the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. We assessed the ability of HDACi from various chemical classes to inhibit the development of blowfly larvae in vitro, and to inhibit HDAC activity in nuclear protein extracts prepared from blowfly eggs. The HDACi prodrug romidepsin, a cyclic depsipeptide that forms a thiolate, was the most potent inhibitor of larval growth, with equivalent or greater potency than three commercial blowfly insecticides. Other HDACi with potent activity were hydroxamic acids (trichostatin, CUDC-907, AR-42), a thioester (KD5170), a disulphide (Psammaplin A), and a cyclic tetrapeptide bearing a ketone (apicidin). On the other hand, no insecticidal activity was observed for certain other hydroxamic acids, fatty acids, and the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide. The structural diversity of the 31 hydroxamic acids examined here revealed some structural requirements for insecticidal activity; for example, among compounds with flexible linear zinc-binding extensions, greater potency was observed in the presence of branched capping groups that likely make multiple interactions with the blowfly HDAC enzymes. The insecticidal activity correlated with inhibition of HDAC activity in blowfly nuclear protein extracts, indicating that the toxicity was most likely due to inhibition of HDAC enzymes in the blowfly larvae. The inhibitor potencies against blowfly larvae are different from inhibition of human HDACs, suggesting some selectivity for human over blowfly HDACs, and a potential for developing compounds with the inverse selectivity. In summary, these novel findings support blowfly HDAC enzymes as new targets for blowfly control, and point to development of HDAC inhibitors as a promising new class of insecticides. We measured the insecticidal effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors against the sheep blowfly. Insecticidal activity correlated with inhibition of HDAC enzyme activity in nuclear extracts. Romidepsin showed equivalent or greater potency than commercial blowfly insecticides. Some insights gained into structural requirements for insecticidal HDAC inhibitors. Potential for HDAC inhibitors as insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil H Bagnall
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Barney M Hines
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lucke
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Praveer K Gupta
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.
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8
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Qi Y, Wang D, Wang D, Jin T, Yang L, Wu H, Li Y, Zhao J, Du F, Song M, Wang R. HEDD: the human epigenetic drug database. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw159. [PMID: 28025347 PMCID: PMC5199199 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic drugs are chemical compounds that target disordered post-translational modification of histone proteins and DNA through enzymes, and the recognition of these changes by adaptor proteins. Epigenetic drug-related experimental data such as gene expression probed by high-throughput sequencing, co-crystal structure probed by X-RAY diffraction and binding constants probed by bio-assay have become widely available. The mining and integration of multiple kinds of data can be beneficial to drug discovery and drug repurposing. HEMD and other epigenetic databases store comprehensively epigenetic data where users can acquire segmental information of epigenetic drugs. However, some data types such as high-throughput datasets are not provide by these databases and they do not support flexible queries for epigenetic drug-related experimental data. Therefore, in reference to HEMD and other epigenetic databases, we developed a relatively comprehensive database for human epigenetic drugs. The human epigenetic drug database (HEDD) focuses on the storage and integration of epigenetic drug datasets obtained from laboratory experiments and manually curated information. The latest release of HEDD incorporates five kinds of datasets: (i) drug, (ii) target, (iii) disease, (vi) high-throughput and (v) complex. In order to facilitate data extraction, flexible search options were built in HEDD, which allowed an unlimited condition query for specific kinds of datasets using drug names, diseases and experiment types. Database URL:http://hedds.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Qi
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Dadong Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Computer College, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Daying Wang
- Department of Social Physical Education, Physical Education College, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Taicheng Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Fengping Du
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Mingxia Song
- Department of Bioscience, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Renjun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
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9
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Losson H, Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich M. Natural Compound Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACi): Synergy with Inflammatory Signaling Pathway Modulators and Clinical Applications in Cancer. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111608. [PMID: 27886118 PMCID: PMC6274245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable complexity of cancer involving multiple mechanisms of action and specific organs led researchers Hanahan and Weinberg to distinguish biological capabilities acquired by cancer cells during the multistep development of human tumors to simplify its understanding. These characteristic hallmarks include the abilities to sustain proliferative signaling, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, enable replicative immortality, induce angiogenesis, activate invasion and metastasis, avoid immune destruction, and deregulate cellular energetics. Furthermore, two important characteristics of tumor cells that facilitate the acquisition of emerging hallmarks are tumor-promoting inflammation and genome instability. To treat a multifactorial disease such as cancer, a combination treatment strategy seems to be the best approach. Here we focus on natural histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), their clinical uses as well as synergies with modulators of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Losson
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, Luxembourg L-2540, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, Luxembourg L-2540, Luxembourg.
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer (LBMCC), Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 Rue Edward Steichen, Luxembourg L-2540, Luxembourg.
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Building 29 Room 223, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Noor Z, Afzal N, Rashid S. Exploration of Novel Inhibitors for Class I Histone Deacetylase Isoforms by QSAR Modeling and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139588. [PMID: 26431201 PMCID: PMC4592208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are metal-dependent enzymes and considered as important targets for cell functioning. Particularly, higher expression of class I HDACs is common in the onset of multiple malignancies which results in deregulation of many target genes involved in cell growth, differentiation and survival. Although substantial attempts have been made to control the irregular functioning of HDACs by employing various inhibitors with high sensitivity towards transformed cells, limited success has been achieved in epigenetic cancer therapy. Here in this study, we used ligand-based pharmacophore and 2-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modeling approaches for targeting class I HDAC isoforms. Pharmacophore models were generated by taking into account the known IC50 values and experimental energy scores with extensive validations. The QSAR model having an external R2 value of 0.93 was employed for virtual screening of compound libraries. 10 potential lead compounds (C1-C10) were short-listed having strong binding affinities for HDACs, out of which 2 compounds (C8 and C9) were able to interact with all members of class I HDACs. The potential binding modes of HDAC2 and HDAC8 to C8 were explored through molecular dynamics simulations. Overall, bioactivity and ligand efficiency (binding energy/non-hydrogen atoms) profiles suggested that proposed hits may be more effective inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Noor
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Afzal
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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An efficient synthesis of SK-658 and its analogs as potent histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Augmentation of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Production with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as a Novel Epigenetic Therapy for Bacterial Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:44-61. [PMID: 27025614 PMCID: PMC4790325 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance seriously threatens our ability to treat many common and medically important bacterial infections. Novel therapeutics are needed that can be used alone or in conjunction with antibiotics. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are important effectors of the host innate defense that exhibit broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of microorganisms. CAMPs are carried within phagocytic granules and are constitutively or inducibly expressed by multiple cell types, including epithelial cells. The role of histone modification enzymes, specifically the histone deacetylases (HDAC), in down-regulating the transcription of CAMP-encoding genes is increasingly appreciated as is the capacity of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) to block the action of HDACs to increase CAMP expression. The use of synthetic and natural HDACi molecules to increase CAMPs on mucosal surfaces, therefore, has potential therapeutic applications. Here, we review host and pathogen regulation of CAMP expression through the induction of HDACs and assess the therapeutic potential of natural and synthetic HDACi based on evidence from tissue culture systems, animal models, and clinical trials.
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14
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Eom GH, Kook H. Posttranslational modifications of histone deacetylases: Implications for cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:168-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Madsen AS, Kristensen HME, Lanz G, Olsen CA. The Effect of Various Zinc Binding Groups on Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases 1-11. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:614-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Frumm SM, Fan ZP, Ross KN, Duvall JR, Gupta S, VerPlank L, Suh BC, Holson E, Wagner FF, Smith WB, Paranal RM, Bassil CF, Qi J, Roti G, Kung AL, Bradner JE, Tolliday N, Stegmaier K. Selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibitors induce neuroblastoma differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:713-25. [PMID: 23706636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the hallmark of cancer treatment, intensive regimens fall short in many malignancies, including high-risk neuroblastoma. One alternative strategy is to therapeutically promote tumor differentiation. We created a gene expression signature to measure neuroblast maturation, adapted it to a high-throughput platform, and screened a diversity oriented synthesis-generated small-molecule library for differentiation inducers. We identified BRD8430, containing a nine-membered lactam, an ortho-amino anilide functionality, and three chiral centers, as a selective class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (HDAC1 > 2 > 3). Further investigation demonstrated that selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibition using compounds or RNA interference induced differentiation and decreased viability in neuroblastoma cell lines. Combined treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid augmented these effects and enhanced activation of retinoic acid signaling. Therefore, by applying a chemical genomic screening approach, we identified selective HDAC1/HDAC2 inhibition as a strategy to induce neuroblastoma differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M Frumm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Nam NH, Huong TL, Dung DTM, Dung PTP, Oanh DTK, Quyen D, Thao LT, Park SH, Kim KR, Han BW, Yun J, Kang JS, Kim Y, Han SB. Novel isatin-based hydroxamic acids as histone deacetylase inhibitors and antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:477-86. [PMID: 24185378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated clinical studies have demonstrated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show great potential for the treatment of cancer. SAHA (Vorinostat, trade name Zolinza) was approved by the FDA in 2006 for the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. As a continuity of our ongoing effort to identify novel small molecules targeting these important enzymes, we designed and synthesized two series of isatin-3'-oxime- and isatin-3'-methoxime-based hydroxamic acids (3a-g and 6a-g) as analogues of SAHA. Generally in both series it was found that, compounds bearing no substituent or with 5'-F, 5'-Cl, 7'-Cl substitutents on the isatin moiety exhibited good inhibition against histone-H3 and histone-H4 deacetylation at the concentrations of 1 μM, as evaluated by Western Blot assay. The compounds also displayed potent cytotoxicity against five cancer cell lines with IC50 values of as low as 0.08 μM, more than 45-fold lower than that of SAHA. Docking study performed with selected compounds 3a and 6a revealed that these compounds bound to HDAC8 with higher affinities compared to SAHA. Compounds 3a and 6a also bound to HDAC2 at the binding site with high binding affinity. These findings should encourage further elaboration with the isatin moiety to produce more potent HDAC inhibitors with potential anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Hai Nam
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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18
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Feng T, Wang H, Su H, Lu H, Yu L, Zhang X, Sun H, You Q. Novel N-hydroxyfurylacrylamide-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors with branched CAP group (Part 2). Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5339-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Lübke M, Jung M, Haufe G. New histone deacetylase inhibitors based on 4-fluoro-2-amino acid esters: Synthesis and activity. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Baud MGJ, Haus P, Leiser T, Meyer-Almes FJ, Fuchter MJ. Highly ligand efficient and selective N-2-(Thioethyl)picolinamide histone deacetylase inhibitors inspired by the natural product psammaplin A. ChemMedChem 2012. [PMID: 23184734 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel picolinamide-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were developed, drawing inspiration from the natural product psammaplin A. We found that the HDAC potency and isoform selectivity provided by the oxime unit of psammaplin A could be reproduced by using carefully chosen heterocyclic frameworks. The resulting (hetero)aromatic amide based compounds displayed very high potency and isoform selectivity among the HDAC family, in addition to excellent ligand efficiency relative to previously reported HDAC inhibitors. In particular, the high HDAC1 isoform selectivity provided by the chloropyridine motif represents a valuable design criterion for the development of new lead compounds and chemical probes that target HDAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G J Baud
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ (UK)
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21
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Chromatin-targeting small molecules cause class-specific transcriptional changes in pancreatic endocrine cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5364-9. [PMID: 22434908 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1201079109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the instruction of cell-fate-determining, DNA-binding transcription factors, chromatin-modifying enzymes mediate and maintain cell states throughout development in multicellular organisms. Currently, small molecules modulating the activity of several classes of chromatin-modifying enzymes are available, including clinically approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors. We describe the genome-wide expression changes induced by 29 compounds targeting HDACs, DNMTs, histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs), and protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) in pancreatic α- and β-cell lines. HDAC inhibitors regulate several hundred transcripts irrespective of the cell type, with distinct clusters of dissimilar activity for hydroxamic acids and orthoamino anilides. In contrast, compounds targeting histone methyltransferases modulate the expression of restricted gene sets in distinct cell types. For example, we find that G9a/GLP methyltransferase inhibitors selectively up-regulate the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in pancreatic but not liver cells. These data suggest that, despite their conservation across the entire genome and in different cell types, chromatin pathways can be targeted to modulate the expression of selected transcripts.
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Baud MGJ, Leiser T, Haus P, Samlal S, Wong AC, Wood RJ, Petrucci V, Gunaratnam M, Hughes SM, Buluwela L, Turlais F, Neidle S, Meyer-Almes FJ, White AJP, Fuchter MJ. Defining the Mechanism of Action and Enzymatic Selectivity of Psammaplin A against Its Epigenetic Targets. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1731-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2016182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias G. J. Baud
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Leiser
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patricia Haus
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sharon Samlal
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery
Laboratories, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ai Ching Wong
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery
Laboratories, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Wood
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery
Laboratories, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Cancer Research UK Biomolecular Structure
Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mekala Gunaratnam
- Cancer Research UK Biomolecular Structure
Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan M. Hughes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN,
United Kingdom
| | - Lakjaya Buluwela
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN,
United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Turlais
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery
Laboratories, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Neidle
- Cancer Research UK Biomolecular Structure
Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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23
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Benzothiazole-containing hydroxamic acids as histone deacetylase inhibitors and antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7509-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wilson AJ, Holson E, Wagner F, Zhang YL, Fass DM, Haggarty SJ, Bhaskara S, Hiebert SW, Schreiber SL, Khabele D. The DNA damage mark pH2AX differentiates the cytotoxic effects of small molecule HDAC inhibitors in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 12:484-93. [PMID: 21738006 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.12.6.15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade epithelial ovarian cancers are relatively sensitive to DNA damaging platinum-based chemotherapy, suggesting that the dependencies of ovarian tumors on DNA damage response pathways can be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. Our goal was to determine if the DNA damage mark gamma-H2AX phosphorylation (pH2AX) could be used to identify suitable cytotoxic histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) for ovarian cancer treatment. Nineteen chemically diverse HDACi compounds were tested in 7 ovarian cancer cell lines. Fluorescent, biochemical and cell-based assays were performed to assess DNA damage by induction of pH2AX and to measure cell viability and apoptosis. The relationships between pH2AX and the cellular effects of cell viability and apoptosis were calculated. Selected HDACi were tested in combination with cisplatin and other DNA damaging agents to determine if the HDACi improved upon the effects of the DNA damaging agents. The HDACi compounds induced differing levels of pH2AX expression. High levels of pH2AX in HDACi-treated ovarian cancer cells were tightly associated with decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. Consequently, a ketone-based HDACi was chosen and found to enhance the effects of cisplatin, even in ovarian cancer cells with extreme resistance to DNA damaging drugs. In conclusion, a fluorescent-based assay for pH2AX can be used to determine cellular responses to HDACi in vitro and may be a useful tool to identify potentially more effective HDACi for the treatment of ovarian cancer. In addition, these results lend support to the inclusion of ketone-derived HDACi compounds for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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The structural requirements of histone deacetylase inhibitors: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid analogs modified at the C3 position display isoform selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6139-42. [PMID: 21889343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The FDA-approved drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat) was modified to improve its selectivity for a single histone deaetylase (HDAC) isoform. We show that attaching an ethyl group at the C3 position transforms SAHA from nonselective to an HDAC6-selective inhibitor. Theses results indicate that small structural changes in SAHA can significantly influence selectivity, which will lead future anti-cancer design efforts targeting HDAC proteins.
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Botta CB, Cabri W, Cini E, De Cesare L, Fattorusso C, Giannini G, Persico M, Petrella A, Rondinelli F, Rodriquez M, Russo A, Taddei M. Oxime Amides as a Novel Zinc Binding Group in Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Computational Evaluation. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2165-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101373a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia B. Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Chemistry and Analytical Development, R&D Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Via Pontina, km 30,400 I-00040 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Elena Cini
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia De Cesare
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Chemistry and Analytical Development, R&D Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Via Pontina, km 30,400 I-00040 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Marco Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Francesca Rondinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Manuela Rodriquez
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Biomediche, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Adele Russo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Auzzas L, Larsson A, Matera R, Baraldi A, Deschênes-Simard B, Giannini G, Cabri W, Battistuzzi G, Gallo G, Ciacci A, Vesci L, Pisano C, Hanessian S. Non-Natural Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylases: Design, Synthesis, and Activity. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8387-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101092u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Auzzas
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andreas Larsson
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Matera
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Annamaria Baraldi
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Benoît Deschênes-Simard
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Gallo
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciacci
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Loredana Vesci
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Pisano
- Sigma-Tau Research and Development, Via Pontina Km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
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Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs). Structure--activity relationships: history and new QSAR perspectives. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:1-165. [PMID: 20162725 DOI: 10.1002/med.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is a recent, clinically validated therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) block angiogenesis, arrest cell growth, and lead to differentiation and apoptosis in tumor cells. In this article, a survey of published quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) studies are presented and discussed in the hope of identifying the structural determinants for anticancer activity. Secondly a two-dimensional QSAR study was carried out on biological results derived from various types of HDACIs and from different assays using the C-QSAR program of Biobyte. The QSAR analysis presented here is an attempt to organize the knowledge on the HDACIs with the purpose of designing new chemical entities with enhanced inhibitory potencies and to study the mechanism of action of the compounds. This study revealed that lipophilicity is one of the most important determinants of activity. Additionally, steric factors such as the overall molar refractivity (CMR), molar volume (MgVol), the substituent's molar refractivity (MR) (linear or parabola), or the sterimol parameters B(1) and L are important. Electronic parameters indicated as σ(p), are found to be present only in one case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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30
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Bertrand P. Inside HDAC with HDAC inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2095-116. [PMID: 20223566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors are a large group of diverse molecules intrinsically able to inhibit cell proliferation in various cancer cell lines. Their apoptotic effects have been linked to the modulation in the expression of several regulatory tumor suppressor genes caused by the modified status of histone acetylation, a key event in chromatin remodelling. As the initial histone deacetylase activity of HDAC has been extended to other proteins, the possible other biological mechanisms modified by HDAC inhibitor treatments are still to be clarified. The need for HDAC isoform selective inhibitors is an important issue to serve this goal. This review discusses the approaches proposed by several research groups working on the synthesis of HDAC inhibitors, based on modelling studies and the way these findings were used to obtain new HDAC inhibitors with possible isoform selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertrand
- Laboratoire Synthèse et Réactivité des Substances Naturelles, Université de Poitiers, CNRS-UMR 6514, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, Poitiers, F-86022, France.
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31
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Su H, Yu L, Nebbioso A, Carafa V, Chen Y, Altucci L, You Q. Novel N-hydroxybenzamide-based HDAC inhibitors with branched CAP group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6284-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Expression of latent human immunodeficiency type 1 is induced by novel and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors. AIDS 2009; 23:1799-806. [PMID: 19590405 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32832ec1dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A family of histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediates chromatin remodeling, and repression of gene expression. Deacetylation of histones within the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by HDACs plays a key role in the maintenance of latency, whereas acetylation of histones about the LTR is linked to proviral expression and escape of HIV from latency. Global HDAC inhibition may adversely affect host gene expression, leading to cellular toxicities. Potent inhibitors selective for HDACs that maintain LTR repression could be ideal antilatency therapeutics. METHODS We investigated the ability of selective HDAC inhibitors to de-repress the HIV-1 LTR in both a cell line model of latency and in resting CD4 T cells isolated from patients who were aviremic on antiretroviral therapy (ART). RESULTS We found that inhibition of class I HDACs increased acetylation of histones at the LTR, but that LTR chromatin was unaffected by class II HDAC inhibitors. In a latently infected cell line, inhibitors selective for class I HDACs were more efficient activators of the LTR than inhibitors that target class II HDACs. Class I HDAC inhibitors were strikingly efficient inducers of virus outgrowth from resting CD4 T cells of aviremic patients, whereas HIV was rarely recovered from patient's cells exposed to class II HDAC inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Further development of selective HDAC inhibitors as part of a clinical strategy to target persistent HIV infection is warranted.
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Non-isotopic dual parameter competition assay suitable for high-throughput screening of histone deacetylases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3651-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Kinzel O, Llauger-Bufi L, Pescatore G, Rowley M, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Monteagudo E, Fonsi M, Gonzalez Paz O, Fiore F, Steinkühler C, Jones P. Discovery of a potent class I selective ketone histone deacetylase inhibitor with antitumor activity in vivo and optimized pharmacokinetic properties. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3453-6. [PMID: 19441846 DOI: 10.1021/jm9004303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a potent, class I selective ketone HDAC inhibitor is shown. It possesses optimized pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical species, has a clean off-target profile, and is negative in a microbial mutagenicity (Ames) test. In a mouse xenograft model it shows efficacy comparable to that of vorinostat at a 10-fold reduced dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Kinzel
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Pomezia, Italy.
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35
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Heidebrecht RW, Chenard M, Close J, Dahlberg WK, Fleming J, Grimm JB, Hamill JE, Harsch A, Haines BB, Hughes B, Kral AM, Middleton RE, Mushti C, Ozerova N, Szewczak AA, Wang H, Wilson K, Witter DJ, Secrist JP, Miller TA. Exploring the pharmacokinetic properties of phosphorus-containing selective HDAC 1 and 2 inhibitors (SHI-1:2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2053-8. [PMID: 19268585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation and structure-activity relationships of phosphorus-containing histone deacetylase inhibitors. A strong trend between decreasing phosphorus functional group size and superior mouse pharmacokinetic properties was identified. In addition, optimized candidates showed tumor growth inhibition in xenograft studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Heidebrecht
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wahhab A, Smil D, Ajamian A, Allan M, Chantigny Y, Therrien E, Nguyen N, Manku S, Leit S, Rahil J, Petschner AJ, Lu AH, Nicolescu A, Lefebvre S, Montcalm S, Fournel M, Yan TP, Li Z, Besterman JM, Déziel R. Sulfamides as novel histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:336-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Shen J, Woodward R, Kedenburg JP, Liu X, Chen M, Fang L, Sun D, Wang PG. Histone deacetylase inhibitors through click chemistry. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7417-27. [PMID: 19007204 PMCID: PMC3441833 DOI: 10.1021/jm8005355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a relatively new class of chemotherapy agents. Herein, we report a click-chemistry based approach to the synthesis of HDACi. Fourteen agents were synthesized from the combination of two alkyne and seven azido precursors. The inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC8 was then determined by in vitro enzymatic assays, after which the cytotoxicity was evaluated in the NCI human cancer cell line screen. A lead compound 5 g (NSC746457) was discovered that inhibited HDAC1 at an IC(50) value of 104 +/- 30 nM and proved quite potent in the cancer cell line screen with GI(50) values ranging from 3.92 microM to 10 nM. Thus, this click HDACi design has provided a new chemical scaffold that has not only revealed a lead compound, but one which is easily amendable to further structural modifications given the modular nature of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng George Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (+1) 614-292-9884. Fax: (+1) 614-688-3106.
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Optimization of a series of potent and selective ketone histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5528-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of new hydroxamate histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential antileukemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5071-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Gallo P, Latronico MVG, Gallo P, Grimaldi S, Borgia F, Todaro M, Jones P, Gallinari P, De Francesco R, Ciliberto G, Steinkühler C, Esposito G, Condorelli G. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylase with an apicidin derivative prevents cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:416-24. [PMID: 18697792 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of chromatin remodelling via histone acetylation/deacetylation for the control of cardiac gene expression. Specific histone deacetylases (HDACs) can, in fact, play a positive or negative role in determining cardiac myocyte (CM) size. Here, we report on the effect on hypertrophy development of three inhibitors (HDACi) of class I HDACs. METHODS AND RESULTS The compounds were first analysed in vitro by scoring hypertrophy, expression of foetal genes, and apoptosis of neonatal rat CMs stimulated with phenylephrine, an alpha1-adrenergic agonist. This initial screening indicated that a truncated derivative of apicidin with class I HDAC specificity, denoted API-D, had the highest efficacy to toxicity ratio, and was thus selected for further analysis in vivo. Administration of this drug significantly decreased myocardial hypertrophy and foetal gene expression after 1 week of pressure overload induced by thoracic aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. After 9 weeks of TAC, when manifest heart failure is encountered, mice treated with API-D presented with significantly improved echocardiographic and haemodynamic parameters of cardiac function when compared with untreated TAC-operated mice. CONCLUSION The apicidin derivative, API-D, is capable of reducing hypertrophy and, consequently, the transition to heart failure in mice subjected to TAC. Treatment with this substance, therefore, holds promise as an important therapeutic option for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Gallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, San Raffaele Science Park Foundation, Rome, Italy
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41
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Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins are transcription regulators linked to cancer. As a result, multiple small molecule HDAC inhibitors are in various phases of clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. The majority of HDAC inhibitors non-selectively influence the activities of eleven human HDAC isoforms, which are divided into distinct classes. This tutorial review focuses on the recent progress toward the identification of class-selective and isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors. The emerging trends suggest that subtle differences in the active sites of the HDAC isoforms can be exploited to dictate selectivity.
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42
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Jones P, Altamura S, De Francesco R, Paz OG, Kinzel O, Mesiti G, Monteagudo E, Pescatore G, Rowley M, Verdirame M, Steinkühler C. A Novel Series of Potent and Selective Ketone Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Antitumor Activity in Vivo. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2350-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800079s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jones
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Sergio Altamura
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | | | - Odalys Gonzalez Paz
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Olaf Kinzel
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mesiti
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pescatore
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Michael Rowley
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Maria Verdirame
- IRBM/Merck Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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43
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Blackwell L, Norris J, Suto CM, Janzen WP. The use of diversity profiling to characterize chemical modulators of the histone deacetylases. Life Sci 2008; 82:1050-8. [PMID: 18455194 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Target specificity and off-target liabilities are routinely monitored during the early phases of drug discovery for most kinase projects. Typically these criteria are evaluated using a profiling panel comprised of a diverse collection of in vitro kinase assays and relates compound structure to potency and selectivity. The success of these efforts has led to the design of similar panels for phosphatase, protease, and epigenetic targets. Here the implementation of an epigenetic profiling panel, comprised of eleven histone deacetylases (HDACs) and one histone acetyltransferase (HAT), was used to evaluate chemical modulators of these enzymes. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) such as sodium butyrate and trichostatin A demonstrate diverse biological effects which have led to broad speculation about their therapeutic potential in multiple disease states. Some HDACi have demonstrated tumor suppression in vivo and recently Zolinza was the first HDACi approved by the FDA for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. While HDACi have demonstrated therapeutic utility, many of the first generation compounds are pan-inhibitors. Thus, use of an HDAC profiling panel will be essential in achieving isoform specificity of the next generation of inhibitors. To this end, twenty-one compounds, twelve of which are known to have activities against the HDACs, were tested to evaluate the utility of the epigenetic panel. Additionally, these compounds were tested against a larger 72 member enzyme panel comprised of kinase, phosphatase and protease activities. This effort represents the first time these compounds have been profiled with such a broad range of biochemical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blackwell
- Amphora Discovery Corp., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27713, USA
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44
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Wilson KJ, Witter DJ, Grimm JB, Siliphaivanh P, Otte KM, Kral AM, Fleming JC, Harsch A, Hamill JE, Cruz JC, Chenard M, Szewczak AA, Middleton RE, Hughes BL, Dahlberg WK, Secrist JP, Miller TA. Phenylglycine and phenylalanine derivatives as potent and selective HDAC1 inhibitors (SHI-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1859-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Paris M, Porcelloni M, Binaschi M, Fattori D. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: From Bench to Clinic. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1505-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7011408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a novel class of anti-cancer agents on its way to the market. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008; 46:205-80. [PMID: 18381127 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(07)00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Optimization of biaryl Selective HDAC1&2 Inhibitors (SHI-1:2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:726-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Vannini A, Volpari C, Gallinari P, Jones P, Mattu M, Carfí A, De Francesco R, Steinkühler C, Di Marco S. Substrate binding to histone deacetylases as shown by the crystal structure of the HDAC8-substrate complex. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:879-84. [PMID: 17721440 PMCID: PMC1973954 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs)-an enzyme family that deacetylates histones and non-histone proteins-are implicated in human diseases such as cancer, and the first-generation of HDAC inhibitors are now in clinical trials. Here, we report the 2.0 A resolution crystal structure of a catalytically inactive HDAC8 active-site mutant, Tyr306Phe, bound to an acetylated peptidic substrate. The structure clarifies the role of active-site residues in the deacetylation reaction and substrate recognition. Notably, the structure shows the unexpected role of a conserved residue at the active-site rim, Asp 101, in positioning the substrate by directly interacting with the peptidic backbone and imposing a constrained cis-conformation. A similar interaction is observed in a new hydroxamate inhibitor-HDAC8 structure that we also solved. The crucial role of Asp 101 in substrate and inhibitor recognition was confirmed by activity and binding assays of wild-type HDAC8 and Asp101Ala, Tyr306Phe and Asp101Ala/Tyr306Phe mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vannini
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volpari
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Gallinari
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip Jones
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Mattu
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carfí
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Steinkühler
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, Via Pontina Km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
- Tel: +39 0691093238; Fax +39 0691093654; E-mail:
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49
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Gallinari P, Di Marco S, Jones P, Pallaoro M, Steinkühler C. HDACs, histone deacetylation and gene transcription: from molecular biology to cancer therapeutics. Cell Res 2007; 17:195-211. [PMID: 17325692 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7310149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyl transferases (HATs) are two counteracting enzyme families whose enzymatic activity controls the acetylation state of protein lysine residues, notably those contained in the N-terminal extensions of the core histones. Acetylation of histones affects gene expression through its influence on chromatin conformation. In addition, several non-histone proteins are regulated in their stability or biological function by the acetylation state of specific lysine residues. HDACs intervene in a multitude of biological processes and are part of a multiprotein family in which each member has its specialized functions. In addition, HDAC activity is tightly controlled through targeted recruitment, protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications. Control of cell cycle progression, cell survival and differentiation are among the most important roles of these enzymes. Since these processes are affected by malignant transformation, HDAC inhibitors were developed as antineoplastic drugs and are showing encouraging efficacy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallinari
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti-IRBM-Merck Research Laboratories Rome, Pomezia, Italy
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50
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Abstract
Histone acetylation and histone deacetylation play key roles in the epigenetic regulation. Thus, inhibition of deacetylation controlled by histone deacetylases may result in chromatin remodeling, upregulation of key tumor repressor genes, differentiation or apoptosis. Therefore many naturally occurring and synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to display potent anticancer activities in preclinical studies. The exact mechanism by which histone deacetylases exert their effect, however, is still obscure; in any case it is more complicated than originally understood. Although several representatives of this novel class of therapeutic agents are currently at early stages of clinical development, rational design leading to highly selective histone deacetylase inhibitors against histone deacetylase isoforms will not only probably offer more potent anticancer drugs, but also critical insights into their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Monneret
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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