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Ayogu JI, Onoabedje EA. Prospects and Applications of Palladium Nanoparticles in the Cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl Halides and Related Analogues. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:430-450. [PMID: 33590728 PMCID: PMC8015734 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering efficient methods for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds is a central ongoing theme in organic synthesis. Cross-coupling reactions catalysed by metal nanoparticles are attractive alternatives to the traditional use of metal counterparts due to the catalytic tunability, selectivity, recyclability and reusability of the nanoparticles. The ongoing search for sustainable processes demands that reusable and environmentally benign catalysts are used. While the advantages of nanoparticles catalysts over bulk catalysts cannot be overemphasised, the problem of sintering, agglomeration and leaching are drawbacks to their full industrial applications. Hence, efforts are being made towards advancing the efficiency of the catalytic nanoparticle systems over the years. This review presents the progress, the challenges and the prospects of palladium nanoparticle with focus on Heck, Suzuki, Hiyama and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions involving (hetero) aryl halides and the analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude I. Ayogu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical ScienceUniversity of CanterburyChristchurch8040New Zealand
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of NigeriaNsukka410001Nigeria
| | - Efeturi A. Onoabedje
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of NigeriaNsukka410001Nigeria
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2
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Vekariya MB, Joshi HS, Desai NC, Jadeja KA. Rapid and Efficient Approaches for Synthesis of Some New Aryl Propionic Acid Derivatives and
In–Vivo
Anti‐Diabetic Screening of Selected Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh B. Vekariya
- Department of ChemistrySaurashtra University-Rajkot Gujarat - 360005 India
| | - Hitendra S. Joshi
- Department of ChemistrySaurashtra University-Rajkot Gujarat - 360005 India
| | - Nisheeth C. Desai
- Department of ChemistryMaharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar Gujarat - 364002 India
| | - Krunalsinh A. Jadeja
- Department of ChemistryMaharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar Gujarat - 364002 India
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3
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Chinta BS, Santhi J, Baire B. First Approach for Structurally Unique Thieno[2,3‐
e
] isobenzofuran‐8(6
H
)‐one Tricyclic Framework of Echinothiophene and Echinothiophenegenol. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Shankar Chinta
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai Tamilnadu INDIA- Chennai 600036
| | - Jampani Santhi
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai Tamilnadu INDIA- Chennai 600036
| | - Beeraiah Baire
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai Tamilnadu INDIA- Chennai 600036
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4
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Ayogu JI, Onoabedje EA. Recent advances in transition metal-catalysed cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl halides and analogues under ligand-free conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01331h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of new bonds is pivotal in organic chemistry and a prerequisite to life because it allows the construction of complex molecules from simple precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude I. Ayogu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry
- University of Nigeria
- Nsukka
- Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry
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5
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El-Sayed R, Shaldom A, Mazrouee LA. Synthesis and Evaluation of Polyfunctionally Substituted Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from 2-Cyano-N-(5-pentadecyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.984852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Refat El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Amani Shaldom
- Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla Al Mazrouee
- Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Gorja DR, Shiva Kumar K, Dulla B, Mukkanti K, Pal M. Pd/C-Mediated Alkynylation of Indazoles: Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Mono and Dialkynyl-Substituted Indazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Gorja
- Institute of Life Sciences; University of Hyderabad Campus; Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 India
| | - K. Shiva Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences; University of Hyderabad Campus; Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 India
| | - B. Dulla
- Institute of Life Sciences; University of Hyderabad Campus; Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 India
| | - K. Mukkanti
- Chemistry Division, Institute of Science and Technology; JNT University; Kukatpally Hyderabad 500 072 India
| | - M. Pal
- Institute of Life Sciences; University of Hyderabad Campus; Gachibowli Hyderabad 500 046 India
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7
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Bakherad M. Recent progress and current applications of Sonogashira coupling reaction in water. Appl Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bakherad
- School of Chemistry; Shahrood University of Technology; Shahrood Iran
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8
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Rajappa S, Gumaste VK. Reactivity of Thiophenes, Oligothiophenes and Benzothiophenes. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404598-9.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Bakherad M, Jajarmi S. Pd/C-catalyzed, copper-free Sonogashira coupling: one-pot synthesis of 1-aryl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- a]quinoxalines in water. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013; 144:885-890. [PMID: 26166882 PMCID: PMC4495046 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Copper-free, Pd/C-catalyzed, one-pot reaction of 2,3-dichloroquinoxaline with hydrazine hydrate, bromine, phenylacetylene, and a variety of aldehydes provides an efficient and direct method for the preparation of 1-aryl-4-(2-phenylethynyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines in water at 70 °C. This methodology involves the use of inexpensive reagents or catalysts, and thus permits a new and practical access to triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalines. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bakherad
- School of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Saeideh Jajarmi
- School of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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10
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Prasad B, Shiva Kumar K, Vijaya Babu P, Anusha K, Rambabu D, Kandale A, Vanaja G, Kalle AM, Pal M. AlCl3 induced C–N bond formation followed by Pd/C–Cu mediated coupling–cyclization strategy: synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxalines as anticancer agents. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Lange PP, James K. Rapid access to compound libraries through flow technology: fully automated synthesis of a 3-aminoindolizine library via orthogonal diversification. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:570-8. [PMID: 22954105 DOI: 10.1021/co300094n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the synthesis of druglike heterocycle libraries has been developed through the use of flow reactor technology. The strategy employs orthogonal modification of a heterocyclic core, which is generated in situ, and was used to construct both a 25-membered library of druglike 3-aminoindolizines, and selected examples of a 100-member virtual library. This general protocol allows a broad range of acylation, alkylation and sulfonamidation reactions to be performed in conjunction with a tandem Sonogashira coupling/cycloisomerization sequence. All three synthetic steps were conducted under full automation in the flow reactor, with no handling or isolation of intermediates, to afford the desired products in good yields. This fully automated, multistep flow approach opens the way to highly efficient generation of druglike heterocyclic systems as part of a lead discovery strategy or within a lead optimization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. Lange
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - Keith James
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
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12
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Keivanloo A, Bakherad M, Nasr-Isfahani H, Esmaily S. Highly efficient synthesis of 5,6-disubstituted-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2,3-dicarbonitriles through a one-pot palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction/cyclization in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxalines by the Pd/C-catalyzed multicomponent reaction of 1,2-dichloroquinoxaline with hydrazine hydrate, phenylacetylene, and a variety of aldehydes in water. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Park K, Bae G, Park A, Kim Y, Choe J, Song KH, Lee S. Synthesis of symmetrical diarylalkyne from palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative couplings of propiolic acid and aryl bromides under water. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Bakherad M, Keivanloo A, Kalantar Z, Jajarmi S. Pd/C-catalyzed heterocyclization during copper-free Sonogashira coupling: synthesis of 2-benzylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Novel synthesis and antitumor evaluation of polyfunctionally substituted heterocyclic compounds derived from 2-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide. Molecules 2010; 16:52-73. [PMID: 21187817 PMCID: PMC6259152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene with ethyl cyanoacetate gave 2-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide. The latter was used to synthesize different heterocyclic derivatives comprising thiophene, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, and coumarin rings. The mechanistic and synthetic pathways depended on regioselective attack and/or cyclization by the cyanoacetamido moiety in the key precursor on various chemical reagents. The competition of the reaction pathways including dipolar cyclization, dinucleophilic-bielectrophilic attack, β-attack, Gewald-type attack, and condensation reactions led to the diversity of the synthesized products. The antitumor activities of the synthesized products were studied and evaluated. Most of the compounds revealed high inhibitory effects when screened in vitro for their antiproliferative activity. Three human cancer cell lines, namely, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) and CNS cancer (SF-268) were used in the screening tests. The simplicity of the synthetic procedures which mainly involved one-pot reactions under mild reaction conditions, the convenience of yield production and the diversity of the reactive sites in the produced systems play a valuable role for further heterocyclic transformations and further biological investigations.
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17
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18
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Sirisha K, Achaiah G, Reddy VM. Facile synthesis and antibacterial, antitubercular, and anticancer activities of novel 1,4-dihydropyridines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:342-52. [PMID: 20496343 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of twenty new 4-substituted-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis-N-(heteroaryl)-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines have been prepared from a three-component one-pot condensation reaction of N-heteroaryl acetoacetamide, an aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehyde, and ammonium acetate under four different experimental conditions. Except for the conventional method, all the experimental conditions were simple, eco-friendly, economical, and the reactions were rapid and high-yielding. The methods employed have been compared in terms of yields, cost, and simplicity. The synthesized compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their in-vitro anticancer, antibacterial, and antitubercular activities. Amongst the compounds tested, compound 25 exhibited the highest anticancer activity while compounds 14 and 18 exhibited significant antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalam Sirisha
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Division, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India
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19
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One-pot synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxalines via palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Lamblin M, Nassar-Hardy L, Hierso JC, Fouquet E, Felpin FX. Recyclable Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts in Pure Water: Sustainable Developments in Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira and Tsuji-Trost Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Synthesis of 6-substituted imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles via Pd/Cu-mediated Sonogashira coupling in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Soberats B, Martínez L, Vega M, Rotger C, Costa A. Conventional Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium-Copper(I) Iodide-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Free and BOC- Protected Propargylic Amines “On Water”. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Layek M, Gajare V, Kalita D, Islam A, Mukkanti K, Pal M. A highly effective synthesis of 2-alkynyl-7-azaindoles: Pd/C-mediated alkynylation of heteroaryl halides in water. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Ye ZW, Yi WB. Polymer-supported palladium perfluorooctanesulfonate [Pd(OPf)2]: A recyclable and ligand-free palladium catalyst for copper-free Sonogashira coupling reaction in water under aerobic conditions. J Fluor Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Gu Z, Li Z, Liu Z, Wang Y, Liu C, Xiang J. Simple, efficient copper-free Sonogashira coupling of haloaryl carboxylic acids or unactivated aryl bromides with terminal alkynes. CATAL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2008.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Reddy EA, Barange DK, Islam A, Mukkanti K, Pal M. Synthesis of 2-alkynylquinolines from 2-chloro and 2,4-dichloroquinoline via Pd/C-catalyzed coupling reaction in water. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Ryu SG, Kim SW, Oh SD, Choi SH, Park HG, Zhang YP. Preparation of Pd-PS, Pd-PSB and Pd-PSC nanoparticles by γ-irradiation and their catalytic efficiency in Sonogashira coupling reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Ikawa T, Barder TE, Biscoe MR, Buchwald SL. Pd-catalyzed amidation of aryl chlorides using monodentate biaryl phosphine ligands: a kinetic, computational, and synthetic investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13001-7. [PMID: 17918833 DOI: 10.1021/ja0717414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present results on the amidation of aryl halides and sulfonates utilizing a monodentate biaryl phosphine-Pd catalyst. Our results are in accord with a previous report that suggests that the formation of kappa(2)-amidate complexes is deleterious to the effectiveness of a catalyst for this transformation and that their formation can be prevented by the use of appropriate bidentate ligands. We now provide data that suggest that the use of certain monodentate ligands can also prevent the formation of the kappa(2)-amidate complexes and thereby generate more stable catalysts for the amination of aryl chlorides. Furthermore, computational studies shed light on the importance of the key feature(s) of the biaryl phosphines (a methyl group ortho to the phosphorus center) that enable the coupling to occur. The use of ligands that possess a methyl group ortho to the phosphorus center allows a variety of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides with various amides to be coupled in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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29
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Guan JT, Weng TQ, Yu GA, Liu SH. Copper-free PdCl2/PPh3-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction of aryl bromides with terminal alkynes in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Kawanami H, Matsushima K, Sato M, Ikushima Y. Rapid and Highly Selective Copper-Free Sonogashira Coupling in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Water in a Microfluidic System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5129-32. [PMID: 17554746 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kawanami
- Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, 4-2-1 Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan.
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31
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Kawanami H, Matsushima K, Sato M, Ikushima Y. Rapid and Highly Selective Copper-Free Sonogashira Coupling in High-Pressure, High-Temperature Water in a Microfluidic System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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