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Pomikło D, Bodzioch A, Kaszyński P. 3-Substituted Blatter Radicals: Cyclization of N-Arylguanidines and N-Arylamidines to Benzo[ e][1,2,4]triazines and PhLi Addition. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2999-3011. [PMID: 36802654 PMCID: PMC9990070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-amino- and 3-alkyl-substituted 1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls was prepared in four steps involving N-arylation, cyclization of N-arylguanidines and N-arylamidines, reduction of the resulting N-oxides to benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines, and subsequent addition of PhLi followed by aerial oxidation. The resulting seven C(3)-substituted benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls were analyzed by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods augmented with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Electrochemical data were compared to DFT results and correlated with substituent parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Pomikło
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 37132 Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
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2
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Li S, Liu C, Tang Y. Role of Fyn in hematological malignancies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04608-2. [PMID: 36754870 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinase Fyn is a member of the Src family of kinases. In addition to the wild type, three mRNA splice isoforms of Fyn have been identified; Fyn-B, Fyn-T, and Fyn-C. Fyn-T is highly expressed in T lymphocytes, and its expression level is significantly higher in mature T cells than in immature T cells. The abnormal expression of Fyn is closely related to the metabolism, proliferation, and migration of tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that Fyn is expressed in a variety of tumor tissues, and its expression and function vary among different tumors. In some tumors, Fyn acts as a pro-oncogene to promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. Moreover, Fyn mutations have been detected in many hematological tumors in recent years, suggesting a critical regulatory role of Fyn in the development of malignancies. METHODS This review analyzed the relevant literature in PubMed and other databases. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to systemically review recent research findings on various aspects of Fyn in the pathogenesis and treatment of different types of hematological malignancies and suggests possible future research directions for targeted tumor therapy. CONCLUSION Fyn could be a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Treatment option targeting Fyn might be beneficial for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Bodzioch A, Pomikło D, Celeda M, Pietrzak A, Kaszyński P. 3-Substituted Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines: Synthesis and Electronic Effects of the C(3) Substituent. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6377-6394. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominika Pomikło
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Anna Pietrzak
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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Cascioferro S, Parrino B, Spanò V, Carbone A, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Diana P, Cirrincione G. An overview on the recent developments of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives as anticancer compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:328-375. [PMID: 28851503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, the antitumor activity, the SAR and, whenever described, the possible mode of action of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives, their N-oxides, N,N'-dioxides as well as the benzo- and hetero-fused systems are reported. Herein are treated derivatives disclosed to literature from the beginning of this century up to 2016. Among the three possible triazine isomers, 1,2,4-triazines are the most studied ones and many derivatives having remarkable antitumor activity have been reported in the literature and also patented reaching advanced phases of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Patel A, Sabbineni H, Clarke A, Somanath PR. Novel roles of Src in cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, vascular permeability, microinvasion and metastasis. Life Sci 2016; 157:52-61. [PMID: 27245276 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Src-family kinases (SFKs), an intracellularly located group of non-receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in oncogenesis. The importance of SFKs has been implicated in the promotion of tumor cell motility, proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Recent evidences indicate that specific effects of SFKs on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as well as on endothelial and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment can have profound effects on tumor microinvasion and metastasis. Although, having been studied extensively, these novel features of SFKs may contribute to greater understanding of benefits from Src inhibition in various types of cancers. Here we review the novel role of SFKs, particularly c-Src in mediating EMT, modulation of tumor endothelial-barrier, transendothelial migration (microinvasion) and metastasis of cancer cells, and discuss the utility of Src inhibitors in vascular normalization and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Harika Sabbineni
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Andrea Clarke
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Payaningal R Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center and Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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Elias D, Ditzel HJ. Fyn is an important molecule in cancer pathogenesis and drug resistance. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:250-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lu X, Zhang Z, Ren X, Pan X, Wang D, Zhuang X, Luo J, Yu R, Ding K. Hybrid pyrimidine alkynyls inhibit the clinically resistance related Bcr-Abl(T315I) mutant. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015. [PMID: 26195136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrimidine alkynyl derivatives were designed and synthesized as new Bcr-Abl inhibitors by hybriding the structural moieties from GNF-7, ponatinib and nilotinib. One of the most potent compounds 4e strongly suppresses Bcr-Abl(WT) and Bcr-Abl(T315I) kinase with IC50 values of 5.0 and 9.0 nM, and inhibits the proliferation of K562 and murine Ba/F3 cells ectopically expressing Bcr-Abl(T315I) cells with IC50 values of 2 and 50 nM, respectively. It also displays good pharmacokinetics properties with an oral bioavailability of 35.3% and T(1/2) value of 48.7 h, and demonstrates significantly suppression on tumor growth in xenografted mice of K562 and Ba/F3 cells expressing Bcr-Abl(T315I). These inhibitors may serve as lead compounds for further developing new anticancer drugs overcoming the clinically acquired resistance against current Bcr-Abl inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaofeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Deping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jingfeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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Abstract
While increased COX2 expression and prostaglandin levels are elevated in human cancers, the mechanisms of COX2 regulation at the post-translational level are unknown. Initial observation that COX2 forms adduct with non-receptor tyrosine kinase FYN, prompted us to study FYN-mediated post-translational regulation of COX2. We found that FYN increased COX2 activity in prostate cancer cells DU145, independent of changes in COX2 or COX1 protein expression levels. We report that FYN phosphorylates human COX2 on Tyr 446, and while corresponding phospho-mimetic COX2 mutation promotes COX2 activity, the phosphorylation blocking mutation prevents FYN-mediated increase in COX2 activity.
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Parrino B, Carbone A, Muscarella M, Spanò V, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Salvador A, Vedaldi D, Cirrincione G, Diana P. 11H-Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-c]cinnoline and Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,2,3]benzotriazine: Two New Ring Systems with Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9495-511. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marina Muscarella
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Salvador
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via F. Marzolo
5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Vedaldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via F. Marzolo
5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Han B, Ma X, Zhao R, Zhang J, Wei X, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang C, Tan C, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Development and experimental test of support vector machines virtual screening method for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:139. [PMID: 23173901 PMCID: PMC3538513 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Src plays various roles in tumour progression, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and survival. It is one of the multiple targets of multi-target kinase inhibitors in clinical uses and trials for the treatment of leukemia and other cancers. These successes and appearances of drug resistance in some patients have raised significant interest and efforts in discovering new Src inhibitors. Various in-silico methods have been used in some of these efforts. It is desirable to explore additional in-silico methods, particularly those capable of searching large compound libraries at high yields and reduced false-hit rates. RESULTS We evaluated support vector machines (SVM) as virtual screening tools for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries. SVM trained and tested by 1,703 inhibitors and 63,318 putative non-inhibitors correctly identified 93.53%~ 95.01% inhibitors and 99.81%~ 99.90% non-inhibitors in 5-fold cross validation studies. SVM trained by 1,703 inhibitors reported before 2011 and 63,318 putative non-inhibitors correctly identified 70.45% of the 44 inhibitors reported since 2011, and predicted as inhibitors 44,843 (0.33%) of 13.56M PubChem, 1,496 (0.89%) of 168 K MDDR, and 719 (7.73%) of 9,305 MDDR compounds similar to the known inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS SVM showed comparable yield and reduced false hit rates in searching large compound libraries compared to the similarity-based and other machine-learning VS methods developed from the same set of training compounds and molecular descriptors. We tested three virtual hits of the same novel scaffold from in-house chemical libraries not reported as Src inhibitor, one of which showed moderate activity. SVM may be potentially explored for searching Src inhibitors from large compound libraries at low false-hit rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bucong Han
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Central Research Institute of China Chemical Science and Technology, 20 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xin Liu
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Cunlong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, The Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, E4-04-10, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk S16, Level 8, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Tou WI, Chen CYC. In silico investigation of potential SRC kinase ligands from traditional Chinese medicine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33728. [PMID: 22470466 PMCID: PMC3312348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Src kinase is an attractive target for drug development based on its established relationship with cancer and possible link to hypertension. The suitability of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds as potential drug ligands for further biological evaluation was investigated using structure-based, ligand-based, and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis. Isopraeroside IV, 9alpha-hydroxyfraxinellone-9-O-beta-D-glucoside (9HFG) and aurantiamide were the top three TCM candidates identified from docking. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were the primary forces governing docking stability. Their stability with Src kinase under a dynamic state was further validated through MD and torsion angle analysis. Complexes formed by TCM candidates have lower total energy estimates than the control Sacaratinib. Four quantitative-structural activity relationship (QSAR) in silico verifications consistently suggested that the TCM candidates have bioactive properties. Docking conformations of 9HFG and aurantiamide in the Src kinase ATP binding site suggest potential inhibitor-like characteristics, including competitive binding at the ATP binding site (Lys295) and stabilization of the catalytic cleft integrity. The TCM candidates have significantly lower ligand internal energies and are estimated to form more stable complexes with Src kinase than Saracatinib. Structure-based and ligand-based analysis support the drug-like potential of 9HFG and aurantiamide and binding mechanisms reveal the tendency of these two candidates to compete for the ATP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng Ieong Tou
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Calvin Yu-Chian Chen
- Laboratory of Computational and Systems Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Sahin K, Sarıpınar E, Yanmaz E, Geçen N. Quantitative bioactivity prediction and pharmacophore identification for benzotriazine derivatives using the electron conformational-genetic algorithm in QSAR. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 22:217-238. [PMID: 21391137 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2010.548341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electron conformational-genetic algorithm (EC-GA), a sophisticated hybrid approach combining the GA and EC methods, has been employed for a 4D-QSAR procedure to identify the pharmacophore for benzotriazines as sarcoma inhibitors and for quantitative prediction of activity. The calculated geometry and electronic structure parameters of every atom and bond of each molecule are arranged in a matrix described as the electron-conformational matrix of contiguity (ECMC). By comparing the ECMC of one of the most active compounds with other ECMCs we were able to obtain the features of the pharmacophore responsible for the activity, as submatrices of the template known as electron conformational submatrices of activity. The GA was used to select the most important descriptors and to predict the theoretical activity of training and test sets. The predictivity of the model was internally validated. The best QSAR model was selected, having r² = 0.9008, standard error = 0.0510 and cross-validated squared correlation coefficient, q² = 0.8192.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sahin
- Bitlis Eren University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Bitlis, Turkey
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An anti-inflammatory role of VEGFR2/Src kinase inhibitor in herpes simplex virus 1-induced immunopathology. J Virol 2011; 85:5995-6007. [PMID: 21471229 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00034-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization represents a key step in the blinding inflammatory stromal keratitis (SK) lesion caused by ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). In this report, we describe a novel approach for limiting the angiogenesis caused by HSV infection of the mouse eye. We show that topical or systemic administration of the Src kinase inhibitor (TG100572) that inhibits downstream molecules involved in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway resulted in markedly diminished levels of HSV-induced angiogenesis and significantly reduced the severity of SK lesions. Multiple mechanisms were involved in the inhibitory effects. These included blockade of IL-8/CXCL1 involved in inflammatory cells recruitment that are a source of VEGF, diminished cellular infiltration in the cornea, and reduced proliferation and migration of CD4(+) T cells into the corneas. As multiple angiogenic factors (VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]) play a role in promoting angiogenesis during SK and since Src kinases are involved in signaling by many of them, the use of Src kinase inhibition represents a promising way of limiting the severity of SK lesions the most common cause of infectious blindness in the Western world.
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Kumar D, Reddy VB, Kumar A, Mandal D, Tiwari R, Parang K. Click chemistry inspired one-pot synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles and their Src kinase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:449-52. [PMID: 21084189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schenone S, Brullo C, Musumeci F, Botta M. Novel dual Src/Abl inhibitors for hematologic and solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:931-45. [PMID: 20557276 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.499898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD c-Src and Bcr-Abl are two non-receptor or cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (TKs) that play important roles in the development of solid and hematological malignancies. Indeed, Src is overexpressed or hyperactivated in a variety of solid tumors, while Bcr-Abl is the causative agent of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), where Src is also involved. The two enzymes share significant sequence homology and remarkable structural resemblance. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW ATP-competitive compounds originally developed as Src inhibitors, showed to be also potent Abl inhibitors. Dasatinib, the first dual Src/Abl inhibitor approved by the US FDA in 2006 for the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML, is currently being tested in several clinical trials for the treatment of different solid tumors. SKI-606 and AZD0530 are two other important dual Src/Abl inhibitors extensively tested in animal models and in clinical trials, but not entered into therapy yet. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In this review we will report the latest results regarding dasatinib, SKI-606 and AZD0530, but also the knowledge on new compounds that have appeared in the literature in the last few years, including AP24163, AP24534, XL228, DC2036. We will focus on the most recent clinical trials or on preclinical studies that are in progress on these small-molecule TK inhibitors that represent a targeted therapy with high potential against cancer. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Molecularly targeted therapies, including the inhibition of specific TKs hyperactivated or overexpressed in many human cancers, could be less toxic than the classical non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents; they could offer important therapeutic effects, especially if used in association with other agents such as monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schenone
- University of Genoa, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Viale Benedetto VX, Genoa, Italy.
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18
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Shephard EA, Phillips IR. The potential of knockout mouse lines in defining the role of flavin-containing monooxygenases in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1083-94. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.503705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Fyn is 59-kDa member of the Src family of kinases that is historically associated with T-cell and neuronal signaling in development and normal cellular physiology. Whereas Src has been heavily studied in cancer, less attention has been traditionally awarded to the other Src kinases such as Fyn. Our group has shown that Fyn is particularly upregulated in prostate cancer in contrast to the alternative members of the Src family. This suggests that it may mediate several important processes attributed to Src kinases in prostate cancer and other malignancies. These functions include not only cellular growth and proliferation but also morphogenesis and cellular motility. Together, these suggest a role for Fyn in both progression and metastasis. As several agents in clinical development affect Fyn activation, understanding the role that Fyn plays in cancer is of great importance in oncology. Cancer 2010. (c) 2010 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito D Saito
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Cavasotto CN, Phatak SS. Homology modeling in drug discovery: current trends and applications. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:676-83. [PMID: 19422931 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As structural genomics (SG) projects continue to deposit representative 3D structures of proteins, homology modeling methods will play an increasing role in structure-based drug discovery. Although computational structure prediction methods provide a cost-effective alternative in the absence of experimental structures, developing accurate enough models still remains a big challenge. In this contribution, we report the current developments in this field, discuss in silico modeling limitations, and review the successful application of this technique to different stages of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio N Cavasotto
- School of Health Information Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin, Suite 860B, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Palanki MSS, Cao J, Chow CP, Dneprovskaia E, Mak CC, McPherson A, Pathak VP, Renick J, Soll R, Zeng B, Noronha G. Development of novel benzotriazines for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 4:33-49. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440802580536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Schenone S, Brullo C, Bruno O, Bondavalli F, Mosti L, Maga G, Crespan E, Carraro F, Manetti F, Tintori C, Botta M. Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of 4-amino substituted 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2665-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Farard J, Lanceart G, Logé C, Nourrisson MR, Cruzalegui F, Pfeiffer B, Duflos M. Design, synthesis and evaluation of new 6-substituted-5-benzyloxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-carboxamides as potential Src inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:629-40. [PMID: 18686137 DOI: 10.1080/14756360802205299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that are reported to be critical for cancer progression. Inhibiting the catalytic activity of these proteins has become one of the major therapeutic concepts in contemporary drug discovery. We report here the design and the synthesis of novel 6-substituted-5-benzyloxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-carboxamides as potential inhibitors of Src kinase. The synthesis of these derivatives and the preliminary results of biological activity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Farard
- Departement de Pharmacochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universites, Nantes, France.
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Scheppke L, Aguilar E, Gariano RF, Jacobson R, Hood J, Doukas J, Cao J, Noronha G, Yee S, Weis S, Martin MB, Soll R, Cheresh DA, Friedlander M. Retinal vascular permeability suppression by topical application of a novel VEGFR2/Src kinase inhibitor in mice and rabbits. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2337-46. [PMID: 18483622 DOI: 10.1172/jci33361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal vascular diseases, with their associated abnormalities in vascular permeability, account for the majority of patients with vision loss in industrialized nations. VEGF is upregulated in ischemic retinopathies such as diabetes and is known to dramatically alter vascular permeability in a number of nonocular tissues via Src kinase-regulated signaling pathways. VEGF antagonists are currently in clinical use for treating the new blood vessels and retinal edema associated with neovascular eye diseases, but such therapies require repeated intraocular injections. We have found that vascular leakage following intravitreal administration of VEGF in mice was abolished by systemic or topical delivery of what we believe is a novel VEGFR2/Src kinase inhibitor; this was confirmed in rabbits. The relevance of Src inhibition to VEGF-associated alterations in vascular permeability was further substantiated by genetic studies in which VEGF injection or laser-induced vascular permeability failed to augment retinal vascular permeability in Src-/- and Yes-/- mice (Src and Yes are ubiquitously expressed Src kinase family members; Src-/- and Yes-/- mice lacking expression of these kinases show no vascular leak in response to VEGF). These findings establish a role for Src kinase in VEGF-mediated retinal vascular permeability and establish a potentially safe and painless topically applied therapeutic option for treating vision loss due to neovascular-associated retinal edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Scheppke
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Bhagwat SS. Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Purinergic Signal 2008; 5:107-15. [PMID: 18568424 PMCID: PMC2721774 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting inhibition of kinases for the treatment of inflammation and autoimmune disorders have become a major focus in the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. Multiple kinases from different pathways have been the targets of interest in this endeavor. This review describes some of the recent developments in the search for inhibitors of IKK2, Syk, Lck, and JAK3 kinases. It is anticipated that some of these compounds or newer inhibitors of these kinases will be approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, organ transplantation, and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shripad S Bhagwat
- Ambit Biosciences, 4215 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA,
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Palanki MSS, Akiyama H, Campochiaro P, Cao J, Chow CP, Dellamary L, Doukas J, Fine R, Gritzen C, Hood JD, Hu S, Kachi S, Kang X, Klebansky B, Kousba A, Lohse D, Mak CC, Martin M, McPherson A, Pathak VP, Renick J, Soll R, Umeda N, Yee S, Yokoi K, Zeng B, Zhu H, Noronha G. Development of Prodrug 4-Chloro-3-(5-methyl-3-{[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]amino}-1,2,4-benzotriazin-7-yl)phenyl Benzoate (TG100801): A Topically Administered Therapeutic Candidate in Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1546-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7011276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gueto C, Ruiz JL, Torres JE, Méndez J, Vivas-Reyes R. Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship studies on novel series of benzotriazine based compounds acting as Src inhibitors using CoMFA and CoMSIA. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:2439-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Boschelli DH, Wu B, Ye F, Durutlic H, Golas JM, Lucas J, Boschelli F. Facile preparation of new 4-phenylamino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile Src kinase inhibitors via 7-fluoro intermediates: Identification of potent 7-amino analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:405-12. [PMID: 17905586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A more efficient preparation of 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-7-fluoro-6-methoxy-3-quinolinecarbonitrile (2), the penultimate intermediate in the synthesis of bosutinib (1a), was developed. New 7-alkoxy-4-phenylamino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile Src inhibitors were prepared from 5 and 9, the 6-ethoxy and 6-hydrogen analogs of 2. In addition, the fluoro group of 2 was readily displaced by primary and secondary amines to give 7-amino analogs. Two of these 7-amino analogs, 15 and 18, were potent Src inhibitors with in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane H Boschelli
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Kousba A, Soll R, Yee S, Martin M. Cyclic Conversion of the Novel Src Kinase Inhibitor [7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine (TG100435) and Its N-Oxide Metabolite by Flavin-Containing Monoxygenases and Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:2242-51. [PMID: 17881660 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine (TG100435) is a novel multi-targeted Src family kinase inhibitor with demonstrated anticancer activity in preclinical species. Potent kinase inhibition is associated with TG100435 and its major N-oxide metabolite [7-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-{4-[2-(1-oxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-amine (TG100855). The objectives of the current study were to identify the hepatic enzyme(s) responsible for 1) the total metabolic flux of TG100435, 2) the formation of TG100855, and 3) the subsequent metabolism of TG100855. Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) contribute to TG100435 total metabolic flux. TG100435 metabolic flux was completely inhibited by methimazole and ketoconazole, suggesting only FMO- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism. TG100855 formation was markedly inhibited (~90%) by methimazole or heat inactivation (>99%). FMO3 was the primary enzyme responsible for TG100855 formation. In addition, an enzyme mediated retroreduction of TG100855 back to TG100435 was observed. The N-oxidation reaction was approximately 15 times faster than the retroreduction reaction. Interestingly, the retroreduction of TG100855 to TG100435 in recombinant P450 or liver microsomes lacked inhibition by the P450 inhibitors. TG100435 formation in the human liver microsomes or recombinant P450 increased as a function of cytochrome P450 reductase activity, suggesting potential involvement of cytochrome P450 reductase. The results of this in vitro study demonstrate the potential of TG100435 and TG100855 to be interconverted metabolically. FMO seem to be the major N-oxidizing enzymes, whereas cytochrome P450 reductase seems to be responsible for the retroreduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kousba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Property Assessment, TargeGen Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Cao J, Fine R, Gritzen C, Hood J, Kang X, Klebansky B, Lohse D, Mak CC, McPherson A, Noronha G, Palanki MSS, Pathak VP, Renick J, Soll R, Zeng B, Zhu H. The design and preliminary structure-activity relationship studies of benzotriazines as potent inhibitors of Abl and Abl-T315I enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5812-8. [PMID: 17827012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies in optimizing a series of benzotriazine compounds as potent inhibitors of both Abl and Abl-T315I enzymes. The design includes targeting of an acid functional residue on the alphaC-helix that is available only upon kinase activation. This designed interaction provides an advantage in overcoming the challenges arising from the T315I mutation of Abl and transforms poor (ca. 10 microM) inhibitors into those with low nM potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Cao
- TargeGen, Inc., 9380 Judicial Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Hu SX, Soll R, Yee S, Lohse DL, Kousba A, Zeng B, Yu X, McPherson A, Renick J, Cao J, Tabak A, Hood J, Doukas J, Noronha G, Martin M. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Src Kinase Inhibitor TG100435 ([7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine) and Its Active N-Oxide Metabolite TG100855 ([7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methylbenzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-{4-[2-(1-oxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-amine). Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:929-36. [PMID: 17371799 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.014290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TG100435 ([7-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine) is a novel multitargeted, orally active protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The inhibition constants (K(i)) of TG100435 against Src, Lyn, Abl, Yes, Lck, and EphB4 range from 13 to 64 nM. TG100435 has systemic clearance values of 20.1, 12.7, and 14.5 ml/min/kg and oral bioavailability of 74%, 23%, and 11% in mouse, rat, and dog, respectively. Four oxidation metabolites of TG100435 have been found in human, dog, and rat in vitro and in vivo. The ethylpyrrolidine N-oxide of TG100435 is the predominant metabolite (TG100855; [7-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-{4-[2-(1-oxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-amine) in human, dog, and rat. TG100855 is 2 to 9 times more potent than the parent compound. Flavin-containing monooxygenases are the primary enzymes mediating the biotransformation. Significant conversion of TG100435 to TG100855 has been observed in rat and dog after oral administration. Systemic exposure of TG100855 is 1.1- and 2.1-fold greater than that of TG100435 in rat and dog after oral dosing of TG100435. Since TG100435 is predominantly converted to the more potent N-oxide metabolite across species in vivo and in vitro, the overall tyrosine kinase inhibition in animal models may be substantially increased after oral administration of TG100435.
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