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Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu W, Wang S, Wang L, Zheng P, Zi G, Liu H, Liu W, Wei S. Drug conjugates for the treatment of lung cancer: from drug discovery to clinical practice. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:26. [PMID: 38429828 PMCID: PMC10908151 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A drug conjugate consists of a cytotoxic drug bound via a linker to a targeted ligand, allowing the targeted delivery of the drug to one or more tumor sites. This approach simultaneously reduces drug toxicity and increases efficacy, with a powerful combination of efficient killing and precise targeting. Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) are the best-known type of drug conjugate, combining the specificity of antibodies with the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce adverse reactions by preferentially targeting the payload to the tumor. The structure of ADCs has also provided inspiration for the development of additional drug conjugates. In recent years, drug conjugates such as ADCs, peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) and radionuclide drug conjugates (RDCs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The scope and application of drug conjugates have been expanding, including combination therapy and precise drug delivery, and a variety of new conjugation technology concepts have emerged. Additionally, new conjugation technology-based drugs have been developed in industry. In addition to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, drug conjugate therapy has undergone continuous development and made significant progress in treating lung cancer in recent years, offering a promising strategy for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of drug conjugates for lung cancer treatment, including structure-based drug design, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and side effects. Furthermore, challenges, potential approaches and future prospects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shanglong Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengdou Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guisha Zi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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2
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Jäger S, Könning D, Rasche N, Hart F, Sensbach J, Krug C, Raab-Westphal S, Richter K, Unverzagt C, Hecht S, Anderl J, Schröter C. Generation and Characterization of Iduronidase-Cleavable ADCs. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2221-2233. [PMID: 38054705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A crucial design feature for the therapeutic success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is the linker that connects the antibody with the drug. Linkers must be stable in circulation and efficiently release the drug inside the target cell, thereby having a fundamental impact on ADC pharmacokinetics and efficacy. The variety of enzymatically cleavable linkers applied in ADCs is limited, and some are believed to be associated with unwanted side effects due to the expression of cleavage-mediating enzymes in nonmalignant cells. Based on a bioinformatic screen of lysosomal enzymes, we identified α-l-iduronidase (IduA) as an interesting candidate for ADC linker cleavage because of its low expression in normal tissues and its overexpression in several tumor types. In the present study, we report a novel IduA-cleavable ADC linker using exatecan and duocarmycin as payloads. We showed the functionality of our linker system in cleavage assays using recombinant IduA or cell lysates and compared it to established ADC linkers. Subsequently, we coupled iduronide-exatecan via interchain cysteines or iduronide-duocarmycin via microbial transglutaminase (mTG) to an anti-CEACAM5 (aCEA5) antibody. The generated iduronide-exatecan ADC showed high serum stability and similar target-dependent tumor cell killing in the subnanomolar range but reduced toxicity on nonmalignant cells compared to an analogous cathepsin B-activatable valine-citrulline-exatecan ADC. Finally, in vivo antitumor activity could be demonstrated for an IduA-cleavable duocarmycin ADC. The presented results emphasize the potential of iduronide linkers for ADC development and represent a tool for further balancing out tumor selectivity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen Könning
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rasche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Hart
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Carina Krug
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Konstantin Richter
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Anderl
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Jackson CP, Fang S, Benjamin SR, Alayi T, Hathout Y, Gillen SM, Handel JP, Brems BM, Howe JM, Tumey LN. Evaluation of an ester-linked immunosuppressive payload: A case study in understanding the stability and cleavability of ester-containing ADC linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128953. [PMID: 36058468 PMCID: PMC10166636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In spite of their value in prodrug applications, the use of esters in antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) payloads and linkers has generally been avoided due to the ubiquitous and promiscuous nature of human esterases. ADCs generally have a long circulating half life (3-7 days) that makes them susceptible to esterase-mediated metabolism. Moreover, it is largely unclear whether lysosomal and cytosolic esterases cleave ester-containing linkers upon ADC internalization. Due to our interest in the targeted delivery of immune-modulators, our team has recently prepared a series of ester-linked dexamethasone ADCs. Herein, we report our studies of the functional activity of these ADCs, with a particular focus on their catabolism in various biological milieu. We found that esters are selectively but inefficiently cleaved upon cellular uptake, likely by cytosolic esterases. Lysosomal catabolism studies indicate that, in spite of the strong proteolytic activity, very little cleavage of ester-containing linkers occurs in the lysosome. However, ADCs bearing the ester-linked payloads are active in various immune-suppressive assays, suggesting that cytosolic cleavage is taking place. This was confirmed through LCMS quantitation of the payload following cell lysis. Finally, the stability of the ester linkage was evaluated in mouse and human plasma. We found, similar to other reports, there is a significant site-dependence on the cleavage. Esters attached at highly exposed sites, such as 443C, were rapidly cleaved in plasma while esters at more hindered sites, such at 334C, were not. Together, these results help to unravel the complexities of ester-incorporation into ADC linkers and pave a path forward for their utility in ADC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Jackson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Siteng Fang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Samantha R Benjamin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Tchilabalo Alayi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Yetrib Hathout
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Sarah M Gillen
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Jillian P Handel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Brittany M Brems
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Justin M Howe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - L Nathan Tumey
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
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4
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Fu Z, Li S, Han S, Shi C, Zhang Y. Antibody drug conjugate: the "biological missile" for targeted cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:93. [PMID: 35318309 PMCID: PMC8941077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) is typically composed of a monoclonal antibody (mAbs) covalently attached to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker. It combines both the advantages of highly specific targeting ability and highly potent killing effect to achieve accurate and efficient elimination of cancer cells, which has become one of the hotspots for the research and development of anticancer drugs. Since the first ADC, Mylotarg® (gemtuzumab ozogamicin), was approved in 2000 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there have been 14 ADCs received market approval so far worldwide. Moreover, over 100 ADC candidates have been investigated in clinical stages at present. This kind of new anti-cancer drugs, known as “biological missiles”, is leading a new era of targeted cancer therapy. Herein, we conducted a review of the history and general mechanism of action of ADCs, and then briefly discussed the molecular aspects of key components of ADCs and the mechanisms by which these key factors influence the activities of ADCs. Moreover, we also reviewed the approved ADCs and other promising candidates in phase-3 clinical trials and discuss the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of next generations, which provide insights for the research and development of novel cancer therapeutics using ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, (Parkville Campus) 381 Royal Parade,, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Mckertish CM, Kayser V. Advances and Limitations of Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:872. [PMID: 34440076 PMCID: PMC8389690 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) has increased in recent years, mainly due to their unrivalled efficacy and specificity over chemotherapy agents. The success of the ADC is partly based on the stability and successful cleavage of selective linkers for the delivery of the payload. The current research focuses on overcoming intrinsic shortcomings that impact the successful development of ADCs. This review summarizes marketed and recently approved ADCs, compares the features of various linker designs and payloads commonly used for ADC conjugation, and outlines cancer specific ADCs that are currently in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. In addition, it addresses the issues surrounding drug resistance and strategies to overcome resistance, the impact of a narrow therapeutic index on treatment outcomes, the impact of drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and hydrophobicity on ADC clearance and protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veysel Kayser
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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6
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The Chemistry Behind ADCs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050442. [PMID: 34067144 PMCID: PMC8152005 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining the selective targeting of tumor cells through antigen-directed recognition and potent cell-killing by cytotoxic payloads, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged in recent years as an efficient therapeutic approach for the treatment of various cancers. Besides a number of approved drugs already on the market, there is a formidable follow-up of ADC candidates in clinical development. While selection of the appropriate antibody (A) and drug payload (D) is dictated by the pharmacology of the targeted disease, one has a broader choice of the conjugating linker (C). In the present paper, we review the chemistry of ADCs with a particular emphasis on the medicinal chemistry perspective, focusing on the chemical methods that enable the efficient assembly of the ADC from its three components and the controlled release of the drug payload.
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7
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Bargh JD, Walsh SJ, Ashman N, Isidro-Llobet A, Carroll JS, Spring DR. A dual-enzyme cleavable linker for antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3457-3460. [PMID: 33687404 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00957e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
A novel enzyme cleavable linker for antibody-drug conjugates is reported. The 3-O-sulfo-β-galactose linker is cleaved sequentially by two lysosomal enzymes - arylsulfatase A and β-galactosidase - to release the payload in targeted cells. An α-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate synthesised using this highly hydrophilic dual-cleavable linker exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bargh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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9
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Gauzy-Lazo L, Sassoon I, Brun MP. Advances in Antibody–Drug Conjugate Design: Current Clinical Landscape and Future Innovations. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:843-868. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555220912955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of potent cytotoxic molecules into cancer cells is considered a promising anticancer strategy. The design of clinically effective antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which biologically active drugs are coupled through chemical linkers to monoclonal antibodies, has presented challenges for pharmaceutical researchers. After 30 years of intensive research and development activities, only seven ADCs have been approved for clinical use; two have received fast-track designation and two breakthrough therapy designation from the Food and Drug Administration. There is continued interest in the field, as documented by the growing number of candidates in clinical development. This review aims to summarize the most recent innovations that have been applied to the design of ADCs undergoing early- and late-stage clinical trials. Discovery and rational optimization of new payloads, chemical linkers, and antibody formats have improved the therapeutic index of next-generation ADCs, ultimately resulting in improved clinical benefit for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Sassoon
- Immuno-Oncology Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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10
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Kolodych S, Michel C, Delacroix S, Koniev O, Ehkirch A, Eberova J, Cianférani S, Renoux B, Krezel W, Poinot P, Muller CD, Papot S, Wagner A. Development and evaluation of β-galactosidase-sensitive antibody-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:376-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Villela-Ma LM, Velez-Ayal AK, Lopez-Sanc RDC, Martinez-C JA, Hernandez- JA. Advantages of Drug Selective Distribution in Cancer Treatment: Brentuximab Vedotin. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.785.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Tercel M, Lee HH, Mehta SY, Youte Tendoung JJ, Bai SY, Liyanage HDS, Pruijn FB. Influence of a Basic Side Chain on the Properties of Hypoxia-Selective Nitro Analogues of the Duocarmycins: Demonstration of Substantial Anticancer Activity in Combination with Irradiation or Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new series of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins was prepared and evaluated for hypoxia-selective anticancer activity. The compounds incorporate 13 different amine-containing side chains designed to bind in the minor groove of DNA while spanning a wide range of base strength from pKa 9.64 to 5.24. The most favorable in vitro properties were associated with strongly basic side chains, but the greatest in vivo antitumor activity was found for compounds containing a weakly basic morpholine. This applies to single-agent activity and for activity in combination with irradiation or chemotherapy (gemcitabine or docetaxel). In combination with a single dose of γ irradiation 50 at 42 μmol/kg eliminated detectable clonogens in some SiHa cervical carcinoma xenografts, and in combination with gemcitabine using a well-tolerated multidose schedule, the same compound caused regression of all treated A2780 ovarian tumor xenografts. In the latter experiment, three of seven animals receiving the combination treatment were completely tumor free at day 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ho H Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Y Mehta
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Jacques Youte Tendoung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sally Y Bai
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - H D Sarath Liyanage
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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13
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Catabolism of antibody drug conjugates and characterization methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2933-2945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Pillow TH, Schutten M, Yu SF, Ohri R, Sadowsky J, Poon KA, Solis W, Zhong F, Del Rosario G, Go MAT, Lau J, Yee S, He J, Liu L, Ng C, Xu K, Leipold DD, Kamath AV, Zhang D, Masterson L, Gregson SJ, Howard PW, Fang F, Chen J, Gunzner-Toste J, Kozak KK, Spencer S, Polakis P, Polson AG, Flygare JA, Junutula JR. Modulating Therapeutic Activity and Toxicity of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Self-Immolative Disulfide Linkers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:871-878. [PMID: 28223423 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel disulfide linker was designed to enable a direct connection between cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) drugs and the cysteine on a targeting antibody for use in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs composed of a cysteine-engineered antibody were armed with a PBD using a self-immolative disulfide linker. Both the chemical linker and the antibody site were optimized for this new bioconjugation strategy to provide a highly stable and efficacious ADC. This novel disulfide ADC was compared with a conjugate containing the same PBD drug, but attached to the antibody via a peptide linker. Both ADCs had similar efficacy in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Safety studies in rats revealed that the disulfide-linked ADC had a higher MTD than the peptide-linked ADC. Overall, these data suggest that the novel self-immolative disulfide linker represents a valuable way to construct ADCs with equivalent efficacy and improved safety. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 871-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Willy Solis
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon Yee
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Fang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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15
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Burke PJ, Hamilton JZ, Jeffrey SC, Hunter JH, Doronina SO, Okeley NM, Miyamoto JB, Anderson ME, Stone IJ, Ulrich ML, Simmons JK, McKinney EE, Senter PD, Lyon RP. Optimization of a PEGylated Glucuronide-Monomethylauristatin E Linker for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:116-123. [PMID: 28062707 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), such as brentuximab vedotin and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, has led to increased efforts to identify new payloads and develop improved drug-linker technologies. Most antibody payloads impart significant hydrophobicity to the ADC, resulting in accelerated plasma clearance and suboptimal in vivo activity, particularly for conjugates with high drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR). We recently reported on the incorporation of a discrete PEG24 polymer as a side chain in a β-glucuronidase-cleavable monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) linker to provide homogeneous DAR 8 conjugates with decreased plasma clearance and increased antitumor activity in xenograft models relative to a non-PEGylated control. In this work, we optimized the drug-linker by minimizing the size of the PEG side chain and incorporating a self-stabilizing maleimide to prevent payload de-conjugation in vivo Multiple PEG-glucuronide-MMAE linkers were prepared with PEG size up to 24 ethylene oxide units, and homogeneous DAR 8 ADCs were evaluated. A clear relationship was observed between PEG length and conjugate pharmacology when tested in vivo Longer PEG chains resulted in slower clearance, with a threshold length of PEG8 beyond which clearance was not impacted. Conjugates bearing PEG of sufficient length to minimize plasma clearance provided a wider therapeutic window relative to faster clearing conjugates bearing shorter PEGs. A lead PEGylated glucuronide-MMAE linker was identified incorporating a self-stabilizing maleimide and a PEG12 side chain emerged from these efforts, enabling highly potent, homogeneous DAR 8 conjugates and is under consideration for future ADC programs. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 116-23. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Burke
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington.
| | | | - Scott C Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Nicole M Okeley
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Jamie B Miyamoto
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | | | - Ivan J Stone
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | | | | | - Erica E McKinney
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
| | - Robert P Lyon
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington
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16
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Abstract
Receptor-targeted drug delivery has been extensively explored for active targeting. However, the scarce clinical applications of such delivery systems highlight the implicit hurdles in development of such systems. These hurdles begin with lack of knowledge of differential expression of receptors, their accessibility and identification of newer receptors. Similarly, ligand-specific challenges range from proper choice of ligand and conjugation chemistry, to release of drug/delivery system from ligand. Finally, nanocarrier systems, which offer improved loading, biocompatibility and reduced premature degradation, also face multiple challenges. This review focuses on understanding these challenges, and means to overcome such challenges to develop efficient, targeted drug-delivery systems.
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17
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Lu J, Jiang F, Lu A, Zhang G. Linkers Having a Crucial Role in Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:561. [PMID: 27089329 PMCID: PMC4849017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprised of a desirable monoclonal antibody, an active cytotoxic drug and an appropriate linker are considered to be an innovative therapeutic approach for targeted treatment of various types of tumors and cancers, enhancing the therapeutic parameter of the cytotoxic drug and reducing the possibility of systemic cytotoxicity. An appropriate linker between the antibody and the cytotoxic drug provides a specific bridge, and thus helps the antibody to selectively deliver the cytotoxic drug to tumor cells and accurately releases the cytotoxic drug at tumor sites. In addition to conjugation, the linkers maintain ADCs' stability during the preparation and storage stages of the ADCs and during the systemic circulation period. The design of linkers for ADCs is a challenge in terms of extracellular stability and intracellular release, and intracellular circumstances, such as the acid environment, the reducing environment and cathepsin, are considered as the catalysts to activate the triggers for initiating the cleavage of ADCs. This review discusses the linkers used in the clinical and marketing stages for ADCs and details the fracture modes of the linkers for the further development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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18
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Burke PJ, Hamilton JZ, Pires TA, Setter JR, Hunter JH, Cochran JH, Waight AB, Gordon KA, Toki BE, Emmerton KK, Zeng W, Stone IJ, Senter PD, Lyon RP, Jeffrey SC. Development of Novel Quaternary Ammonium Linkers for Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:938-45. [PMID: 26944920 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A quaternary ammonium-based drug-linker has been developed to expand the scope of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payloads to include tertiary amines, a functional group commonly present in biologically active compounds. The linker strategy was exemplified with a β-glucuronidase-cleavable auristatin E construct. The drug-linker was found to efficiently release free auristatin E (AE) in the presence of β-glucuronidase and provide ADCs that were highly stable in plasma. Anti-CD30 conjugates comprised of the glucuronide-AE linker were potent and immunologically specific in vitro and in vivo, displaying pharmacologic properties comparable with a carbamate-linked glucuronide-monomethylauristatin E control. The quaternary ammonium linker was then applied to a tubulysin antimitotic drug that contained an N-terminal tertiary amine that was important for activity. A glucuronide-tubulysin quaternary ammonium linker was synthesized and evaluated as an ADC payload, in which the resulting conjugates were found to be potent and immunologically specific in vitro, and displayed a high level of activity in a Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft. Furthermore, the results were superior to those obtained with a related tubulysin derivative containing a secondary amine N-terminus for conjugation using previously known linker technology. The quaternary ammonium linker represents a significant advance in linker technology, enabling stable conjugation of payloads with tertiary amine residues. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 938-45. ©2016 AACR.
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19
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Kim EG, Kim KM. Strategies and Advancement in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Optimization for Targeted Cancer Therapeutics. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:493-509. [PMID: 26535074 PMCID: PMC4624065 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates utilize the antibody as a delivery vehicle for highly potent cytotoxic molecules with specificity for tumor-associated antigens for cancer therapy. Critical parameters that govern successful antibody-drug conjugate development for clinical use include the selection of the tumor target antigen, the antibody against the target, the cytotoxic molecule, the linker bridging the cytotoxic molecule and the antibody, and the conjugation chemistry used for the attachment of the cytotoxic molecule to the antibody. Advancements in these core antibody-drug conjugate technology are reflected by recent approval of Adectris(®) (anti-CD30-drug conjugate) and Kadcyla(®) (anti-HER2 drug conjugate). The potential approval of an anti-CD22 conjugate and promising new clinical data for anti-CD19 and anti-CD33 conjugates are additional advancements. Enrichment of antibody-drug conjugates with newly developed potent cytotoxic molecules and linkers are also in the pipeline for various tumor targets. However, the complexity of antibody-drug conjugate components, conjugation methods, and off-target toxicities still pose challenges for the strategic design of antibody-drug conjugates to achieve their fullest therapeutic potential. This review will discuss the emergence of clinical antibody-drug conjugates, current trends in optimization strategies, and recent study results for antibody-drug conjugates that have incorporated the latest optimization strategies. Future challenges and perspectives toward making antibody-drug conjugates more amendable for broader disease indications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee G. Kim
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Republic of Korea
| | - Kristine M. Kim
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Republic of Korea
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Republic of Korea
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20
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Akash MSH, Rehman K, Parveen A, Ibrahim M. Antibody-drug conjugates as drug carrier systems for bioactive agents. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2015.1038818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Jiang F, Liu B, Lu J, Li F, Li D, Liang C, Dang L, Liu J, He B, Badshah SA, Lu C, He X, Guo B, Zhang XB, Tan W, Lu A, Zhang G. Progress and Challenges in Developing Aptamer-Functionalized Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23784-822. [PMID: 26473828 PMCID: PMC4632726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers, which can be screened via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), are superior ligands for molecular recognition due to their high selectivity and affinity. The interest in the use of aptamers as ligands for targeted drug delivery has been increasing due to their unique advantages. Based on their different compositions and preparation methods, aptamer-functionalized targeted drug delivery systems can be divided into two main categories: aptamer-small molecule conjugated systems and aptamer-nanomaterial conjugated systems. In this review, we not only summarize recent progress in aptamer selection and the application of aptamers in these targeted drug delivery systems but also discuss the advantages, challenges and new perspectives associated with these delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Biao Liu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Fangfei Li
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Defang Li
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lei Dang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bing He
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shaikh Atik Badshah
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Baosheng Guo
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China.
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China.
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410000, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Baptist University Branch of State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics of Hunan University, Hong Kong, China.
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22
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Elgersma RC, Coumans RGE, Huijbregts T, Menge WMPB, Joosten JAF, Spijker HJ, de Groot FMH, van der Lee MMC, Ubink R, van den Dobbelsteen DJ, Egging DF, Dokter WHA, Verheijden GFM, Lemmens JM, Timmers CM, Beusker PH. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Linker-Duocarmycin Payloads: Toward Selection of HER2-Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate SYD985. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1813-35. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C. Elgersma
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud G. E. Coumans
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tijl Huijbregts
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiro M. P. B. Menge
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A. F. Joosten
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri J. Spijker
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Franciscus M. H. de Groot
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda M. C. van der Lee
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Ubink
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diels J. van den Dobbelsteen
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David F. Egging
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. A. Dokter
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs F. M. Verheijden
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques M. Lemmens
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C. Marco Timmers
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick H. Beusker
- Departments of †Medicinal & Protein Chemistry, ‡Preclinical, and §New Molecular Entities, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, Microweg 22, 6545 CM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Shefet-Carasso L, Benhar I. Antibody-targeted drugs and drug resistance--challenges and solutions. Drug Resist Updat 2014; 18:36-46. [PMID: 25476546 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy of various human malignancies has shown efficacy in the past 30 years and is now one of the most successful and leading strategies for targeted treatment of patients harboring hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) aim to take advantage of the affinity and specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to antigen-expressing tumor cells. Key parameters for ADC include choosing the optimal components of the ADC (the antibody, the linker and the cytotoxic drug) and selecting the suitable cell-surface target antigen. Building on the success of recent FDA approval of brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), ADCs are currently a class of drugs with a robust pipeline with clinical applications that are rapidly expanding. The more ADCs are being evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials, the clearer are becoming the parameters and the challenges required for their therapeutic success. This rapidly growing knowledge and clinical experience are revealing novel modalities and mechanisms of resistance to ADCs, hence offering plausible solutions to such challenges. Here, we review the key parameters for designing a powerful ADC, focusing on how ADCs are addressing the challenge of multiple drug resistance (MDR) and its rational overcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeRon Shefet-Carasso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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24
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Su YC, Cheng TC, Leu YL, Roffler SR, Wang JY, Chuang CH, Kao CH, Chen KC, Wang HE, Cheng TL. PET imaging of β-glucuronidase activity by an activity-based 124I-trapping probe for the personalized glucuronide prodrug targeted therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2852-63. [PMID: 25277385 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucuronidase (βG) is a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prodrug therapy. The ability to image βG activity in patients would assist in personalized glucuronide prodrug cancer therapy. However, whole-body imaging of βG activity for medical usage is not yet available. Here, we developed a radioactive βG activity-based trapping probe for positron emission tomography (PET). We generated a (124)I-tyramine-conjugated difluoromethylphenol beta-glucuronide probe (TrapG) to form (124)I-TrapG that could be selectively activated by βG for subsequent attachment of (124)I-tyramine to nucleophilic moieties near βG-expressing sites. We estimated the specificity of a fluorescent FITC-TrapG, the cytotoxicity of tyramine-TrapG, and the serum half-life of (124)I-TrapG. βG targeting of (124)I-TrapG in vivo was examined by micro-PET. The biodistribution of (131)I-TrapG was investigated in different organs. Finally, we imaged the endogenous βG activity and assessed its correlation with therapeutic efficacy of 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9ACG) prodrug in native tumors. FITC-TrapG showed specific trapping at βG-expressing CT26 (CT26/mβG) cells but not in CT26 cells. The native TrapG probe possessed low cytotoxicity. (124)I-TrapG preferentially accumulated in CT26/mβG but not CT26 cells. Meanwhile, micro-PET and whole-body autoradiography results demonstrated that (124)I-TrapG signals in CT26/mβG tumors were 141.4-fold greater than in CT26 tumors. Importantly, Colo205 xenografts in nude mice that express elevated endogenous βG can be monitored by using infrared glucuronide trapping probes (NIR-TrapG) and suppressed by 9ACG prodrug treatment. (124)I-TrapG exhibited low cytotoxicity allowing long-term monitoring of βG activity in vivo to aid in the optimization of prodrug targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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25
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Dokter W, Ubink R, van der Lee M, van der Vleuten M, van Achterberg T, Jacobs D, Loosveld E, van den Dobbelsteen D, Egging D, Mattaar E, Groothuis P, Beusker P, Coumans R, Elgersma R, Menge W, Joosten J, Spijker H, Huijbregts T, de Groot V, Eppink M, de Roo G, Verheijden G, Timmers M. Preclinical Profile of the HER2-Targeting ADC SYD983/SYD985: Introduction of a New Duocarmycin-Based Linker-Drug Platform. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2618-29. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0040-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Flygare JA, Pillow TH, Aristoff P. Antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 81:113-21. [PMID: 23253133 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With over 20 antibody-drug conjugates in clinical trials as well as a recently FDA-approved drug, it is clear that this is becoming an important and viable approach for selectively delivering highly cytotoxic agents to tumor cells while sparing normal tissue. This review discusses the critical aspects for this approach with an emphasis on the properties of the linker between the antibody and the cytotoxic payload that are required for an effective antibody-drug conjugate. Different linkers are illustrated with attention focused on (i) the specifics of attachment to the antibody, (ii) the polarity of the linker, (iii) the trigger on the linker that initiates cleavage from the drug, and (iv) the self-immolative spacer that liberates the active payload. Future directions in the field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Flygare
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which combine the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the cytotoxic potency of a drug, are promising new therapies for cancer. Along with the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cytotoxic drugs, the design of the linker is of essential importance, because it impacts the efficacy and tolerability of ADCs. The linker needs to provide sufficient stability during systemic circulation but allow for the rapid and efficient release of the cytotoxic drug in an active form inside the tumor cells. This review provides an overview of linker technologies currently used for ADCs and advances that have resulted in linkers with improved properties. Also provided is a brief summary of some considerations for the conjugation of antibody and drug linker such as drug-to-antibody ratio and site of conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Nolting
- Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
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28
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Vincent KJ, Zurini M. Current strategies in antibody engineering: Fc engineering and pH-dependent antigen binding, bispecific antibodies and antibody drug conjugates. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1444-50. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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29
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Gianolio DA, Rouleau C, Bauta WE, Lovett D, Cantrell WR, Recio A, Wolstenholme-Hogg P, Busch M, Pan P, Stefano JE, Kramer HM, Goebel J, Krumbholz RD, Roth S, Schmid SM, Teicher BA. Targeting HER2-positive cancer with dolastatin 15 derivatives conjugated to trastuzumab, novel antibody-drug conjugates. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:439-49. [PMID: 22821053 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting tubulin binders to cancer cells using antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has great potential to become an effective cancer treatment with low normal tissue toxicity. The nature of the linker used to tether the tubulin binder to the antibody and the conjugation sites on the antibody and the small molecule are important factors in the ADC stability and effectiveness. METHODS We explored the use of tubulin-targeting dolastatin 15 derivatives (Dol15) tethered covalently to a representative antibody, trastuzumab, via cleavable and non-cleavable linkers at varying antibody reactive sites (i.e., lysine residues, partially reduced hinge region disulfide bonds) and drug coupling sites (i.e., C-terminus, N-terminus), to investigate which constructs were more effective in killing HER2-positive cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that Dol15 conjugated to trastuzumab via lysine residues at the drug C-terminus using a non-cleavable linker (trastuzumab-amide-C-term-Dol15) produced target-dependent growth inhibition of cells endogenously expressing high HER2 levels (i.e., SK-BR-3, SK-OV-3) in vitro. This ADC was effective at varying doses (i.e., 10 and 20 mg/kg) in the SK-OV-3 human ovarian cancer xenograft. CONCLUSIONS Tethering Dol15 via partially reduced disulfide bonds at the drug C-terminus via a non-cleavable linker (trastuzumab-MC-C-term-Dol15) resulted in an equally effective ADC in vitro, showing that site of antibody conjugation did not influence ADC activity. However, tethering Dol15 at the drug N-terminus using non-cleavable and cleavable linkers (trastuzumab-MC-N-term-Dol15 and trastuzumab-MC-VC-PABC-N-term-Dol15, respectively) resulted in ineffective ADCs. Thus, Dol15 tethered at the C-terminus may be a useful tubulin-targeting agent for conjugation at various antibody reactive sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Depsipeptides/administration & dosage
- Depsipeptides/chemistry
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Trastuzumab
- Tubulin/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Gianolio
- Drugs and Biomaterials R&D, Genzyme a Sanofi Company, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Dosio F, Brusa P, Cattel L. Immunotoxins and anticancer drug conjugate assemblies: the role of the linkage between components. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:848-83. [PMID: 22069744 PMCID: PMC3202854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates are protein-based drugs combining a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases including cancer, and several clinical trials have shown encouraging results. Although the targeted elimination of malignant cells is an elegant concept, there are numerous practical challenges that limit conjugates’ therapeutic use, including inefficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and off-target effects. During the preparation of immunoconjugates by chemical synthesis, the choice of the hinge component joining the two building blocks is of paramount importance: the conjugate must remain stable in vivo but must afford efficient release of the toxic moiety when the target is reached. Vast efforts have been made, and the present article reviews strategies employed in developing immunoconjugates, focusing on the evolution of chemical linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
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Thomas M, Clarhaut J, Strale PO, Tranoy-Opalinski I, Roche J, Papot S. A Galactosidase-Responsive “Trojan Horse” for the Selective Targeting of Folate Receptor-Positive Tumor Cells. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1006-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wu L, Song B, Bhadury PS, Yang S, Hu D, Jin L. Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel pyrazole amides containing α-aminophosphonate moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jeffrey SC, De Brabander J, Miyamoto J, Senter PD. Expanded Utility of the β-Glucuronide Linker: ADCs That Deliver Phenolic Cytotoxic Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:277-80. [PMID: 24900208 DOI: 10.1021/ml100039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-glucuronide linker has been used for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) to deliver amine-containing cytotoxic agents. The linker is stable in circulation, hydrophilic and provides ADCs that are highly active in vitro and in vivo. To extend the utility of the β-glucuronide linker toward phenol-containing drugs, an N,N'-dimethylethylene diamine self-immolative spacer was incorporated with the linker for release of the potent cytotoxic phenol psymberin A. Exposure of the drug-linker to β-glucuronidase resulted in facile drug release. The corresponding ADCs were active and immunologically selective against CD30-positive L540cy and CD70-positive Caki-1 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
| | - Jef De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038
| | - Jamie Miyamoto
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
| | - Peter D. Senter
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021
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Ducry L, Stump B. Antibody-drug conjugates: linking cytotoxic payloads to monoclonal antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:5-13. [PMID: 19769391 DOI: 10.1021/bc9002019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the potency of cytotoxic molecules, thereby taking advantage of the best characteristics of both components. Along with the development of the mAbs and cytotoxins, the design of chemical linkers to covalently bind these building blocks is making rapid progress but remains challenging. Recent advances have resulted in linkers having increased stability in the bloodstream while allowing efficient payload release within the tumor cell.
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Law CL, McEarchern JA, Grewal IS. Novel antibody-based therapeutic agents targeting CD70: a potential approach for treating Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:90-3. [PMID: 19362984 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.n.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting leukocyte differentiation antigens is a validated approach to develop therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity, and inflammatory diseases. A subset of activation antigens transiently induced on leukocytes is particularly interesting because many of them are absent from normal tissues, including those of most vital organs, and therapeutic agents' targeting of such antigens is expected to impart limited toxicity. One such antigen, CD70, has recently emerged as an attractive potential drug target for the treatment of cancers. Whereas CD70 is only transiently expressed on activation T and B cells and mature dendritic cells, it is found to be aberrantly expressed on a variety of tumor cells, including Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. In this report, we discuss potential antibody-based therapeutic approaches targeting CD70 for tumor elimination where various mechanisms such as antibody effector functions, immune enhancement, blockade of paracrine growth loop, and delivery of cytotoxic payloads can be exploited to achieve efficacy. Indeed, early clinical trials with therapeutic anti-CD70 antibodies are currently in progress, and those for anti-CD70 drug conjugates will soon follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Leung Law
- Department of Preclinical Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, Inc, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
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Burke PJ, Senter PD, Meyer DW, Miyamoto JB, Anderson M, Toki BE, Manikumar G, Wani MC, Kroll DJ, Jeffrey SC. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Antibody−Drug Conjugates Comprised of Potent Camptothecin Analogues. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1242-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Burke
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Peter D. Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - David W. Meyer
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Jamie B. Miyamoto
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Martha Anderson
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Brian E. Toki
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Govindarajan Manikumar
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Mansukh C. Wani
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - David J. Kroll
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
| | - Scott C. Jeffrey
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and North Carolina Central University, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, Durham, North Carolina 27707
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Doronina SO, Bovee TD, Meyer DW, Miyamoto JB, Anderson ME, Morris-Tilden CA, Senter PD. Novel peptide linkers for highly potent antibody-auristatin conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1960-3. [PMID: 18803412 DOI: 10.1021/bc800289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Auristatins are highly potent antimitotic agents that have received considerable attention because of their activities when targeted to tumor cells in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Our lead agent, SGN-35, consists of the cAC10 antibody linked to the N-terminal amino acid of monomethylauristatin E (MMAE) via a valine-citrulline p-aminobenzylcarbamate (val-cit-PABC) linker that is cleaved by intracellular proteases such as cathepsin B. More recently, we developed an auristatin F (AF) derivative monomethylauristatin F (MMAF), which unlike MMAE contains the amino acid phenylalanine at the C-terminal position. Because of the negatively charged C-terminal residue, the potency of AF and MMAF is impaired. However, their ability to kill target cells is greatly enhanced through facilitated cellular uptake by internalizing mAbs. Here, we explore the effects of linker technology on AF-based ADC potency, activity, and tolerability by generating a diverse set of dipeptide linkers between the C-terminal residue and the mAb carrier. The resulting ADCs differed widely in activity, with some having significantly improved therapeutic indices compared to the original mAb-Val-Cit-PABC-MMAF conjugate. The therapeutic index was increased yet further by generating dipeptide-based ADCs utilizing new auristatins with methionine or tryptophan as the C-terminal drug residue. These results demonstrate that manipulation of the C-terminal peptide sequence used to attach auristatins to the mAb carrier can lead to highly potent and specific conjugates with greatly improved therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana O Doronina
- Seattle Genetics, Incorporated, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA.
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