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Sorgi D, Sartori A, Germani S, Gentile RN, Bianchera A, Bettini R. Imiquimod Solubility in Different Solvents: An Interpretative Approach. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:282. [PMID: 38399335 PMCID: PMC10893280 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Imiquimod (IMQ) has been successfully formulated to date mainly as semi-solid lipophilic formulations for topical application. In this study, we investigated the solubility of IMQ in solvents suitable for developing innovative formulations in the form of powder obtained, for instance, by spray drying; thus, water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide were tested at different temperatures. Temperature variations, stirring intensity, and the contact time between IMQ and the solvent greatly affected the evaluation of IMQ equilibrium solubility. The attainment of the solid-liquid equilibrium requires 13 days starting from solid IMQ and 2 days from a cooled-down supersaturated IMQ solution. A correlation between IMQ solubility and the solubility parameters of solvents was not found. IMQ solutions in water, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide were neither ideal nor regular. The Scatchard-Hildebrand equation does not apply to IMQ solutions because of association phenomena due to intermolecular hydrogen bonds and/or π-stacking, as supported by the hyperchromic effect that was very pronounced in highly polar solvents, such as water, with the increase in temperature. Finally, IMQ solubility values measured in acetone cannot be considered reliable due to the reaction with the solvent, leading to the formation of new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Sorgi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartori
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Saveria Germani
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rosita Nicolella Gentile
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Excited-State Dynamics of Imiquimod in Aqueous Solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Patinote C, Cirnat N, Hadj-Kaddour K, Cuq P, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Substantial Cellular Penetration of Fluorescent Imidazoquinoxalines. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1499-1512. [PMID: 32778995 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent tools have revolutionized our capability to visualize, probe, study, and understand the biological cellular properties, processes and dynamics, enabling researchers to improve their knowledge for example in cancer field. In this paper, we use the peculiar properties of our Imiqualines derivatives to study their cellular penetration and distribution in a human melanoma cell line A375 using confocal microscopy. Preliminary results on colocalization with the potent protein target c-Kit of our lead are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pierre Cuq
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Sharma M, Sharma G, Raza K, Singh B, Katare OP. Effect of Metamorphed Keratolytic Agent on the Behavior of Imiquimod Loaded Hybrid Vesicles Containing Gel. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3879-3889. [PMID: 31568776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cost, side effects, and patient compliance-related issues of topically effective imiquimod have prevented its widespread acceptance. The present work intends to evaluate the feasibility of overcoming the shortcomings of poorly soluble and skin-penetrating immunomodulator by using biocompatible keratolytic agent with drug-loaded hybrid vesicles. Salicylic acid was complexed with phospholipid through simple mixing and incorporated into carbopol 940 gel containing drug-loaded vesicles, prepared by thin-film hydration method. The morphology, physicochemical properties, rheological behavior, release profile, and dermatokinetics of developed gel were compared with control gel (developed gel without keratolytic agent). In ex vivo drug release studies across the rat skin, there was significant increase in the steady-state permeation flux (Jss) and skin retention of drug from developed gel in comparison with control. There was favorable change in almost every evaluated dermatokinetic parameter. The innocuous nature of control gel had not changed on addition of skin structure-altering agent. The developed gel was found to be stable at room temperature and humidity for 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305 817, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; UGC-Centre of Excellence in Applications of Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Sharma M, Sharma G, Singh B, Katare OP. Systematically Optimized Imiquimod-Loaded Novel Hybrid Vesicles by Employing Design of Experiment (DoE) Approach with Improved Biocompatibility, Stability, and Dermatokinetic Profile. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:156. [PMID: 30927154 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research work explored the possibility of harnessing the benefits of vesicular carriers for overcoming imiquimod-associated complaints or side effects. Hybrid vesicles were prepared by the most common and easily scalable method, i.e., thin film hydration. The chaffing of myriad of factors, both process and material related, affecting the desirable attributes of conceived vesicles, was performed through Taguchi design. Based upon the analysis of Pareto chart and prior experiences, concentration of phospholipid and poloxamer 407 was selected for optimization by 2 levels, 13 run central composite design (CCD). The optimized hybrid vesicles contained 1% w/v phospholipid and 3% w/v poloxamer 407. The optimized hybrid vesicles were incorporated into the 3% w/v carbopol 940 gel and characterized for morphology, physicochemical properties, and rheological behavior. The release (%) and skin retention (% of total dose) across rat skin from gel at same amount of formulation was more than Imiquad®. The gel delivered the loaded cargo, preferably, in the viable region of skin and formed local depot in confocal microscopic studies. The gel followed one compartment open body dermatokinetic model in rat skin. There was not any harmful effect on the mice skin after repeated applications. The gel was stable at room conditions for 1 year.
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Patinote C, Hadj-Kaddour K, Damian M, Deleuze-Masquéfa C, Cuq P, Bonnet PA. Fluorescence Study of Imidazoquinoxalines. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1607-1611. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang H, Zhang P, Hong Y, Zhao B, Yi P, Chen J. Ratiometric imaging of lysosomal hypochlorous acid enabled by FRET-based polymer dots. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
FRET-based fluorescent polymer dots (FPD) with good membrane permeability have been developed for ratiometric imaging of lysosomal HClO in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
| | - Yongxiang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymeric Materials of College of Hunan Province
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
- PR China
| | - Pinggui Yi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers
- Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
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Imiquimod induces ER stress and Ca(2+) influx independently of TLR7 and TLR8. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:789-794. [PMID: 27003259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a physiological response to protein overload or misfolded proteins in the ER. Certain anti-cancer drugs, e.g. bortezomib and nelfinavir, induce ER stress implying that this could be a successful therapeutic strategy against several forms of cancer. To find novel ER-stress inducers we screened a panel of natural and synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists against human keratinocytes and identified the anti-cancer drug imiquimod (IMQ) as a potent inducer of ER stress. Other TLR7 and TLR8 agonists, including resiquimod and gardiquimod, did not induce ER stress, demonstrating that IMQ induces ER stress independently of TLR7 and TLR8. We further confirmed this by showing that IMQ could still induce ER stress in mouse Tlr7(-/-) cells. IMQ also induced a rapid and transient influx of extracellular Ca(2+) together with the release of Ca(2+) from internal stores. Depletion of Ca(2+) from the ER is a known cause of ER stress suggesting that IMQ induces ER stress via depletion of ER Ca(2+). The ER-stress inducing property of IMQ is possibly of importance for its efficacy in treating basal cell carcinoma, in situ melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Our data could potentially be harnessed for rational design of even more potent ER-stress inducers and new anti-cancer drugs.
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Abstract
Natural derivatives and synthetic analogues of lipopolysaccharide are potent stimulators of the mammalian immune system. Retained adjuvant activity with reduced toxicity was obtained by the development of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL((R))), which is approved for use in several vaccine products. Ongoing research and development of synthetic TLR4 agonists may offer increased purity and biological activity with reduced cost. Extensive research has elucidated the mechanism of action of TLR4 agonists and structure-function relationships. Moreover, the formulation of TLR4 agonists has been shown to significantly affect the type and magnitude of elicited immune response. TLR4 agonists comprise a promising class of adjuvants for safe and effective vaccines.
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Musmuca I, Simeoni S, Caroli A, Ragno R. Small-Molecule Interferon Inducers. Toward the Comprehension of the Molecular Determinants through Ligand-Based Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1777-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ci900065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ira Musmuca
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Simeoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Caroli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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