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Santiago C, Ortega-Tenezaca B, Barbolla I, Fundora-Ortiz B, Arrasate S, Dea-Ayuela MA, González-Díaz H, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Prediction of Antileishmanial Compounds: General Model, Preparation, and Evaluation of 2-Acylpyrrole Derivatives. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3928-3940. [PMID: 35946598 PMCID: PMC9986876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the SOFT.PTML tool has been used to pre-process a ChEMBL dataset of pre-clinical assays of antileishmanial compound candidates. A comparative study of different ML algorithms, such as logistic regression (LOGR), support vector machine (SVM), and random forests (RF), has shown that the IFPTML-LOGR model presents excellent values of specificity and sensitivity (81-98%) in training and validation series. The use of this software has been illustrated with a practical case study focused on a series of 28 derivatives of 2-acylpyrroles 5a,b, obtained through a Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H radical acylation of pyrroles. Their in vitro leishmanicidal activity against visceral (L. donovani) and cutaneous (L. amazonensis) leishmaniasis was evaluated finding that compounds 5bc (IC50 = 30.87 μM, SI > 10.17) and 5bd (IC50 = 16.87 μM, SI > 10.67) were approximately 6-fold more selective than the drug of reference (miltefosine) in in vitro assays against L. amazonensis promastigotes. In addition, most of the compounds showed low cytotoxicity, CC50 > 100 μg/mL in J774 cells. Interestingly, the IFPMTL-LOGR model predicts correctly the relative biological activity of these series of acylpyrroles. A computational high-throughput screening (cHTS) study of 2-acylpyrroles 5a,b has been performed calculating >20,700 activity scores vs a large space of 647 assays involving multiple Leishmania species, cell lines, and potential target proteins. Overall, the study demonstrates that the SOFT.PTML all-in-one strategy is useful to obtain IFPTML models in a friendly interface making the work easier and faster than before. The present work also points to 2-acylpyrroles as new lead compounds worthy of further optimization as antileishmanial hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Bernabé Ortega-Tenezaca
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Iratxe Barbolla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.,BIOFISIKA. Basque Center for Biophysics CSIC-UPV/EHU, 48940, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Brenda Fundora-Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sonia Arrasate
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Humberto González-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.,BIOFISIKA. Basque Center for Biophysics CSIC-UPV/EHU, 48940, Bilbao, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nuria Sotomayor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Esther Lete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Rosa LB, Aires RL, Oliveira LS, Fontes JV, Miguel DC, Abbehausen C. A "Golden Age" for the discovery of new antileishmanial agents: Current status of leishmanicidal gold complexes and prospective targets beyond the trypanothione system. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1681-1695. [PMID: 33615725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases worldwide and is considered a serious public health issue. The current therapeutic options have several disadvantages that make the search for new therapeutics urgent. Gold compounds are emerging as promising candidates based on encouraging in vitro and limited in vivo results for several AuI and AuIII complexes. The antiparasitic mechanisms of these molecules remain only partially understood. However, a few studies have proposed the trypanothione redox system as a target, similar to the mammalian thioredoxin system, pointed out as the main target for several gold compounds with significant antitumor activity. In this review, we present the current status of the investigation and design of gold compounds directed at treating leishmaniasis. In addition, we explore potential targets in Leishmania parasites beyond the trypanothione system, taking into account previous studies and structure modulation performed for gold-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia B Rosa
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Laiane S Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
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Ismail MA, Abdel-Rhman MH, Abdelwahab GA, Hamama WS, El-Shafeai HM, El-Sayed WM. Synthesis of new thienylpicolinamidine derivatives and possible mechanisms of antiproliferative activity. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41165-41176. [PMID: 35519193 PMCID: PMC9057764 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08796c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three thienylpicolinamidine derivatives 4a-c were prepared from their corresponding picolinonitriles 3a-c on treatment with lithium trimethylsilylamide, LiN(TMS)2, followed by a de-protection step using ethanol/HCl (gas). DFT calculations were used to optimize the geometric structure of the newly synthesized picolinamidines. The comparison of DFT calculated spectral data with the experimental data (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) showed a good agreement. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of the cationic compounds 4a-c was determined against 60 cancer cell lines representing nine types of cancer. The tested picolinamidines were highly active with compounds 4a and 4b eliciting mainly cytotoxic activity with GI values ranging from -7.17 to -86.03. Leukemia (SR and K-562), colon (SW-620 and HT29), and non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) cell lines were the most responsive to the investigated picolinamidines. In particular, 4-methoxyphenyl derivative 4a showed a profound growth deterring power with GI50 of 0.34 μM against SR, 0.43 μM against SW-620, and 0.52 μM against NCI-H460. The three tested picolinamidines elicited potent GI50 values against all tested cell lines at low micromolar to sub-micromolar level. The new picolinamidines were selective and did not affect normal human fibroblasts. The selectivity index ranged from 13-21 μM. The novel picolinamidines downregulated the expression of key genes in the cell cycle, cdk1 and topoII, but did not affect p53 or txnrd1. Compounds 4b and 4c caused a significant reduction in the concentrations of TopoII and MAPK proteins but were devoid of any effect on the activity of caspase 3. Taken together, these promising anticancer candidates are effective at very low concentrations and safe to normal cells, and most probably work through arresting the cell cycle, and therefore, they deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Abdel-Rhman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Ghada A Abdelwahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Wafaa S Hamama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Heba M El-Shafeai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Wael M El-Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ain Shams Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
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A. Ismail M, M. El-Sayed W, Shaaban S, A. Abdelwahab G, S. Hamama W. A Review of Cationic Arylfurans and Their Isosteres: Synthesis and Biological Importance. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191029114830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides an overview of the chemistry and biological importance
of the cationic chalcophene derivatives (furans, thiophenes and selenophenes). The
summarized literature survey includes synthetic methods, reactivity and biological activities
of aryl/hetarylchalcophenes that have been reported mainly from 2001 to 2019 focusing
on monochalcophenes. A discussion demonstrating the proposed mechanisms of some
interesting synthetic routes and linking structure features to biological activities is presented.
These classes of compounds including cationic chalcophenes possess antiproliferative,
antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities. This review highlights recent advances
for arylchalcophene derivatives and may contribute to the design and structure optimization
of new chalcophene derivatives in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael M. El-Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ain Shams, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Abdelwahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wafaa S. Hamama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Abdelhameed A, Liao X, McElroy CA, Joice AC, Rakotondraibe L, Li J, Slebodnick C, Guo P, Wilson WD, Werbovetz KA. Synthesis and antileishmanial evaluation of thiazole orange analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Antileishmanial Mechanism of Diamidines Involves Targeting Kinetoplasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6828-6836. [PMID: 27600039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01129-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by pathogenic Leishmania parasites; current treatments are toxic and expensive, and drug resistance has emerged. While pentamidine, a diamidine-type compound, is one of the treatments, its antileishmanial mechanism of action has not been investigated in depth. Here we tested several diamidines, including pentamidine and its analog DB75, against Leishmania donovani and elucidated their antileishmanial mechanisms. We identified three promising new antileishmanial diamidine compounds with 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) of 3.2, 3.4, and 4.5 μM, while pentamidine and DB75 exhibited EC50s of 1.46 and 20 μM, respectively. The most potent antileishmanial inhibitor, compound 1, showed strong DNA binding properties, with a shift in the melting temperature (ΔTm) of 24.2°C, whereas pentamidine had a ΔTm value of 2.1°C, and DB75 had a ΔTm value of 7.7°C. Additionally, DB75 localized in L. donovani kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and mitochondria but not in nuclear DNA (nDNA). For 2 new diamidines, strong localization signals were observed in kDNA at 1 μM, and at higher concentrations, the signals also appeared in nuclei. All tested diamidines showed selective and dose-dependent inhibition of kDNA, but not nDNA, replication, likely by inhibiting L. donovani topoisomerase IB. Overall, these results suggest that diamidine antileishmanial compounds exert activity by accumulating toward and blocking replication of parasite kDNA.
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Reguera RM, Morán M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, García-Estrada C, Balaña-Fouce R. Current status on prevention and treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:98-114. [PMID: 27523945 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a parasite-borne disease mainly induced by Leishmania infantum in the Old World and Leishmania chagasi (infantum) in the New World. CanL is a zoonosis transmitted by the bite of infected Phlebotominae flies that act as vectors. CanL is a very serious disease that usually produces death when remains untreated and can be a focus of transmission to other dogs or humans. Infected dogs and other domestic and wild animals act as reservoirs and are a real threat to uninfected/healthy dogs and humans in endemic areas where the sand flies are present. Prevention of new infections in dogs can help to stop the current increase of the disease in humans, reinforcing the concept of "One Health" approach. The management of CanL is being performed using prophylactic measures in healthy dogs - insecticides impregnated in collars or immunostimulants applied by spot-on devices - and chemotherapy in animals that suffer from the disease. Antimonials as first-line monotherapy have proven efficacy in reducing most of the clinical signs of CanL, but they need to be administered during several days, and no complete parasite clearance is achieved, favouring the presence of relapses among treated dogs. Therefore, new drugs, such as miltefosine, or combinations of this drug or antimonials with allopurinol are in the pipeline of clinical treatment of CanL. Recently, there has been an emergence of protective - prophylactic - and curative - autogenous vaccines - immunotherapy tools to face CanL, whose results are still under study. This review highlights the current use of preventive and eradicative weapons to fight against this disease, which is a scourge for dogs and a continuous threat to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Morán
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Avenida Real, n° 1, 24006 León, Spain.
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Nagle A, Khare S, Kumar AB, Supek F, Buchynskyy A, Mathison CJN, Chennamaneni N, Pendem N, Buckner FS, Gelb M, Molteni V. Recent developments in drug discovery for leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11305-47. [PMID: 25365529 PMCID: PMC4633805 DOI: 10.1021/cr500365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Advait
S. Nagle
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shilpi Khare
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Arun Babu Kumar
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andriy Buchynskyy
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Casey J. N. Mathison
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Naveen
Kumar Chennamaneni
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nagendar Pendem
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frederick S. Buckner
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael
H. Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Medicine, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics
Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Green IR, Gibbons S. Fruitful decade for antileishmanial compounds from 2002 to late 2011. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10369-428. [PMID: 25253511 DOI: 10.1021/cr400552x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
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Liu ZY, Wenzler T, Brun R, Zhu X, Boykin DW. Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of new bis-arylimidamides: DB766 analogs modified in the terminal groups. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Studies on the antileishmanial mechanism of action of the arylimidamide DB766: azole interactions and role of CYP5122A1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4682-9. [PMID: 24890590 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02405-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylimidamides (AIAs) are inspired by diamidine antimicrobials but show superior activity against intracellular parasites. The AIA DB766 {2,5-bis[2-(2-i-propoxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan hydrochloride} displays outstanding potency against intracellular Leishmania parasites and is effective in murine and hamster models of visceral leishmaniasis when given orally, but its mechanism of action is unknown. In this study, through the use of continuous DB766 pressure, we raised Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes that displayed 12-fold resistance to this compound. These DB766-resistant (DB766R) parasites were 2-fold more sensitive to miltefosine than wild-type organisms and were hypersensitive to the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) inhibitors ketoconazole and posaconazole (2,000-fold more sensitive and over 12,000-fold more sensitive than the wild type, respectively). Western blot analysis of DB766R parasites indicated that while expression of CYP51 is slightly increased in these organisms, expression of CYP5122A1, a recently identified cytochrome P450 associated with ergosterol metabolism in Leishmania, is dramatically reduced in DB766R parasites. In vitro susceptibility assays demonstrated that CYP5122A1 half-knockout L. donovani promastigotes were significantly less susceptible to DB766 and more susceptible to ketoconazole than their wild-type counterparts, consistent with observations in DB766R parasites. Further, DB766-posaconazole combinations displayed synergistic activity in both axenic and intracellular L. donovani amastigotes. Taken together, these studies implicate CYP5122A1 in the antileishmanial action of the AIAs and suggest that DB766-azole combinations are potential candidates for the development of synergistic antileishmanial therapy.
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Golubev PR, Pankova AS, Kuznetsov MA. Transition-Metal-Free Approach to 4-Ethynylpyrimidines via Alkenynones. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hu L, Patel A, Bondada L, Yang S, Wang MZ, Munde M, Wilson WD, Wenzler T, Brun R, Boykin DW. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of dicationic 2,6-diphenylpyrazines and aza-analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6732-41. [PMID: 24012380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dicationic 2,6-diphenylpyrazines, aza-analogues and prodrugs were synthesized; evaluated for DNA affinity, activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. b. r.) and Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.) in vitro, efficacy in T. b. r. STIB900 acute and T. b. brucei GVR35 CNS mouse models. Most diamidines gave poly(dA-dT)2 ΔTm values greater than pentamidine, IC50 values: T. b. r. (4.8-37nM) and P. f. (10-52nM). Most diamidines and prodrugs gave cures for STIB900 model (11, 19a and 24b 4/4 cures); 12 3/4 cures for GVR35 model. Metabolic stability half-life values for O-methylamidoxime prodrugs did not correlate with STIB900 results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laixing Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA; Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Patrick DA, Ismail MA, Arafa RK, Wenzler T, Zhu X, Pandharkar T, Jones SK, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Boykin DW, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of dicationic m-terphenyl and 1,3-dipyridylbenzene derivatives. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5473-94. [PMID: 23795673 DOI: 10.1021/jm400508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
4,4″-Diamidino-m-terphenyl (1) and 36 analogues were prepared and assayed in vitro against T rypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , Trypanosoma cruzi , Plasmodium falciparum , and Leishmania amazonensis . Twenty-three compounds were highly active against T. b. rhodesiense or P. falciparum. Most noteworthy were amidines 1, 10, and 11 with IC50 of 4 nM against T. b. rhodesiense, and dimethyltetrahydropyrimidinyl analogues 4 and 9 with IC50 values of ≤ 3 nM against P. falciparum. Bis-pyridylimidamide derivative 31 was 25 times more potent than benznidazole against T. cruzi and slightly more potent than amphotericin B against L. amazonensis. Terphenyldiamidine 1 and dipyridylbenzene analogues 23 and 25 each cured 4/4 mice infected with T. b. rhodesiense STIB900 with four daily 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal doses, as well as with single doses of ≤ 10 mg/kg. Derivatives 5 and 28 (prodrugs of 1 and 25) each cured 3/4 mice with four daily 25 mg/kg oral doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Patrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525, United States
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Novel amidines and analogues as promising agents against intracellular parasites: a systematic review. Parasitology 2013; 140:929-51. [PMID: 23561006 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa comprise diverse aetiological agents responsible for important diseases in humans and animals including sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis and others. They are major causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical countries, and are also responsible for important economic losses. However, up to now, for most of these parasitic diseases, effective vaccines are lacking and the approved chemotherapeutic compounds present high toxicity, increasing resistance, limited efficacy and require long periods of treatment. Many of these parasitic illnesses predominantly affect low-income populations of developing countries for which new pharmaceutical alternatives are urgently needed. Thus, very low research funding is available. Amidine-containing compounds such as pentamidine are DNA minor groove binders with a broad spectrum of activities against human and veterinary pathogens. Due to their promising microbicidal activity but their rather poor bioavailability and high toxicity, many analogues and derivatives, including pro-drugs, have been synthesized and screened in vitro and in vivo in order to improve their selectivity and pharmacological properties. This review summarizes the knowledge on amidines and analogues with respect to their synthesis, pharmacological profile, mechanistic and biological effects upon a range of intracellular protozoan parasites. The bulk of these data may contribute to the future design and structure optimization of new aromatic dicationic compounds as novel antiparasitic drug candidates.
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Chauhan N, Vidyarthi AS, Poddar R. Comparative Analysis of Different DNA-Binding Drugs for Leishmaniasis Cure: A Pharmacoinformatics Approach. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:54-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Menezes C, Costa GC, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Clinical aspects of Chagas disease and implications for novel therapies. Drug Dev Res 2011; 72:471-479. [PMID: 22267887 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and the human host dates back 9000 years, as demonstrated by molecular analysis of material obtained from Andean mummies indicating the presence of the parasite's kinetoplast DNA in populations from Chile and Peru. This long-established interaction, which persists today, demonstrates that T. cruzi has established a very well adapted relationship with the human host. From a host-parasite relationship point-of-view this is desirable, however, such a high degree of adaptation is perhaps the foundation for many of the unknowns that surround this disease. Unveiling of the immunological mechanisms that underlie the establishment of pathology, identification of parasite-associated factors that determine strain-differential tissue tropism, discovery of host genetic elements that influence the development of different clinical forms of the disease, and understanding environmental factors that may influence the host-parasite interactions, are some of the key questions remaining to be answered. The response to these questions will aid in addressing some of the current challenges in Chagas disease: fulfilling the need for efficient diagnosis, developing effective prophylactic measures, discovering effective therapeutics, and finding methods to control disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Menezes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Exact and Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Bakunov SA, Bakunova SM, Wenzler T, Ghebru M, Werbovetz KA, Brun R, Tidwell RR. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of cationic 1,4-diphenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. J Med Chem 2010; 53:254-72. [PMID: 19928900 PMCID: PMC3113660 DOI: 10.1021/jm901178d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel dicationic triazoles 1-60 were synthesized by the Pinner method from the corresponding dinitriles, prepared via the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The type and the placement of cationic moieties as well as the nature of aromatic substituents influenced in vitro antiprotozoal activities of compounds 1-60 against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania donovani and their cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. Eight congeners displayed antitrypanosomal IC(50) values below 10 nM. Thirty-nine dications were more potent against P. falciparum than pentamidine (IC(50) = 58 nM), and eight analogues were more active than artemisinin (IC(50) = 6 nM). Diimidazoline 60 exhibited antiplasmodial IC(50) value of 0.6 nM. Seven congeners administered at 4 x 5 mg/kg by the intraperitoneal route cured at least three out of four animals in the acute mouse model of African trypanosomiasis. At 4 x 1 mg/kg, diamidine 46 displayed better antitrypanosomal efficacy than melarsoprol, curing all infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Bakunov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
| | - Svetlana M. Bakunova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maedot Ghebru
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karl A. Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard R. Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599–7525
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Hu L, Arafa RK, Ismail MA, Patel A, Munde M, Wilson WD, Wenzler T, Brun R, Boykin DW. Synthesis and activity of azaterphenyl diamidines against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6651-8. [PMID: 19699098 PMCID: PMC3813006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of azaterphenyl diamidines has been synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiprotozoal activity against both Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. b. r.) and Plasmodium falciparum (P. f.) and in vivo efficacy in the STIB900 acute mouse model for T. b. r. Six of the 13 compounds showed IC(50) values less than 7 nM against T. b. r. Twelve of those exhibited IC(50) values less than 6 nM against P. f. and six of those showed IC(50) values 0.6 nM, which are more than 25-fold as potent as furamidine. Moreover, two of them showed more than 40-fold selectivity for P. f. versus T. b. r. Three compounds 15b, 19d and 19e exhibited in vivo efficacy against T. b. r. much superior to furamidine, and equivalent to or better than azafuramidine. The antiparasitic activity of these diamidines depends on the ring nitrogen atom(s) location relative to the amidine groups and generally correlates with DNA binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laixing Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Reem K. Arafa
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Alpa Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Manoj Munde
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
| | - Tanja Wenzler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David W. Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303-3083, USA
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In vitro and in vivo studies of the trypanocidal activity of a diarylthiophene diamidine against Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3307-14. [PMID: 18625779 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00038-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic diamidines are DNA minor groove-binding ligands that display excellent antimicrobial activity against fungi, bacteria, and protozoa. Due to the currently unsatisfactory chemotherapy for Chagas' disease and in view of our previous reports regarding the effect of diamidines and analogues against both in vitro and in vivo Trypanosoma cruzi infection, this study evaluated the effects of a diarylthiophene diamidine (DB1362) against both amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. The data show the potent in vitro activity of DB1362 against both parasite forms that are relevant for mammalian infection at doses which do not exhibit cytotoxicity. Ultrastructural analysis and flow cytometry studies show striking alterations in the nuclei and mitochondria of the bloodstream parasites. In vivo studies were performed at two different drug concentrations (25 and 50 mg/kg/day) using a 2-day or a 10-day regimen. The best results were obtained when acutely infected mice were treated with two doses at the lower concentration, resulting in 100% survival, compared to the infected and untreated mice. Although it did not display higher efficacy than benznidazole, DB1362 reduced both cardiac parasitism and inflammation, and in addition, it protected against the cardiac alterations (determined by measurements) common in T. cruzi infection. These results support further investigation of diamidines and related compounds as potential agents against Chagas' disease.
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Spychała J. The usefulness of cyclic diamidines with different core-substituents as antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2008; 36:183-9. [PMID: 18571215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of related polycationic compounds has been screened for potential antitumor activity by the NCI's in vitro testing (one dose primary anticancer assay and the NCI-60 full panel screening). The GI50 values of triazines 3 and 4 are on average 1.9 microM and 2.4 microM, respectively. Furan 8 deserves mention too (1.9 microM). The biological test results showed that carbazole 10 possessed cytotoxic activity in the nanomolar range, much better than the other compounds tested, only against several cancer cell lines: CCRF-CEM, HL-60(TB), MOLT-4, NCI-H522, COLO 205, SF-268, but the average GI50 value was higher (15 microM). The activity appears closely dependent on the core-shape and length of the bisimidazoline molecules (important for both high cytotoxicity and DNA binding). The mechanism of DNA minor-groove binding of diamidines 1-12, based on the anticancer parameters, is highly probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Spychała
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland.
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