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Galeta J, Šlachtová V, Dračínský M, Vrabel M. Regio- and Diastereoselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of 1,2,4-Triazin-1-ium Ylides: a Straightforward Synthetic Route to Polysubstituted Pyrrolo[2,1- f][1,2,4]triazines. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21233-21238. [PMID: 35755338 PMCID: PMC9219532 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy to pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines is reported. We show that various synthetically easily accessible 1,2,4-triazines can be efficiently alkylated under mild conditions to provide the corresponding 1-alkyl-1,2,4-triazinium salts. These bench-stable salts serve as precursors to triazinium ylides, which react in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with electron-poor dipolarophiles to yield polysubstituted pyrrolotriazines in a single step.
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2
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Singh S, Utreja D, Kumar V. Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine: a promising fused heterocycle to target kinases in cancer therapy. Med Chem Res 2021; 31:1-25. [PMID: 34803342 PMCID: PMC8590428 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide responsible for about 10 million deaths per year. To date several approaches have been developed to treat this deadly disease including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, and synthetic lethality. The targeted therapy refers to targeting only specific proteins or enzymes that are dysregulated in cancer rather than killing all rapidly dividing cells, has gained much attention in the recent past. Kinase inhibition is one of the most successful approaches in targeted therapy. As of 30 March 2021, FDA has approved 65 small molecule protein kinase inhibitors and most of them are for cancer therapy. Interestingly, several kinase inhibitors contain one or more fused heterocycles as part of their structures. Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine is one the most interesting fused heterocycle that is an integral part of several kinase inhibitors and nucleoside drugs viz. avapritinib and remdesivir. This review articles focus on the recent advances made in the development of kinase inhibitors containing pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine scaffold. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjit Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Divya Utreja
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Vimal Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT), Jalandhar, 144011 Punjab India
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3
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Khanam R, Kumar R, Hejazi II, Shahabuddin S, Meena R, Rajamani P, Yadav N, Bhat AI, Athar F. New N-benzhydrylpiperazine/1,3,4-oxadiazoles conjugates inhibit the proliferation, migration, and induce apoptosis in HeLa cancer cells via oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1651-1666. [PMID: 30206975 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
N-benzhydrylpiperazine and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles are pharmacologically active scaffolds which exhibits significant inhibitory growth effects against various cancer cells, however, antiproliferation effects and the underlying mechanism for inducing apoptosis for aforementioned scaffolds addressing HeLa cancer cells remains uncertain. In this study, N-benzhydrylpiperazine clubbed with 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (4a-4h) were synthesized, subsequently characterized using high resolution spectroscopic techniques and eventually evaluated for their antiproliferation potential by inducing apoptosis in HeLa cancer cells. The MTT assay screening results revealed that among all, compound 4d ( N-benzhydryl-4-((5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)piperazine) in particular, exhibited IC 50 value of 28.13 ± 0.21 μg/mL and significantly inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cancer cells in concentration-dependent manner. The in vitro anticancer assays for treated HeLa cells resulted in alterations in the cell morphology, reduction in colony formation, and inhibition of cell migration in concentration-dependent treatment. Furthermore, G2/M phase arrest, variations in the nuclear morphology, degradation of chromosomal DNA confirmed the ongoing apoptosis in treated HeLa cells. Increase in the expression of cytochrome C and caspase-3 confirmed the involvement of intrinsic mitochondrial pathway regulating the cell death. Also, elevation in reactive oxygen species level and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential signified that compound 4d induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by generating the oxidative stress. Therefore, compound 4d may act as a potent chemotherapeutic agent against human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmin Khanam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Iram Iqbal Hejazi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shahabuddin
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ramovatar Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asif Iqbal Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University, Srinagar, India
| | - Fareeda Athar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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4
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Anti-Cancer Activity of Derivatives of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123361. [PMID: 30567416 PMCID: PMC6320996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring in their structure are characterised by multidirectional biological activity. Their anti-proliferative effects associated with various mechanisms, such as inhibition of growth factors, enzymes, kinases and others, deserve attention. The activity of these compounds was tested on cell lines of various cancers. In most publications, the most active derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole exceeded the effect of reference drugs, so they may become the main new anti-cancer drugs in the future.
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5
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Insights into the structural/conformational requirements of cytotoxic oxadiazoles as potential chemotherapeutic target binding agents. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Ott GR, Favor DA. Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines: From C-nucleosides to kinases and back again, the remarkable journey of a versatile nitrogen heterocycle. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4238-4246. [PMID: 28801135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine, a unique NN bond-containing heterocycle with a bridgehead nitrogen, was first synthesized in the late 1970s but did not find utility until more than a decade later in the early 1990s when it was incorporated into C-nucleosides as a novel purine-like mimetic. This heterocycle remained at the fringes of medicinal chemistry until a confluence of events spurred by the explosion of the kinase inhibitor field in the early 2000s and the pressing need for novel, druggable scaffolds to occupy that exciting space led to numerous applications against diverse therapeutic targets. This digest will explore the history of this scaffold and the importance of chemistry in propelling drug discovery. The varied uses of this scaffold will be detailed as it progressed from C-nucleosides, to kinase inhibitors, to recognition as a "privileged" template, and finally reemergence in the C-nucleoside field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Ott
- Discovery & Product Development, Teva Global R&D, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, United States.
| | - David A Favor
- Discovery & Product Development, Teva Global R&D, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, United States
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7
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Wet-osot S, Phakhodee W, Pattarawarapan M. Application of N-Acylbenzotriazoles in the Synthesis of 5-Substituted 2-Ethoxy-1,3,4-oxadiazoles as Building Blocks toward 3,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9923-9929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirawit Wet-osot
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, and §Center of Excellence in Materials Science
and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wong Phakhodee
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, and §Center of Excellence in Materials Science
and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department
of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, ‡Graduate School, and §Center of Excellence in Materials Science
and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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8
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Inhibitory growth evaluation and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cancer cells by new 5-aryl-2-butylthio-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:1027-1042. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Ahsan MJ. Rationale Design, Synthesis And In VitroAnticancer Activity of New 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Analogues. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jawed Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Maharishi Arvind College of Pharmacy; Jaipur, Rajasthan 302 039 India, Tel.: +91 9694087786, Fax: +91 141 2335120
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Kang CM, Liu DQ, Zhao XH, Dai YJ, Cheng JG, Lv YT. QSAR and molecular docking studies on oxindole derivatives as VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:103-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1049364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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1,3,4-Oxadiazoles: An emerging scaffold to target growth factors, enzymes and kinases as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:124-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Kang CM, Liu DQ, Wang XY, Dai YJ, Cheng JG, Lv YT. 3D-QSAR and docking study on 3-benzimidazol-2-ylhydroquinolin-2-one derivatives as VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Xiang H, Chen Y, He Q, Xie Y, Yang C. Pot, atom and step economic synthesis: a diversity-oriented approach to construct 2-substituted pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-ones. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22909b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Zheng B, Conlon DA, Corbett RM, Chau M, Hsieh DM, Yeboah A, Hsieh D, Müslehiddinoğlu J, Gallagher WP, Simon JN, Burt J. Development of a Practical Synthesis of a Functionalized Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine Nucleus. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300252n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - David A. Conlon
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - R. Michael Corbett
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Melissa Chau
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Dau-Ming Hsieh
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Agnes Yeboah
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Daniel Hsieh
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Jale Müslehiddinoğlu
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - William P. Gallagher
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Jeffrey N. Simon
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
| | - Justin Burt
- Chemical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 191, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0191,
United States
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15
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Musumeci F, Radi M, Brullo C, Schenone S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: drugs and new inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10797-822. [PMID: 23098265 DOI: 10.1021/jm301085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent launch onto the market of five VEGFR inhibitors indicates the therapeutic value of these agents and the importance of the research in the field of angiogenesis inhibitors for future oncologic therapy. In this Perspective we briefly report the inhibitors that are in clinical use, while we dedicate two wider sections to the compounds that are in clinical trials and to the new derivatives appearing in the literature. We especially consider the medicinal chemistry aspect of the topic and report the structure-activity relationship studies and the binding mode of some inhibitors as well as the biological data of the compounds discovered in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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16
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Zeng H, Zhang H. Combined 3D-QSAR modeling and molecular docking study on 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:54-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Lu X, Chen Y, You Q. Pharmacophore Guided 3D-QSAR CoMFA Analysis of Amino Substituted Nitrogen Heterocycle Ureas as KDR Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200960032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Du J, Lei B, Qin J, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular modeling studies of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors using QSAR and docking. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 27:642-54. [PMID: 19081278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR-2 or kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) are attractive targets for the development of novel anticancer agents. In the present work, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on a series of selective inhibitors of KDR. Docking studies were performed to explore the binding mode between all of the inhibitors and the KDR and produce the bioactive conformation of each compound in the whole dataset. Two conformer-based alignment strategies were employed to construct reliable 3D-QSAR models. The docked conformer-based alignment strategy gave the best 3D-QSAR models. The best CoMFA and CoMSIA models gave a cross-validated coefficient q(2) of 0.546 and 0.715, non-cross-validated r(2) values of 0.936 and 0.961, predicted r(2) values of 0.673 and 0.797, respectively. The information obtained from molecular modeling studies were very helpful to design some novel selective inhibitors of KDR with desired activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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