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Romanelli MN, Manetti D, Braconi L, Dei S, Gabellini A, Teodori E. The piperazine scaffold for novel drug discovery efforts: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:969-984. [PMID: 35848922 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2103535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION . Piperazine is a structural element present in drugs belonging to various chemical classes and used for numerous different therapeutic applications; it has been considered a privileged scaffold for drug design. AREAS COVERED The authors have searched examples of piperazine-containing compounds among drugs recently approved by the FDA, and in some research fields (nicotinic receptor modulators, compounds acting against cancer and bacterial multi-drug resistance), looking in particular to the design behind the insertion of this moiety. EXPERT OPINION Piperazine is widely used due to its peculiar characteristics, such as solubility, basicity, chemical reactivity, and conformational properties. This moiety has represented an important tool to modulate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novella Romanelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Dina Manetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Braconi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Gabellini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Teodori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child's Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Wei H, Lian W, Wang C. 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptanes Induces Apoptosis and Arrests Cell Cycle in Prostate Cancer Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920266. [PMID: 31919338 PMCID: PMC6977617 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer, non-cutaneous malignant tumor, is the second common cause of cancer related mortalities in American men and is responsible for 13% of deaths related to cancer. The present study investigated the anti-cancer effects of 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane on LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells in vitro and on tumor growth in vivo in BALB/C nude mice. Material/Methods Reduction of cell viability by 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane was evaluated by sulphorhodamine-B staining and apoptosis onset using annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining. The 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate stain was used for assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation while as western blotting for analysis of protein expression. Results The viability of LNCaP and PC3 cells was reduced significantly (P<0.05) by 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane in dose-based manner. At 30 μM of 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane the viability of LNCaP and PC3 cells was reduced to 32 and 28%, respectively. The 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane treatment increased apoptosis in LNCaP cells to 43.31% at 30 μM. The cell cycle in LNCaP cells was arrested in G1 phase on treatment with 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane. The expression of cyclin D1 and p21 proteins was significantly increased by 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane in LNCaP and PC3 cells. The growth of prostate tumor was also suppressed in vivo in mice by 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane treatment. Conclusions In summary, the study demonstrated that LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cell viability is suppressed by 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane treatment. The suppression of prostate cancer cell viability by 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane involves apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest and upregulation of p21 expression. Therefore, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]heptane can be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Wei
- Second Department of Urology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wenfeng Lian
- Second Department of Urology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Chong Wang
- First Department of Urology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Murineddu G, Gotti C, Asproni B, Corona P, Martinello K, Plutino S, Fucile S, Temml V, Moretti M, Viani P, Schuster D, Piras S, Deligia F, Pinna GA. Novel N-aryl nicotinamide derivatives: Taking stock on 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as ligands for neuronal acetylcholine receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:51-61. [PMID: 31299587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We designed the synthesis of a small library of 3-substituted-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes whose affinity on neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) was evaluated. Among the synthesized compounds, the 5-(3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-3-yl)-N-(2-fluorophenyl)nicotinamide 43 proved to be the most interesting compound with α4β2Ki value of 10 pM and a very high α7/α4β2 selectivity. Furthermore, compounds 35, 39 and 43 elicited a selective partial agonist activity for α4β2 nAChR subtype. Finally, in this paper we also report the conclusions on the 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as ligands for nAChRs, resulting from our consolidated structure activity relationship (SAR) studies on this template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Murineddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | - Battistina Asproni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Corona
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Simona Plutino
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Fucile
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinese 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "V. Erspamer", Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Veronika Temml
- Insitute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milena Moretti
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Viani
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Piras
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Deligia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerard A Pinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Deligia F, Murineddu G, Gotti C, Ragusa G, Fasoli F, Sciaccaluga M, Plutino S, Fucile S, Loriga G, Asproni B, Pinna GA. Pyridinyl- and pyridazinyl-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-anilines: Novel selective ligands with subnanomolar affinity for α 4β 2 nACh receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:401-416. [PMID: 29751234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) of animals and humans are important for cognitive and behavioural functions. Until a few years ago, it was thought that the key molecules transducing the cholinergic message were the metabotropic muscarinic receptors, but it is now known that ionotropic neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) are also involved. Based on recent studies, we prepared a small library of novel 3-substituted-3,6-diazabicyclo [3.1.1]heptanes, whose binding activity and functionality have been assayed. Among the synthesized compounds, the 3-(anilino)pyridine series resulted in the most interesting compounds with α4β2Ki values ranging from 0.0225 nM (12g) to 2.06 nM (12o).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Deligia
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Trav. La Crucca 3, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Murineddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Ragusa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fasoli
- CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Simona Plutino
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "V. Erspamer, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Fucile
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinese 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "V. Erspamer, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loriga
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 09010, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Battistina Asproni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerard A Pinna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Legnani L, Colombo D, Venuti A, Pastori C, Lopalco L, Toma L, Mori M, Grazioso G, Villa S. Diazabicyclo analogues of maraviroc: synthesis, modeling, NMR studies and antiviral activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:422-433. [PMID: 30108760 PMCID: PMC6071814 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00575f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two diazabicyclo analogues of maraviroc, in which the azabicyclooctane moiety is replaced by diazabicyclooctane or diazabicyclononane, were synthesized and tested, through a viral neutralization assay, on a panel of six pseudoviruses. The diazabicyclooctane derivative maintained a significant infectivity reduction power, whereas the diazabicyclononane was less effective. Biological data were rationalized through a computational study that allowed the conformational preferences of the compounds to be determined and a correlation between the inhibitory activity, the bridge length of the bicycle, and the rotational barrier around dihedral angle τ7 to be hypothesized. A high-field NMR analysis supported the modeling results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Legnani
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 12 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università di Catania , V.le A. Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - D Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale , Università di Milano , Via Saldini 50 , 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - A Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - C Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - L Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - L Toma
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 12 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - M Mori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Milano , Via L. Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 02 503 19368
| | - G Grazioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Milano , Via L. Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 02 503 19368
| | - S Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Milano , Via L. Mangiagalli 25 , 20133 Milano , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 02 503 19368
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6
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Deligia F, Deiana V, Gotti C, Lazzari P, Bottazzi MEH, Pucci L, Fasoli F, Ragusa G, Pinna GA, Murineddu G. Design of novel 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane derivatives with potent and selective affinities for α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:429-37. [PMID: 26383127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New analogues (3a-l) of the previously described α4β2 selective ligand 3-(6-halopyridin-3-yl)-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (2a,b) have been synthesized and their binding activity for neuronal acetylcholine receptor subtypes α4β2 and α7 were assayed. Six of these compounds (3a,b,c,j,k and l) showed high affinity and selectivity for α4β2 receptors. The phenylpyridyl-diazabicycloheptane 3c displayed Ki value of 11.17 pM for α4β2, in line with that of the halogenated homologues 3a,b, although it was characterized by an improved selectivity (Ki = 17 μM for α7 receptors). The influence of substitutions on the phenylpyridyl moiety on binding at both α4β2 and α7 receptors has been examined through the Topliss decision tree analysis. Substitution with electron-donating groups (as CH3 and OCH3) resulted in a good affinity for α4β2 receptors and substantially no affinity for α7. Amongst all the tested phenyl-substituted compounds, the p-NO2-phenyl substituted analogue 3j exhibited the highest α4β2 affinity, with Ki value comparable to that of 3c. Intrinsic α4β2 receptor mediated activity in [(3)H]-DA release assay was showed by compound 3a as well as by the reference analogue 2a, whereas phenyl substituted derivative 3c exhibited α4β2 antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Deligia
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valeria Deiana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gotti
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra Institute University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzari
- KemoTech Srl, Building 3, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, CA, Italy; PharmaNess Scarl, Building 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, CA, Italy
| | | | - Luca Pucci
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra Institute University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Fasoli
- CNR, Neuroscience Institute-Milano, Biometra Institute University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Ragusa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerard A Pinna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Murineddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via F. Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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7
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Strachan JP, Kombo DC, Mazurov A, Heemstra R, Bhatti BS, Akireddy R, Murthy S, Miao L, Jett JE, Speake J, Bencherif M. Identification and pharmacological characterization of 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-3-carboxamides as novel ligands for the α4β2 and α6/α3β2β3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:60-74. [PMID: 25147147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a novel series of compounds, 3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-3-carboxamides, targeting both the α4β2 and α6/α3β2β3 nAChRs. Members of the obtained chemical library are partial or full agonists at both the high sensitivity (α4)2(β2)3 and α6/α3β2β3 nAChRs. 3-(Cyclopropylcarbonyl)-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (TC-8831 or compound 7 herein) demonstrated a safe in vitro pharmacological profile and the potential for reducing or preventing L-dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) in several in vivo animal models [1-4]. In vivo metabolism studies in rat and in vitro metabolism studies in liver microsomes from human, rat, dog and monkey showed TC-8831 to be relatively stable. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis in the rat confirmed brain penetration, with an average brain:plasma ratio of approximately 0.3 across time points from 0.5 to 4 h. Docking into homology models predicted alternative binding modes for TC-8831 and highlighted the importance of the cationic center, hydrogen-bond acceptor, and hydrophobic aliphatic features in promoting binding affinity to both nAChRs. Pharmacophore elucidation confirmed the importance of these key interactions. QSAR modeling suggested that binding affinity is primarily driven by ligand shape, relative positive charge distribution onto the molecular surface, and molecular flexibility. Of the two subtypes, ligand binding to α6β2β3 appears to be more sensitive to bulkiness and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Paul Strachan
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - David C Kombo
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA.
| | - Anatoly Mazurov
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Ronald Heemstra
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Balwinder S Bhatti
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Rao Akireddy
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Srinivasa Murthy
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Lan Miao
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - John E Jett
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Jason Speake
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
| | - Merouane Bencherif
- Targacept, Inc., 100 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101-4165, USA
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Lowe JT, Lee MD, Akella LB, Davoine E, Donckele EJ, Durak L, Duvall JR, Gerard B, Holson EB, Joliton A, Kesavan S, Lemercier BC, Liu H, Marié JC, Mulrooney CA, Muncipinto G, Welzel-O’Shea M, Panko LM, Rowley A, Suh BC, Thomas M, Wagner FF, Wei J, Foley MA, Marcaurelle LA. Synthesis and profiling of a diverse collection of azetidine-based scaffolds for the development of CNS-focused lead-like libraries. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7187-211. [PMID: 22853001 PMCID: PMC3454511 DOI: 10.1021/jo300974j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and diversification of a densely functionalized azetidine ring system to gain access to a wide variety of fused, bridged, and spirocyclic ring systems is described. The in vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of representative library members are measured in order to evaluate the use of these scaffolds for the generation of lead-like molecules to be used in targeting the central nervous system. The solid-phase synthesis of a 1976-membered library of spirocyclic azetidines is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Lowe
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Maurice D. Lee
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Lakshmi B. Akella
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Emeline Davoine
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Etienne J. Donckele
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Landon Durak
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jeremy R. Duvall
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Baudouin Gerard
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Adrien Joliton
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Sarathy Kesavan
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Berenice C. Lemercier
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Haibo Liu
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jean-Charles Marié
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Carol A. Mulrooney
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Giovanni Muncipinto
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Morgan Welzel-O’Shea
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Laura M. Panko
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Ann Rowley
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Byung-Chul Suh
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Meryl Thomas
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jingqiang Wei
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Lisa A. Marcaurelle
- Chemical Biology Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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