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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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2
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Mathur T, Kumar M, Barman TK, Raj VS, Upadhyay DJ, Verma AK. Novel azoles with potent antileishmanial activity. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:871-877. [PMID: 34318681 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the antileishmanial activity of novel azole compounds against Leishmania donovani, which causes deadly visceral leishmaniasis disease. Materials & methods: A focused azole-based library was screened against both promastigotes and amastigotes forms of L. donovani strains in flat-bottomed 96-well tissue culture plates and J774A.1 macrophage cell-line infected with L. donovani. The comprehensive screening of azole-based library against L. donovani strains provided novel hits, which can serve as a good starting point to initiate hit to lead optimization campaign. Results: Hits identified from azole-based library exhibited potent in vitro activity against promastigotes and amastigotes of L. donovani. Conclusion: These potent novel azole hits could be a good starting point to carry out for further medicinal chemistry exploration for antileishmania program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Mathur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, plot no. 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 015, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, plot no. 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 015, India
| | - Tarani K Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, plot no. 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 015, India
| | - V Samuel Raj
- Department of Infectious Diseases, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, plot no. 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 015, India
| | - Dilip J Upadhyay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, plot no. 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 015, India
| | - Ashwani K Verma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, plot no. 20, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 015, India
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3
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191014154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
:
In recent years, the synthesis and evaluation of the
biological properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole
derivatives have been the subject of a large number of studies
by academia and industry. In these studies it has been shown
that this large and highly differentiated class of heteroarene
derivatives includes high valuable compounds having important
biological and pharmacological properties such as
antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antifibrotic,
antiuricemic, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antiulcer
activities.
:
The present review with 411 references, in which we focused on the literature data published mainly from 2011
to 2017, aims to update the readers on the recent developments on the synthesis and biological evaluation of
pharmacologically relevant 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on their different
molecular targets and their potential use as drugs to treat various types of diseases. Reference was also
made to substantial literature data acquired before 2011 in this burgeoning research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa - via Moruzzi, 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo - Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
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4
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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5
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García E, Coa JC, Otero E, Carda M, Vélez ID, Robledo SM, Cardona WI. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of furanchalcone–quinoline, furanchalcone–chromone and furanchalcone–imidazole hybrids. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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6
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Emami S, Tavangar P, Keighobadi M. An overview of azoles targeting sterol 14α-demethylase for antileishmanial therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 135:241-259. [PMID: 28456033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The azole antifungal drugs are an important class of chemotherapeutic agents with broad-spectrum of activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi, act in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway through inhibition of the cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme sterol 14α-demethylase. Azole antifungals have also been repurposed for treatment of tropical protozoan infections including human leishmaniasis. Recent advances in molecular biology and computational chemistry areas have increased our knowledge about sterol biochemical pathway in Leishmania parasites. Based on the importance of sterol biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania parasites, we reviewed all studies reported on azoles for potential antileishmanial therapy along their structural and biological aspects. This review may help medicinal chemists for design of new azole-derived antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Pegah Tavangar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Keighobadi
- Student Research Committee, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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7
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Sangshetti JN, Kalam Khan FA, Kulkarni AA, Arote R, Patil RH. Antileishmanial drug discovery: comprehensive review of the last 10 years. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the current aspects of leishmaniasis including marketed drugs, new antileishmanial agents, and possible drug targets of antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rohidas Arote
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- School of Dentistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra H. Patil
- Department of Biotechnology
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
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Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Green IR, Gibbons S. Fruitful decade for antileishmanial compounds from 2002 to late 2011. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10369-428. [PMID: 25253511 DOI: 10.1021/cr400552x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
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9
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Khazaeli P, Sharifi I, Talebian E, Heravi G, Moazeni E, Mostafavi M. Anti-leishmanial effect of itraconazole niosome on in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania tropica. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:205-211. [PMID: 24956400 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The novel niosomal system aimed to deliver the active drug entity to the target site. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate the effect of itraconazole niosome on the in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania tropica as compared to itraconazole alone or tartar emetic. The overall growth rate of promastigotes treated with various concentrations of itraconazole niosome was significantly lower than that of itraconazole alone (IC₅₀=0.24 μg/ml vs. IC₅₀=0.43 μg/ml, P<0.01). In contrast, the mean multiplication rate of amastigotes inside the macrophages and also the mean number of amastigotes in each macrophage treated with itraconazole niosome (34.9 and 3.0) were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those treated with itraconazole alone (62.0 and 3.8) or tartar emetic (63.9 and 4.2), respectively. These findings indicated that niosomes could be developed as a novel drug delivery for itraconazole in the in vitro model. Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of itraconazole niosome on volunteer human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Khazaeli
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Talebian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gioia Heravi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Moazeni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mostafavi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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10
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An expedient one-pot synthesis of highly substituted imidazoles using supported ionic liquid-like phase (SILLP) as a green and efficient catalyst and evaluation of their anti-microbial activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Zhang L, Peng XM, Damu GLV, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:340-437. [PMID: 23740514 DOI: 10.1002/med.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole ring is an important five-membered aromatic heterocycle widely present in natural products and synthetic molecules. The unique structural feature of imidazole ring with desirable electron-rich characteristic is beneficial for imidazole derivatives to readily bind with a variety of enzymes and receptors in biological systems through diverse weak interactions, thereby exhibiting broad bioactivities. The related research and developments of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous imidazole-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in the clinic to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown the enormous development value. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of imidazole-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antineuropathic, antihypertensive, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antiobesity, antiviral, and other medicinal agents, together with their potential applications in diagnostics and pathology. It is hoped that this review will be helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic imidazole-based medicinal drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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12
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Synthesis and evaluation of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives as novel antileishmanial agents. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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14
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Marrapu VK, Chaturvedi V, Singh S, Singh S, Sinha S, Bhandari K. Novel aryloxy azolyl chalcones with potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4302-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Shakya N, Sane SA, Vishwakarma P, Bajpai P, Gupta S. Improved treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) by using combination of ketoconazole, miltefosine with an immunomodulator-Picroliv. Acta Trop 2011; 119:188-93. [PMID: 21679679 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani, is a potentially fatal disease. It is characterized by prolonged fever, enlarged spleen and liver, substantial weight loss and progressive anemia. Available drugs are toxic, costly and require prolonged treatment duration viz; 28 days of oral treatment with miltefosine, 30 days infusion with Amphotericin B and 21 days intramascular with paromomycin sulfate. Drug combination for VL clinically proved to shorten the duration of treatment. The efficacy of drugs is also compromised due to suppression of immune function during the course of infection. To combat this situation leishmanicidal efficacy of already marketed standard antifungal drug, ketoconazole under the approach of 'therapeutic switching' in combination with standard antileishmanial drug, miltefosine and a potent immunomodulator agent, picroliv were evaluated in L. donovani/hamsters model. Animals treated with combination of ketoconazole (50 mg/kg, 5 days, po)+miltefosine (5 mg/kg, 5 days, po) showed augmentation in efficacy against leishmania parasite (72%) in comparison to those treated with ketoconazole (54.67%) and miltefosine (54.77%) separately. Co-administration of picroliv (10 mg/kg, 12 days, po) has further enhanced antileishmanial efficacy from 72% to 82%. Significant generation of ROS, RNS and H(2)O(2) and increased phagocytosis was observed in animals treated with ketoconazole+miltefosine; however, addition of picroliv to this combination did not alter the level of metabolites and phagocytosis due to its antioxidative and nonleishmanicidal characteristics, respectively. Significant rise in cell mediated immunity witnessed in this group reveals the role played by the immunomodulator, picroliv and justifies the significance of enhanced cell mediated immunity in the therapy. These findings suggest a new strategy for leishmanial chemotherapy at reduced cost and toxicity.
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Tiuman TS, Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Nakamura CV. Recent advances in leishmaniasis treatment. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e525-32. [PMID: 21605997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
About 1.5 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur each year around the world. For over half a century, the clinical forms of the disease have been treated almost exclusively with pentavalent antimonial compounds. In this review, we describe the arsenal available for treating Leishmania infections, as well as recent advances from research on plants and synthetic compounds as source drugs for treating the disease. We also review some new drug-delivery systems for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. We observe that the pharmaceutical industry should employ its modern technologies, which could lead to better use of plants and their extracts, as well as to the development of synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds. New studies have highlighted some biopharmaceutical technologies in the design of the delivery strategy, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, cochleates, and non-specific lipid transfer proteins. These observations serve as a basis to indicate novel routes for the development and design of effective anti-Leishmania drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Tiuman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Design and synthesis of novel tetrahydronaphthyl azoles and related cyclohexyl azoles as antileishmanial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1407-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Verma A, Srivastava S, Sane SA, Marrapu VK, Srinivas N, Yadav M, Bhandari K, Gupta S. Antileishmanial activity of benzocycloalkyl azole oximino ethers: the conformationally constraint analogues of oxiconazole. Acta Trop 2011; 117:157-60. [PMID: 21078278 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antileishmanial activities of 16 synthetic oximino benzocycloalkyl azoles against Leishmania donovani were evaluated in vitro against extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Based on SI (Selectivity Index), five compounds were tested further in vivo in hamster model. Out of these, three compounds have shown medium activity (53-58%) and one has shown significant inhibition of parasite multiplication (70%). Despite the fact that these compounds were better than the existing antileishmanials in respect to IC(50) and SI values, they were less active than miltefosine in vivo. The present study has helped us in identifying a new lead that could be exploited as a potential antileishmanial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Verma
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226001 (UP), India
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Shakya N, Sane SA, Gupta S. Antileishmanial efficacy of fluconazole and miltefosine in combination with an immunomodulator--picroliv. Parasitol Res 2011; 108:793-800. [PMID: 21212980 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapy of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has several limitations including resistance and toxicity of the existing drugs. Downregulation of immune system further aggravates the problems. To combat this situation, leishmanicidal efficacy of already marketed standard antifungal drug, fluconazole under the approach of "therapeutic switching" in combination with standard antileishmanial drug, miltefosine, and a potent immunomodulator agent, picroliv, were evaluated in hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani. Animals treated with fluconazole (50 mg/kg × 5 days, oral (p.o.)) + miltefosine (5 mg/kg × 5 days, p.o.) showed enhancement in antileishmanial efficacy (77%), reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide, and phagocytosis index as compared to those treated with individual drugs. Addition of picroliv to this combination further increased the antileishmanial efficacy from 77% to 88%. Upregulation of cell-mediated immunity was also observed in animals of this group which strengthens the immunomodulatory role of picroliv. These findings suggest a new option for antileishmanial chemotherapy at lower cost and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Shakya
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Chattar Manzil Palace, M.G. Road, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bellina F, Rossi R. Regioselective Functionalization of the Imidazole Ring via Transition Metal-Catalyzed CN and CC Bond Forming Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Bhandari K, Srinivas N, Marrapu VK, Verma A, Srivastava S, Gupta S. Synthesis of substituted aryloxy alkyl and aryloxy aryl alkyl imidazoles as antileishmanial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:291-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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