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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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2
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Perontsis S, Geromichalos GD, Pekou A, Hatzidimitriou AG, Pantazaki A, Fylaktakidou KC, Psomas G. Structure and biological evaluation of pyridine-2-carboxamidine copper(II) complex resulting from N′-(4-nitrophenylsulfonyloxy)2-pyridine-carboxamidoxime. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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Berger O, Ortial S, Wein S, Denoyelle S, Bressolle F, Durand T, Escale R, Vial HJ, Vo-Hoang Y. Evaluation of amidoxime derivatives as prodrug candidates of potent bis-cationic antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2203-2207. [PMID: 31255483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for most of the cases of malaria and its resistance to established antimalarial drugs is a major issue. Thus, new chemotherapies are needed to fight the emerging multi-drug resistance of P. falciparum malaria, like choline analogues targeting plasmodial phospholipidic metabolism. Here we describe the synthesis of amidoxime derivatives as prodrug candidates of reverse-benzamidines and hybrid compounds able to mimic choline, as well as the design of a new series of asymmetrical bis-cationic compounds. Bioconversion studies were conducted on amidoximes in asymmetrical series and showed that amidoxime prodrug strategy could be applied on C-alkylamidine moieties, like benzamidines and that N-substituents did not alter the bioconversion of amidoximes. The antimalarial activity of the three series of compounds was evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum and in vivo against P. vinckei petteri in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Berger
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Ortial
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5235 CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Bressolle
- Pharmacocinetique Clinique, EA4215, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Roger Escale
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Henri J Vial
- Dynamique Moléculaire des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5235 CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Yen Vo-Hoang
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France.
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4
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Titi HM, Kelley SP, Easton ME, Emerson SD, Rogers RD. Formation of ionic co-crystals of amphoteric azoles directed by the ionic liquid co-former 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8569-8572. [PMID: 28715010 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was utilized as a liquid-state crystallization agent to form ionic co-crystals using amphoteric azoles selected as model compounds for active pharmaceutical ingredients. Weakly acidic azoles crystallize the IL relatively quickly, while stronger acidic azoles undergo slower ion exchange with the IL to form salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Max E Easton
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Stephen D Emerson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Robin D Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA and 525 Solutions, Inc., 720 2nd Street, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
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5
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Papastergiou A, Perontsis S, Gritzapis P, Koumbis AE, Koffa M, Psomas G, Fylaktakidou KC. Evaluation of O-alkyl and aryl sulfonyl aromatic and heteroaromatic amidoximes as novel potent DNA photo-cleavers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:351-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
O-Alkyl and aryl p-pyridine sulfonyl amidoxime derivatives are effective novel DNA photo-cleavers, generating highly efficient sulfonyloxyl radicals, able to cause a high ratio of single to double strand nicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Papastergiou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- Alexandroupolis
| | - S. Perontsis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - P. Gritzapis
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- Alexandroupolis
| | - A. E. Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - M. Koffa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Cell Cycle
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- Alexandroupolis
- Greece
| | - G. Psomas
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - K. C. Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- Alexandroupolis
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6
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Karamtzioti P, Papastergiou A, Stefanakis JG, Koumbis AE, Anastasiou I, Koffa M, Fylaktakidou KC. O-Benzoyl pyridine aldoxime and amidoxime derivatives: novel efficient DNA photo-cleavage agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine oxime esters are effective DNA photocleavers, causing single-/double-stranded DNA cleavage at concentrations as low as 1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Karamtzioti
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - Asterios Papastergiou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - John G. Stefanakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Alexandros E. Koumbis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Chemistry Department
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - Ioanna Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - Maria Koffa
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
| | - Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou
- Laboratory of Organic
- Bioorganic and Natural Product Chemistry
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department
- Democritus University of Thrace
- University Campus
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7
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Doulou I, Kontogiorgis C, Koumbis AE, Evgenidou E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Fylaktakidou KC. Synthesis of stable aromatic and heteroaromatic sulfonyl-amidoximes and evaluation of their antioxidant and lipid peroxidation activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Degardin M, Wein S, Duckert JF, Maynadier M, Guy A, Durand T, Escale R, Vial H, Vo-Hoang Y. Development of the first oral bioprecursors of bis-alkylguanidine antimalarial drugs. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:300-4. [PMID: 24403182 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible of the most severe form of malaria, and new targets and novel chemotherapeutic scaffolds are needed to fight emerging multidrug-resistant strains of this parasite. Bis-alkylguanidines have been designed to mimic choline, resulting in the inhibition of plasmodial de novo phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Despite potent in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activities, a major drawback of these compounds for further clinical development is their low oral bioavailability. To solve this issue, various modulations were performed on bis-alkylguanidines. The introduction of N-disubstituents on the guanidino motif improved both in vitro and in vivo activities. On the other hand, in vivo pharmacological evaluation in a mouse model showed that the N-hydroxylated derivatives constitute the first oral bioprecursors in bis-alkylguanidine series. This study paves the way for bis-alkylguanidine-based oral antimalarial agents targeting plasmodial phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Degardin
- UMR 5247 CNRS-UMI-UMII-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier I/II, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier (France)
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9
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Kode NR, Vanden Eynde JJ, Mayence A, Wang G, Huang TL. Design and synthesis of N¹,N⁵-bis[4-(5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides as potential antifungal prodrugs. Molecules 2013; 18:11250-63. [PMID: 24036514 PMCID: PMC6270005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile three step synthesis of a group of N1,N5-bis[4-(5-alkyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramides, N1,N5-bis[4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide and N1,N5-bis[4-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]glutaramide is described. These products are designed to function as masked bis-amidine prodrugs of a promising N1,N5-bis[4-(N'-(carbamimidoyl)phenyl]glutaramide antifungal lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Kode
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Jean J. Vanden Eynde
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Annie Mayence
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Tien L. Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.K.); (J.J.V.E.); (A.M.)
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10
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Alam A, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Pal C, Dey S, Bindu S, Maity P, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel antimalarial drug targets: hope for new antimalarial drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:469-89. [PMID: 22112223 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global threat, that results in more than 2 million deaths each year. The treatment of malaria is becoming extremely difficult due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, the absence of an effective vaccine, and the spread of insecticide-resistant vectors. Thus, malarial therapy needs new chemotherapeutic approaches leading to the search for new drug targets. Here, we discuss different approaches to identifying novel antimalarial drug targets. We have also given due attention to the existing validated targets with a view to develop novel, rationally designed lead molecules. Some of the important parasite proteins are claimed to be the targets; however, further in vitro or in vivo structure-function studies of such proteins are crucial to validate these proteins as suitable targets. The interactome analysis among apicoplast, mitochondrion and genomic DNA will also be useful in identifying vital pathways or proteins regulating critical pathways for parasite growth and survival, and could be attractive targets. Molecules responsible for parasite invasion to host erythrocytes and ion channels of infected erythrocytes, essential for intra-erythrocyte survival and stage progression of parasites are also becoming attractive targets. This review will discuss and highlight the current understanding regarding the potential antimalarial drug targets, which could be utilized to develop novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India.
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11
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Degardin M, Wein S, Gouni S, Tran Van Ba C, Duckert JF, Durand T, Escale R, Vial H, Vo-Hoang Y. Evaluation of bis-alkylamidoxime O-alkylsulfonates as orally available antimalarials. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:991-1001. [PMID: 22544438 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The main threat to controlling malaria is the emerging multidrug resistance of Plasmodium sp. parasites. Bis-alkylamidines were developed as a potential new chemotherapy that targets plasmodial phospholipid metabolism. Unfortunately, these compounds are not orally available. To solve this absorption issue, we investigated a prodrug strategy based on sulfonate derivatives of alkylamidoximes. A total of 25 sulfonates were synthesized as prodrug candidates of one bis-N-alkylamidine and of six N-substituted bis-C-alkylamidines. Their antimalarial activities were evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum and in vivo against P. vinckei in mice to define structure-activity relationships. Small alkyl substituents on the sulfonate group of both C-alkyl- and N-alkylamidines led to the best oral antimalarial activities; alkylsulfonate derivatives are chemically transformed into the corresponding alkylamidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Degardin
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-UMI-UMII, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier I, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
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12
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Kazakova OB, Giniyatullina GV, Tolstikov GA. [Synthesis of A-secomethylenamino- and substituted amidoximotriterpenoids]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 37:690-6. [PMID: 22332366 PMCID: PMC7088524 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011050086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of the functionalization of triterpenoids to A-secoamidoximes, A-secomethylenamines and branched 3-(3-aminopropylamino)-3-(3-aminopropoxy)amidoximes is illustrated by the betulonic acid ketoxime. An effective way to get of the derivatives of 20,29-dihydrolupanes using diborane is suggested. The antiviral and anti-tuberculosis activity data of some compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. B. Kazakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Scientific Center, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa, 450054 Russia
| | - G. V. Giniyatullina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Scientific Center, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa, 450054 Russia
| | - G. A. Tolstikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ufa Scientific Center, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa, 450054 Russia
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Havemeyer A, Lang J, Clement B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC: current state of research. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:524-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.608682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Margout D, Gattacceca F, Moarbess G, Wein S, Ba CTV, Le Pape S, Berger O, Escale R, Vial HJ, Bressolle FM. Pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism of a new potent antimalarial N-alkylamidine compound, M64, and its corresponding bioprecursors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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N-substituted bis-C-alkyloxadiazolones as dual effectors: Efficient intermediates to amidoximes or amidines and prodrug candidates of potent antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5233-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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