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Maine A, Tamayo L, Leiva Á, González A, Ríos HE, Rojas-Romo C, Jara P, Araya-Durán I, González-Nilo F, Yazdani-Pedram M, Santana P, Leal M, González N, Briones X, Villalobos V, Urzúa M. Conformational Changes of Poly(Maleic Anhydride- alt-styrene) Modified with Amino Acids in an Aqueous Medium and Their Effect on Cytocompatibility and Hemolytic Response. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5333-5348. [PMID: 38032020 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The conformational changes of poly(maleic anhydride-alt-styrene) (PSMA) modified with different amino acids (PSMA-Aa) were studied in an aqueous medium as a function of ionic strength and pH. The specific viscosity of PSMA-Aa decreased with increasing salt concentration due to a more compact conformation. There was a decrease in surface tension with increasing concentrations of the modified polyelectrolyte having a greater effect for the PSMA modified with l-phenylalanine at pH 7.0, demonstrating a greater surface-active character. The conformational changes were also confirmed by molecular dynamics studies, indicating that PSMA-Aa exhibits a compact structure at pH 4.0 and a more extended structure at pH 7.0. On the other hand, the conformational changes of PSMA-Aa were related to its biological response, where the higher surface-active character of the PSMA modified with l-phenylalanine correlates very well with the higher hemolytic activity observed in red blood cells, in which the surface-active capacity supports lytic potency in erythrocytes. The cytocompatibility assays indicated that there were no significant cytotoxic effects of the PSMA-Aa. Additionally, in solvent-accessible surface area studies, it was shown that the carboxylate groups of the PSMA modified with l-phenylalanine are more exposed to the solvent at pH 7.0 and high salt concentrations, which correlates with lower fluorescence intensity, reflecting a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. It is concluded that the study of the conformational changes in PE modified with amino acids is essential for their use as biomaterials and relevant to understanding the possible effects of PE modified with amino acids in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Maine
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Laura Tamayo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Ángel Leiva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna N° 4860, Macul, Santiago 7821093, Chile
| | - Alex González
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Hernán E Ríos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Carlos Rojas-Romo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Paul Jara
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Ingrid Araya-Durán
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias para la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias para la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Mehrdad Yazdani-Pedram
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007 Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910123, Chile
| | - Matías Leal
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias para la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Nicolás González
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Ximena Briones
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007 Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Villalobos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
| | - Marcela Urzúa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003,Chile
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2
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Bag S, Ghosh S, Paul S, Khan MEH, De P. Styrene-Maleimide/Maleic Anhydride Alternating Copolymers: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100501. [PMID: 34597451 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alternating sequencing of styrene-maleimide/maleic anhydride (S-MI/MA) in the copolymer chain is known for a long time. But since early 2000, this class of copolymers has been extensively studied using various living/controlled polymerization techniques to design S-MI/MA alternating copolymers with tunable molecular weight, narrow dispersity (Ð), and precise chain-end functionality. The widespread diverse applications of this polymeric backbone are due to its ease of synthesis, cheap starting materials, high precision in alternating sequencing, and facile post-polymerization functionalization with simple organic reactions. Recently, S-MI/MA alternating copolymers have been rediscovered as novel polymers with unprecedented emissive behavior. It outperforms the traditional fluorophores with no aggregation caused quenching (ACQ), aqueous solubility, and greater cell viability. Herein, the origin of alternating sequence, synthesis, and recent (2010-Present) developments in applications of these polymers in different fields are elaborately discussed, including the advantages of the unconventional luminogenic property. This review article also highlights the future research directions of the versatile S-MI/MA copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bag
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Soumyadeep Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Soumya Paul
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Md Ezaz Hasan Khan
- School of General Education, College of the North Atlantic - Qatar, Arab League Street, Doha, 24449, Qatar
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
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3
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Membrane protein nanoparticles: the shape of things to come. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1495-1504. [PMID: 30464048 PMCID: PMC6299238 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of styrene–maleic acid (SMA) for the purification of a wide range of membrane proteins (MPs) from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources has begun to make an impact in the field of MP biology. This method is growing in popularity as a means to purify and thoroughly investigate the structure and function of MPs and biological membranes. The amphiphilic SMA copolymer can effectively extract MPs directly from a native lipid bilayer to form discs ∼10 nm in diameter. The resulting lipid particles, or styrene–maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs), contain SMA, protein and membrane lipid. MPs purified in SMALPs are able to retain their native structure and, in many cases, functional activity, and growing evidence suggests that MPs purified using SMA have enhanced thermal stability compared with detergent-purified proteins. The SMALP method is versatile and is compatible with a wide range of cell types across taxonomic domains. It can readily be adapted to replace detergent in many protein purification methods, often with only minor changes made to the existing protocol. Moreover, biophysical analysis and structural determination may now be a possibility for many large, unstable MPs. Here, we review recent advances in the area of SMALP purification and how it is affecting the field of MP biology, critically assess recent progress made with this method, address some of the associated technical challenges which may remain unresolved and discuss opportunities for exploiting SMALPs to expand our understanding of structural and functional properties of MPs.
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4
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The Antimicrobial Behavior of Polyelectrolyte Chitosan-Styrene Maleic Anhydride Nano Composites. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Ajithkumar MP, Yashoda MP, Prasannakumar S, Sruth TV, Sameer Kumar VB. Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-maleic anhydride-styrene) grafted terpolymer: Synthesis, characterization, and bactericidal property evaluation againstE. coliandS. epidermidis. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2017.1320753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Ajithkumar
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - M. P. Yashoda
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - T. V. Sruth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - V. B. Sameer Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
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Zhernov YV, Kremb S, Helfer M, Schindler M, Harir M, Mueller C, Hertkorn N, Avvakumova NP, Konstantinov AI, Brack-Werner R, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Perminova IV. Supramolecular combinations of humic polyanions as potent microbicides with polymodal anti-HIV-activities. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00960c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HIV potency of humic PAs is governed by scaffolds diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Zhernov
- State Research Center “Institute of Immunology” of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Stephan Kremb
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Markus Helfer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- University Hospital Tübingen
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases
- Tübingen
- Germany
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Constanze Mueller
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Nadezhda P. Avvakumova
- Samara State Medical University
- Department of General, Bioinorganic and Bioorganic Chemistry
- Samara
- Russia
| | | | - Ruth Brack-Werner
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health
- Neuherberg
- Germany
- Technical University of Munich
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7
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Danial M, Andersen AHF, Zuwala K, Cosson S, Riber CF, Smith AAA, Tolstrup M, Moad G, Zelikin AN, Postma A. Triple Activity of Lamivudine Releasing Sulfonated Polymers against HIV-1. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2397-410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna H. F. Andersen
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Kaja Zuwala
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Steffen Cosson
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Tissue
Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department
of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
- iNANO
Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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8
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Saez-Martinez V, Punyamoonwongsa P, Tighe BJ. Polymer–lipid interactions: Biomimetic self-assembly behaviour and surface properties of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) with diacylphosphatidylcholines. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Danial M, Klok HA. Polymeric anti-HIV therapeutics. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:9-35. [PMID: 25185484 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The scope of this review is to highlight the application of polymer therapeutics in an effort to curb the transmission and infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Following a description of the HIV life cycle, the use of approved antiretroviral drugs that inhibit critical steps in the HIV infection process is highlighted. After that, a comprehensive overview of the structure and inhibitory properties of polymeric anti-HIV therapeutic agents is presented. This overview will include inhibitors based on polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, dendritic polymers, polymer conjugates as well as polymeric DC-SIGN antagonists. The review will conclude with a section that discusses the applications of polymers and polymer conjugates as systemic and topical anti-HIV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Danial
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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10
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Savage AM, Li Y, Matolyak LE, Doncel GF, Turner SR, Gandour RD. Anti-HIV Activities of Precisely Defined, Semirigid, Carboxylated Alternating Copolymers. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6354-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401913w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Savage
- Department
of Chemistry MC0212 and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute MC0344, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department
of Chemistry MC0212 and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute MC0344, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lindsay E. Matolyak
- Department
of Chemistry MC0212 and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute MC0344, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, United States
| | - S. Richard Turner
- Department
of Chemistry MC0212 and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute MC0344, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Richard D. Gandour
- Department
of Chemistry MC0212 and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute MC0344, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia
Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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11
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Wu X, Tian Y, Yu M, Han J, Han S. A targetable acid-responsive micellar system for signal activation based high performance surgical resolution of tumors. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:972-979. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-performance illumination of subcutaneous tumor and liver tumor foci at sub-millimeter levels was achieved with lectin-targeted glyco-micelles which become fluorescent upon internalization into tumor lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanjun Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- and Innovation Center for Cell Biology
| | - Yunpeng Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- and Innovation Center for Cell Biology
| | - Mingzhu Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- and Innovation Center for Cell Biology
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology
- Innovation Center for Cell Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen, China
| | - Shoufa Han
- Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- and Innovation Center for Cell Biology
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12
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Nunes SCC, Cova TFGG, Pais AACC. A new perspective on correlated polyelectrolyte adsorption: Positioning, conformation, and patterns. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:054906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4817338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Banerjee S, Pal TK, Guha SK. Probing molecular interactions of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) with lipid matrix models to interpret the therapeutic potential of the co-polymer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:537-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Li Y, Mao M, Matolyak LE, Turner SR. Sterically Crowded Anionic Polyelectrolytes with Tunable Charge Densities Based on Stilbene-Containing Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:257-260. [PMID: 35578518 DOI: 10.1021/mz200061w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anionic polyelectrolytes with various charge densities and a well-defined chain architecture have great industrial and fundamental importance. In this article, we describe the synthesis and characterization of new sterically crowded conformationally constrained anionic polyelectrolytes with tunable charge densities based on highly functionalized stilbene-maleic anhydride/maleimide comonomers. Polyelectrolyte precursors with tert-butyl carboxylate protecting groups are first prepared by radical polymerization and readily characterized by 1H NMR, SEC, TGA, and DSC without the complications normally arising with charged macromolecules. The precursors are converted into their corresponding deblocked forms by simply reacting with trifluoroacetic acid to deprotect the tert-butyl group and then neutralized in basic aqueous solutions to yield anionic polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Chemistry,
and Macromolecules and Interfaces
Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
24061-0344, United States U.S
| | - Min Mao
- Department of Chemistry,
and Macromolecules and Interfaces
Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
24061-0344, United States U.S
| | - Lindsay E. Matolyak
- Department of Chemistry,
and Macromolecules and Interfaces
Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
24061-0344, United States U.S
| | - S. Richard Turner
- Department of Chemistry,
and Macromolecules and Interfaces
Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
24061-0344, United States U.S
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15
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Bapat AP, Ray JG, Savin DA, Hoff EA, Patton DL, Sumerlin BS. Dynamic-covalent nanostructures prepared by Diels–Alder reactions of styrene-maleic anhydride-derived copolymers obtained by one-step cascade block copolymerization. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20351k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Briones XG, Encinas MV, Petri DFS, Pavez JE, Tapia RA, Yazdani-Pedram M, Urzúa MD. Adsorption behavior of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes onto amino- or methyl-terminated surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13524-13532. [PMID: 21962212 DOI: 10.1021/la2025632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes derived from poly(maleic anhydride-alt-styrene) (P(MA-alt-St)) containing in their side chain aryl-alkyl groups onto amino- or methyl-terminated silicon wafers was investigated. The effect of the spacer group, the chemical nature of the side chain, molecular weight of polyelectrolyte, and ionic strength of solution on the polyelectrolyte adsorbed amount was studied by null ellipsometry. The adsorbed amount of polyelectrolyte increased with increasing ionic strength, in agreement with the screening-enhanced adsorption regime, indicating that hydrophobic interactions with the surface play an important role in the adsorption process. At constant ionic strength, the adsorbed amount was slightly higher for polyelectrolytes with larger alkyl side chain and decreased with the hydrophobicity of aryl group. The adsorption behavior is discussed in terms of the side chain flexibility of the polymer. Characteristics of the adsorbed layer were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. AFM images show the presence of aggregates and closed globular structure of polyelectrolyte onto the amino- or methyl-terminated surface, which agrees with a 3D and 2D growth mechanism, respectively. Fluorescence measurements showed that the aggregation of polyelectrolyte containing the hydrophobic naphthyl group occurs already in the solution. However, the aggregation of polyelectrolytes containing the phenyl group in its side chain is not observed in solution but is induced by the amino-terminated surface. This difference can be explained in terms of the higher flexibility of side chain bearing the phenyl group. The polyelectrolyte films showed a high chemical heterogeneity and moderate hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena G Briones
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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Combinatorial approaches to the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:1831-42. [PMID: 21343462 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00976-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 1982 soon led to the identification and development of antiviral compounds to be used in treatment strategies for infected patients. Early in the epidemic, drug monotherapies frequently led to treatment failures because the virus quickly developed resistance to the single drug. Following the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1995, dramatic improvements in HIV-1-infected patient health and survival were realized as more refined combination therapies resulted in reductions in viral loads and increases in CD4+ T-cell counts. In the absence of an effective vaccine, prevention of HIV-1 infection has also gained traction as an approach to curbing the pandemic. The development of compounds as safe and effective microbicides has intensified and has focused on blocking the transmission of HIV-1 during all forms of sexual intercourse. Initial preclinical investigations and clinical trials of microbicides focused on single compounds effective against HIV-1. However, the remarkable successes achieved using combination therapy to treat systemic HIV-1 infection have subsequently stimulated the study and development of combination microbicides that will simultaneously inhibit multiple aspects of the HIV-1 transmission process by targeting incoming viral particles, virus-infected cells, and cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This review focuses on existing and developing combination therapies, covering preclinical development, in vitro and in vivo efficacy studies, and subsequent clinical trials. The shift in focus within the microbicide development field from single compounds to combination approaches is also explored.
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18
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Cai L, Jiang S. Development of peptide and small-molecule HIV-1 fusion inhibitors that target gp41. ChemMedChem 2011; 5:1813-24. [PMID: 20845360 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been 25 years since the development of the first efficient HIV-1/AIDS treatment. Scientists now know more about the HIV-1 infection life cycle, and more than 30 antiretroviral drugs have been developed, including HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. Fundamental work was begun in the early 1990s and led to the development of a novel class of anti-HIV-1 drugs, culminating in a peptide known as T20, which is currently the only HIV-1 fusion inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, more work needs to be done to perfect the development of peptide and small-molecule HIV fusion inhibitors, particularly those that target gp41. Herein we present a brief overview of the development of this class of anti-HIV-1 drug by focusing on the achievements, challenges, and lessons learned. We cite hallmark studies of the past and comment on future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Cai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
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Urzúa M, Briones X, Carrasco L, Encinas M, Petri D. Adsorption of anionic amphiphilic polyelectrolytes onto amino-terminated solid surfaces. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A styrene-alt-maleic acid copolymer is an effective inhibitor of R5 and X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:548749. [PMID: 20589074 PMCID: PMC2879553 DOI: 10.1155/2010/548749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternating copolymer of styrene and maleic acid (alt-PSMA) differs from other polyanionic antiviral agents in that the negative charges of alt-PSMA are provided by carboxylic acid groups instead of sulfate or sulfonate moieties. We hypothesized that alt-PSMA would have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) comparable to other polyanions, such as the related compound, poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS). In assays using cell lines and primary immune cells, alt-PSMA was characterized by low cytotoxicity and effective inhibition of infection by HIV-1 BaL and IIIB as well as clinical isolates of subtypes A, B, and C. In mechanism of action assays, in which each compound was added to cells and subsequently removed prior to HIV-1 infection ("washout" assay), alt-PSMA caused no enhancement of infection, while PSS washout increased infection 70% above control levels. These studies demonstrate that alt-PSMA is an effective HIV-1 inhibitor with properties that warrant further investigation.
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Li L, Qiao P, Yang J, Lu L, Tan S, Lu H, Zhang X, Chen X, Wu S, Jiang S, Liu S. Maleic anhydride-modified chicken ovalbumin as an effective and inexpensive anti-HIV microbicide candidate for prevention of HIV sexual transmission. Retrovirology 2010; 7:37. [PMID: 20420669 PMCID: PMC2888735 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride (HP)-modified bovine milk protein, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), is a promising microbicide candidate. However, concerns regarding the potential risk of prion contamination in bovine products and carcinogenic potential of phthalate derivatives were raised. Here we sought to replace bovine protein with an animal protein of non-bovine origin and substitute HP with another anhydride for the development of anti-HIV microbicide for preventing HIV sexual transmission. Results Maleic anhydride (ML), succinic anhydride (SU) and HP at different conditions and variable pH values were used for modification of proteins. All the anhydrate-modified globulin-like proteins showed potent anti-HIV activity, which is correlated with the percentage of modified lysine and arginine residues in the modified protein. We selected maleic anhydride-modified ovalbumin (ML-OVA) for further study because OVA is easier to obtain than β-LG, and ML is safer than HP. Furthermore, ML-OVA exhibited broad antiviral activities against HIV-1, HIV-2, SHIV and SIV. This modified protein has no or low in vitro cytotoxicity to human T cells and vaginal epithelial cells. It is resistant to trypsin hydrolysis, possibly because the lysine and arginine residues in OVA are modified by ML. Mechanism studies suggest that ML-OVA inhibits HIV-1 entry by targeting gp120 on HIV-1 virions and also the CD4 receptor on the host cells. Conclusion ML-OVA is a potent HIV fusion/entry inhibitor with the potential to be developed as an effective, safe and inexpensive anti-HIV microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Su R, Li L, Chen X, Han J, Han S. Multivalent mannose-displaying nanoparticles constructed from poly{styrene-co-[(maleic anhydride)-alt-styrene]}. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2040-5. [PMID: 19421440 DOI: 10.1039/b817823b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micellar mannose nanoparticles were constructed from poly{styrene-co-[(maleic anhydride)-alt-styrene]} with fluorophores or quenchers doped into the hydrophobic inner cores, allowing the direct monitoring of multivalent lectin-glycan interactions. The mannose-displaying nanoparticles bind Con A and sperm surface lectins with high affinity, suggesting their broad utility for modulating protein-carbohydrate interaction mediated cell surface biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmin Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, 361005, P. R. China
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