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Neumann J, Dhein S, Kirchhefer U, Hofmann B, Gergs U. Effects of congeners of amphetamine on the human heart. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4615-4642. [PMID: 38340182 PMCID: PMC11166837 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Central stimulatory and hallucinogenic drugs of abuse like amphetamine and most congeners of amphetamine can have cardiac harmful effects. These cardiac side effects can lead to morbidities and death. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the direct and indirect effects of these amphetamine congeners on the mammalian heart-more specifically, the isolated human heart muscle preparation. In detail, we address the question of whether and how these drugs affect cardiac contractility and their mechanisms of action. Based on this information, further research areas are defined, and further research efforts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, D-06097, Halle, Germany.
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Rudolf-Boehm Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Britt Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 4, 06112, D-06097, Halle, Germany
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2
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Guiselin T, Lecoutey C, Rochais C, Dallemagne P. Conceptual Framework of the Design of Pleiotropic Drugs against Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2382. [PMID: 37896142 PMCID: PMC10610275 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifactorial nature of some diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, frequently requires the use of several drugs. These drug cocktails are not without drawbacks in terms of increased adverse effects, drug-drug interactions or low adherence to treatment. The use of pleiotropic drugs, which combine, within a single molecule, several activities directed against distinct therapeutic targets, makes it possible to overcome some of these problems. In addition, these pleiotropic drugs generally lead to the expression of a synergy of effects, sometimes greater than that observed with a combination of drugs. This article will review, through recent examples, the different kinds of pleiotropic drugs being studied or already present on the market of medicines, with a focus on the structural aspect of such drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie University, Unicaen, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), 14000 Caen, France; (T.G.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
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3
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Travers-Lesage V, Mignani SM, Dallemagne P, Rochais C. Advances in prodrug design for Alzheimer's Disease: the state of the art. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:325-341. [PMID: 35089846 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2031972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia with a memory loss and other cognitive abilities and is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that remains today a challenge for drug discovery. Like many pathologies of the central nervous system, one of the first hurdles is the development of a compound with a sufficient brain exposure to ensure a potential therapeutic benefit. In this direction, the development of prodrugs has been an intense field of research in the last years. AREAS COVERED : Two main strategies of prodrugs development are analysed in this review. First, the application of the classical modulation of an active compound to incorporate a drug carrier or to prepare bioprecursor has been exemplified in the field of AD. This approach has led to several examples engaged in the clinical trials. In a second chapter, a series of innovative prodrugs based on a polypharmacological approach is described to take into account the complexity of AD. EXPERT OPINION : In the past 10 years, at least 6 prodrugs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of central nervous system pathologies. Most of them have been developed in order to improve membrane permeability of the parent drugs. Facing the limitation of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery, the development of prodrugs will likely play a central role in the next years. Indeed, beside addressing the challenge of distribution, prodrug could also tackle the complex multifactorial origin of the disease with the rise of innovative pleiotropic prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Travers-Lesage
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Caen, France
| | - Serge M Mignani
- UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France.,CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Caen, France
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Scheiner M, Hoffmann M, He F, Poeta E, Chatonnet A, Monti B, Maurice T, Decker M. Selective Pseudo-irreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Transferring Antioxidant Moieties to the Enzyme Show Pronounced Neuroprotective Efficacy In Vitro and In Vivo in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9302-9320. [PMID: 34152756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) was designed by functionalizing a pseudo-irreversible butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor. The obtained hybrids were investigated in vitro regarding their hBChE and hAChE inhibition, their enzyme kinetics, and their antioxidant physicochemical properties (DPPH, ORAC, metal chelating). In addition, in vitro assays were applied to investigate antioxidant effects using murine hippocampal HT22 cells and immunomodulatory effects on the murine microglial N9 cell line. The MTDLs retained their antioxidative properties compared to the parent antioxidant-moieties in vitro and the inhibition of hBChE was maintained in the submicromolar range. Representative compounds were tested in a pharmacological Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model and demonstrated very high efficacy at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. The most promising compound was also tested in BChE-/- mice and showed reduced efficacy. In vivo neuroprotection by BChE inhibition can be effectively enhanced by incorporation of structurally diverse antioxidant moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Scheiner
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Feng He
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleonora Poeta
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arnaud Chatonnet
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Pourshojaei Y, Eskandari K, Asadipour A. Highly Significant Scaffolds to Design and Synthesis Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1577-1598. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190719143112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Alzheimer, a progressive disease, is a common term for memory loss which interferes with
daily life through severe influence on cognitive abilities. Based on the cholinergic hypothesis, and Xray
crystallographic determination of the structure of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, the level of
acetylcholine (ACh, an important neurotransmitter associated with memory) in the hippocampus and
cortex area of the brain has a direct effect on Alzheimer. This fact encourages scientists to design and
synthesize a wide range of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) to control the level of ACh in the
brain, keeping in view the crystallographic structure of AChE enzyme and drugs approved by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA).
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AChEIs have slightly diverse pharmacological properties, but all of them work by inhibiting the segregation
of ACh by blocking AChE. We reviewed significant scaffolds introduced as AChEIs. In some
studies, the activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) has been evaluated as well because BuChE
is a similar enzyme to neuronal acetylcholinesterase and is capable of hydrolyzing ACh. In order to
study AChEIs effectively, we divided them structurally into 12 classes and briefly explained effective
AChEIs and compared their activities against AChE enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaghoub Pourshojaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Khalil Eskandari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Asadipour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Kurt BZ, Gazioglu I, Kandas NO, Sonmez F. Synthesis, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Activity of Novel Coumarin Carbamate Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belma Zengin Kurt
- Bezmialem Vakif University; Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; 34093 Istanbul TURKEY
| | - Isil Gazioglu
- Bezmialem Vakif University; Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry; 34093 Istanbul TURKEY
| | - Nur Ozten Kandas
- Bezmialem Vakif University; Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology; 34093 Istanbul TURKEY
| | - Fatih Sonmez
- Sakarya University; Faculty of Arts and Science; Department of Chemistry; 54055 Sakarya TURKEY
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Synthesis, anticholinesterase activity and molecular modeling study of novel carbamate-substituted thymol/carvacrol derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1352-1363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Peña-López M, Neumann H, Beller M. Iron-Catalyzed Reaction of Urea with Alcohols and Amines: A Safe Alternative for the Synthesis of Primary Carbamates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:2233-2238. [PMID: 27403875 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A general study of the iron-catalyzed reaction of urea with nucleophiles is here presented. The carbamoylation of alcohols allows for the synthesis of N-unsubstituted (primary) carbamates, including present drugs (Felbamate and Meprobamate), without the necessity to apply phosgene and related derivatives. Using amines as nucleophiles gave rise to the respective mono- and disubstituted ureas via selective transamidation reaction. These atom-economical transformations provide a direct and selective access to valuable compounds from cheap and readily available urea using a simple Lewis-acidic iron(II) catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Peña-López
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helfried Neumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
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Singh AS, Kumar D, Mishra N, Tiwari VK. An efficient one-pot synthesis of N,N′-disubstituted ureas and carbamates from N-acylbenzotriazoles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile one-pot synthesis of carbamates and N,Nʹ-disubstituted symmetrical ureas from N-acylbenzotriazoles has been devised. It is believed that, the intermediate acyl-azide undergo Curtius rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop S. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | | | - Nidhi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
| | - Vinod K. Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre of Advanced Study
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi-221005
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Singh RK, Hou X, Overby M, Schober M, Chu Q. Hydrogen bonded chiral sheet self-assembled from a C3-symmetric tricarbamate. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25487e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A carbamate-based approach to primaquine prodrugs: Antimalarial activity, chemical stability and enzymatic activation. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:886-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Zakhari JS, Kinoyama I, Hixon MS, Di Mola A, Globisch D, Janda KD. Formulating a new basis for the treatment against botulinum neurotoxin intoxication: 3,4-Diaminopyridine prodrug design and characterization. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6203-9. [PMID: 21975066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Botulism is a disease characterized by neuromuscular paralysis and is produced from botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) found within the Gram positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacteria produces the most deadliest toxin known, with lethal doses as low as 1 ng/kg. Due to the relative ease of production and transport, the use of these agents as potential bioterrorist weapons has become of utmost concern. No small molecule therapies against BoNT intoxication have been approved to date. However, 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), a potent reversible inhibitor of voltage-gated potassium channels, is an effective cholinergic agonist used in the treatment of neuromuscular degenerative disorders that require cholinergic enhancement. 3,4-DAP has also been shown to facilitate recovery of neuromuscular action potential post botulinum intoxication by blocking K(+) channels. Unfortunately, 3,4-DAP displays toxicity largely due to blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration. As a dual-action prodrug approach to cholinergic enhancement we have designed carbamate and amide conjugates of 3,4-DAP. The carbamate prodrug is intended to be a slowly reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along the lines of the stigmines thereby allowing increased persistence of released acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft. As a secondary activity, cleavage of the carbamate prodrug by AChE will afford the localized release of 3,4-DAP, which in turn, will enhance the pre-synaptic release of additional acetylcholine. Being a competitive inhibitor with respect to acetylcholine, the activity of the prodrug will be greatest at the synaptic junctions most depleted of acetylcholine. Here we report upon the synthesis and biochemical characterization of three new classes of prodrugs intended to limit previously reported stability and toxicity issues. Of the prodrugs examined, compound 32, demonstrated the most clinically relevant half-life of 2.76 h, while selectively inhibiting AChE over butyrylcholinesterase--a plasma-based high activity esterase. Future in vivo studies could provide validation of prodrug 32 as a potential treatment against BoNT intoxication as well as other neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Zakhari
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Sciences, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Więckowska A, Bajda M, Guzior N, Malawska B. Novel alkyl- and arylcarbamate derivatives with N-benzylpiperidine and N-benzylpiperazine moieties as cholinesterases inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5602-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molecular modeling and biological evaluation of 2-N,N-dimethylaminecyclohexyl 1-N′,N′-dimethylcarbamate isomers and their methylsulfate salts as cholinesterases inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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