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Moianos D, Prifti GM, Makri M, Zoidis G. Targeting Metalloenzymes: The "Achilles' Heel" of Viruses and Parasites. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:901. [PMID: 37375848 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to the regulation of a wide range of essential viral and parasitic functions, including protein degradation, nucleic acid modification, and many others. Given the impact of infectious diseases on human health, inhibiting metalloenzymes offers an attractive approach to disease therapy. Metal-chelating agents have been expansively studied as antivirals and antiparasitics, resulting in important classes of metal-dependent enzyme inhibitors. This review provides the recent advances in targeting the metalloenzymes of viruses and parasites that impose a significant burden on global public health, including influenza A and B, hepatitis B and C, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Moianos
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia-Myrto Prifti
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Makri
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Grigoris Zoidis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Cao Y, Aimaiti A, Zhu Z, Zhou L, Ye D. Discovery of Novel 3-Hydroxyquinazoline-2,4(1 H,3 H)-Dione Derivatives: A Series of Metal Ion Chelators with Potent Anti-HCV Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115930. [PMID: 35682608 PMCID: PMC9180926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide suffer from acute or chronic liver inflammation caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Metal ion chelators have achieved widespread success in the development of antiviral drugs. Some inhibitors with metal ion chelating structures have been proven to have good inhibitory activities on non-structural protein 5B (NS5B) polymerase. However, most of the reported metal ion chelators showed poor anti-HCV potency at the cellular level. Hence, we designed and synthesized a series of 3-hydroxyquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione derivatives with novel metal ion chelating structures. Typical compounds such as 21h, 21k, and 21t showed better anti-HCV activities than ribavirin with EC50 values less than 10 μM. 21t is currently known as one of the metal ion chelators with the best anti-HCV potency (EC50 = 2.0 μM) at the cellular level and has a better therapeutic index (TI > 25) as compared to ribavirin and the reported compound 6. In the thermal shift assay, the representative compounds 21e and 21k increased the melting temperature (Tm) of NS5B protein solution by 1.6 °C and 2.1 °C, respectively, at the test concentration, indicating that these compounds may exert an anti-HCV effect by targeting NS5B. This speculation was also supported by our molecular docking studies and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry assay, in which the possibility of binding of 3-hydroxyquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones with Mg2+ in the NS5B catalytic center was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Abudumijiti Aimaiti
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 130 Dongan Rd, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Zeyun Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (D.Y.)
| | - Deyong Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China; (Y.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (D.Y.)
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Ma S. Recent advances on the synthesis of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:188-214. [PMID: 26276434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a viral liver infection considered as the major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCV NS5B polymerase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is essential for HCV replication, which is able to catalyze the synthesis of positive (genomic) and negative (template) strand HCV RNA, but has no functional equivalent in mammalian cells. Therefore, the NS5B polymerase has emerged as an attractive target for the development of specifically targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (DAA, for direct-acting antivirals). Recently, a growing number of compounds have been reported as the NS5B polymerase inhibitors, some of which especially have been licensed in clinical trials. This review describes recent advances on the synthesis of the NS5B polymerase inhibitors, focusing on the merits and demerits of their synthetic methods. In particular, inspiration from the synthesis and the future direction of the NS5B polymerase inhibitors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yinhu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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Inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by specific siRNA targeting Nsp9 gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:64-70. [PMID: 25149224 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To screen siRNAs for effectively inhibiting the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Four pairs of siRNA targeting Nsp9 gene of PRRSV and one non-efficient pair used as control were designed, synthesized and cloned into pSilencer4.1-CMV neo, designated as pSi-294, pSi-367, pSi-409, pSi-1488, pSi-Ctr. The recombinant plasmids were transfected into Marc-145 cells and infected with PRRSV 24h post transfection. Subsequently, IFA, real-time PCR, TCID50 and western blot were used for evaluating the inhibitory effect of the siRNA. IFA and western-blot results showed that pSi-294, pSi-1488 can effectively inhibit the expression of Nsp9 and M protein of PRRSV, real-time PCR result showed that the expression of Nsp9 gene were decreased from 86.56% to 93.66% compared to the negative control. siRNAs can be used as candidates for basic research of PRRSV.
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Humphrey GR, Pye PJ, Zhong YL, Angelaud R, Askin D, Belyk KM, Maligres PE, Mancheno DE, Miller RA, Reamer RA, Weissman SA. Development of a Second-Generation, Highly Efficient Manufacturing Route for the HIV Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir Potassium. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op100257r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy R. Humphrey
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Philip J. Pye
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yong-Li Zhong
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Remy Angelaud
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David Askin
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Belyk
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter E. Maligres
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Danny E. Mancheno
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ross A. Miller
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert A. Reamer
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Steven A. Weissman
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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