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Francisco KR, Ballatore C. Thietanes and derivatives thereof in medicinal chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1219-1234. [PMID: 35546768 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220511154228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the oxetane ring, which, as evidenced by numerous studies, is known to play an increasingly important role in medicinal chemistry, the thietane ring has thus far received comparatively limited attention. Nonetheless, a growing number of reports now indicate that this 4-membered ring heterocycle may provide opportunities in analog design. In the present review article, we discuss the possible use and utility of the thietane fragment in medicinal chemistry and provide an overview of its properties and recent applications with a focus on isosteric replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol R Francisco
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Carlo Ballatore
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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La Ferla B, D’Orazio G. Pyranoid Spirosugars as Enzyme Inhibitors. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:3-22. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666200924152648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Pyranoid spirofused sugar derivatives represent a class of compounds with a significant
impact in the literature. From the structural point of view, the rigidity inferred by the spirofused entity has made
these compounds object of interest mainly as enzymatic inhibitors, in particular, carbohydrate processing enzymes.
Among them glycogen phosphorylase and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 are important target enzymes
for diverse pathological states. Most of the developed compounds present the spirofused entity at the C1 position
of the sugar moiety; nevertheless, spirofused entities can also be found at other sugar ring positions. The main
spirofused entities encountered are spiroacetals/thioacetals, spiro-hydantoin and derivatives, spiro-isoxazolines,
spiro-aminals, spiro-lactams, spiro-oxathiazole and spiro-oxazinanone, but also others are present.
Objectives:
The present review focuses on the most explored synthetic strategies for the preparation of this class
of compounds, classified according to the position and structure of the spirofused moiety on the pyranoid scaffold.
Moreover, the structures are correlated to their main biological activities or to their role as chiral auxiliaries.
Conclusion:
It is clear from the review that, among the different derivatives, the spirofused structures at position
C1 of the pyranoid scaffold are the most represented and possess the most relevant enzymatic inhibitor activities.
Nevertheless, great efforts have been devoted to the introduction of the spirofused entity also in the other positions,
mainly for the preparation of biologically active compounds but also for the synthesis of chiral auxiliaries
useful in asymmetric reactions; examples of such auxiliaries are the spirofused chiral 1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones and
1,3-oxazolidine-2-thiones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara La Ferla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Orazio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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3
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Kshirsagar RP, Kulkarni AA, Chouthe RS, Pathan SK, Une HD, Reddy GB, Diwan PV, Ansari SA, Sangshetti JN. SGLT inhibitors as antidiabetic agents: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1733-1756. [PMID: 35494673 PMCID: PMC9048284 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08706k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common disorders that substantially contributes to an increase in global health burden. As a metabolic disorder, diabetes is associated with various medical conditions and diseases such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. In this review, we cover the scientific studies on sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors published during the last decade. Our focus on providing an exhaustive overview of SGLT inhibitors enabled us to present their chemical classification for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rashmi S Chouthe
- Srinath Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Bajaj Nagar Waluj Aurangabad 431136 India
| | | | - Hemant D Une
- Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy Aurangabad Maharashtra India - 431001
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) Hyderabad Telangana India - 500007
| | - Prakash V Diwan
- Maratha Mandal Research Centre Belagavi Karnataka India - 590019
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Po Box 2454 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
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4
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Nayak S, Panda P, Raiguru BP, Mohapatra S, Purohit CS. Base mediated green synthesis of enantiopure 2-C-spiro-glycosyl-3-nitrochromenes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 17:74-82. [PMID: 30478467 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel green synthetic methodology has been developed to obtain enantiopure (2S)-2-C-spiro-glycosyl-3-nitrochromenes following the oxa-Michael-aldol condensation reaction of sugar derived 3-C-vinyl nitro olefins with substituted salicylaldehydes using Et3N as a base under neat conditions at rt-40 °C. The stereochemistry of the product is confirmed by a single crystal X-ray study. Several advantages are associated with this protocol such as cost effectiveness, easy accessibility, short reaction time, high yields, wide substrate scope and high enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India.
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5
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Xu G, Gaul MD, Kuo GH, Du F, Xu JZ, Wallace N, Hinke S, Kirchner T, Silva J, Huebert ND, Lee S, Murray W, Liang Y, Demarest K. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-fluoro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-aryltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diols as potent and orally active SGLT dual inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3446-3453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Recent progress of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors as potential antidiabetic agents. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1261-1276. [PMID: 29749749 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SGLT2 inhibitors were promising and novel antidiabetic drugs which suppressed glucose reabsorption and increased urinary glucose exertion. This review paper are aimed to summarize the recent progress of SGLT2 inhibitors during the last 5 years. This paper first summarizes the information of SGLT2 inhibitors, including mechanism, evolution and then focuses on the recent efforts on structure-activity relationships and structural optimization of SGLT2 inhibitors. Finally, the corresponding clinical therapeutic efficacy and adverse drug reaction in patients with Type 2 diabetes are discussed in detail.
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7
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Kerru N, Singh-Pillay A, Awolade P, Singh P. Current anti-diabetic agents and their molecular targets: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:436-488. [PMID: 29751237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition characterized by the body's loss of control over blood sugar. The frequency of diagnosed cases and consequential increases in medical costs makes it a rapidly growing chronic disease that threatens human health worldwide. In addition, its unnerving statistical projections are perilous to both the economy of the nation and man's life expectancy. Type-I and type-II diabetes are the two clinical forms of diabetes mellitus. Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is illustrated by the abnormality of glucose homeostasis in the body, resulting in hyperglycemia. Although significant research attention has been devoted to the development of diabetes regimens, which demonstrates success in lowering blood glucose levels, their efficacies are unsustainable due to undesirable side effects such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. Over the years, heterocyclic scaffolds have been the basis of anti-diabetic chemotherapies; hence, in this review we consolidate the use of bioactive scaffolds, which have been evaluated for their biological response as inhibitors against their respective anti-diabetic molecular targets over the past five years (2012-2017). Our investigation reveals a diverse target set which includes; protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B), dipeptidly peptidase-4 (DPP-4), free fatty acid receptors 1 (FFAR1), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, glycogen phosphorylase (GP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), glucagon receptor (GCGr) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This review offers a medium on which future drug design and development toward diabetes management may be modelled (i.e. optimization via structural derivatization), as many of the drug candidates highlighted show promise as an effective anti-diabetic chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Kerru
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ashona Singh-Pillay
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Paul Awolade
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Parvesh Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, South Africa.
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8
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Kumar BS, Naresh A, Prabhakar Rao T, Rao BV. Carbohydrates to Cyclitols Using Mn/CrCl3
-Mediated Domino Bernet-Vasella Reductive Elimination and NHK Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bejugam Santhosh Kumar
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Annavareddi Naresh
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Tadikamalla Prabhakar Rao
- Centre for NMR & Structural Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Batchu Venkateswara Rao
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 India
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9
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Sadurní A, Kehr G, Ahlqvist M, Wernevik J, Sjögren HP, Kankkonen C, Knerr L, Gilmour R. Fluorine-Directed Glycosylation Enables the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Selective SGLT2 Inhibitors for Type II Diabetes. Chemistry 2017; 24:2832-2836. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadurní
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Germany
| | - Marie Ahlqvist
- DMPK, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit; Astrazeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johan Wernevik
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Kankkonen
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Laurent Knerr
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit; Astrazeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Germany
- Excellence Cluster EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Münster Germany
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10
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Yakura T, Nambu H, Fujiwara T. Development of Novel Catalytic System, Iodoarene-Oxone<sup>®</sup>, on Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of Phenols and Alcohols. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yakura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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11
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline- C -aryl glucosides as SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:89-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Yakura T, Horiuchi Y, Nishimura Y, Yamada A, Nambu H, Fujiwara T. Efficient Oxidative Cleavage of Tetrahydrofuran-2-methanols to γ-Lactones by a 2-Iodobenzamide Catalyst in Combination with Oxone®. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Yan Q, Ding N, Li Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dioxa-bicycle C-aryl glucosides as SGLT2 inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2016; 421:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Bera S, Chatterjee B, Mondal D. Construction of quaternary stereocentres on carbohydrate scaffolds. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes a glimpse of the various strategies for constructing stereo-defined quaternary centres in densely functionalised carbohydrates moiety of structurally intriguing and biologically potent natural products and building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smritilekha Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
| | | | - Dhananjoy Mondal
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Gujarat
- Gandhinagar-382030
- India
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15
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Abstract
A highly regio- and stereo-selective synthesis of cyclic β-D-glucosides 3 via Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling cyclization of allenyl β-D-glucoside 1 and organic iodides in 20-38% yields is reported. After the deacetylation of 3, we obtained cyclic β-D-glucoses 4 in 90-97% yields, which may have SGLT2 inhibition activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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16
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Putapatri SR, Kanwal A, Banerjee SK, Kantevari S. Synthesis of novel l-rhamnose derived acyclic C-nucleosides with substituted 1,2,3-triazole core as potent sodium-glucose co-transporter (SGLT) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1528-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Mascitti V, Thuma BA, Smith AC, Robinson RP, Brandt T, Kalgutkar AS, Maurer TS, Samas B, Sharma R. On the importance of synthetic organic chemistry in drug discovery: reflections on the discovery of antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antidiabetic agent ertugliflozin is described. In this article, emphasis is placed on the critical role that organic synthesis played in influencing our medicinal chemistry strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mascitti
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | | | - Aaron C. Smith
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | | | - Thomas Brandt
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | | | | | - Brian Samas
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
| | - Raman Sharma
- Pfizer Global Research & Development
- Groton Laboratories
- Groton
- USA
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Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition is a novel and promising treatment for diabetes under late-stage clinical development. It generally is accepted that SGLT2 mediates 90% of renal glucose reabsorption. However, SGLT2 inhibitors in clinical development inhibit only 30-50% of the filtered glucose load. Why are they unable to inhibit 90% of glucose reabsorption in humans? We will try to provide an explanation to this puzzle in this perspective analysis of the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of SGLT2 inhibitors in clinical trials and examine possible mechanisms and molecular properties that may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen (Jim) Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California
- Corresponding authors: Jiwen (Jim) Liu, , and Ralph A. DeFronzo,
| | - TaeWeon Lee
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Ralph A. DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Corresponding authors: Jiwen (Jim) Liu, , and Ralph A. DeFronzo,
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19
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of SGLT2 inhibitors: gem-difluoromethylenated Dapagliflozin analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Tang C, Zhu X, Huang D, Zan X, Yang B, Li Y, Du X, Qian H, Huang W. A specific pharmacophore model of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2795-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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21
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Hummel CS, Lu C, Liu J, Ghezzi C, Hirayama BA, Loo DDF, Kepe V, Barrio JR, Wright EM. Structural selectivity of human SGLT inhibitors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C373-82. [PMID: 21940664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00328.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter (hSGLT) inhibitors constitute the newest class of diabetes drugs, blocking up to 50% of renal glucose reabsorption in vivo. These drugs have potential for widespread use in the diabetes epidemic, but how they work at a molecular level is poorly understood. Here, we use electrophysiological methods to assess how they block Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 and SGLT2 expressed in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK-293T) cells and compared them to the classic SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. Dapagliflozin [(1S)-1,5,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-D-glucitol], two structural analogs, and the aglycones of phlorizin and dapagliflozin were investigated in detail. Dapagliflozin and fluoro-dapagliflozin [(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-4-F-4-deoxy-D-glucitol] blocked glucose transport and glucose-coupled currents with ≈100-fold specificity for hSGLT2 (K(i) = 6 nM) over hSGLT1 (K(i) = 400 nM). As galactose is a poor substrate for SGLT2, it was surprising that galacto-dapagliflozin [(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-{4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl}-D-galactitol] was a selective inhibitor of hSGLT2, but was less potent than dapagliflozin for both transporters (hSGLT2 K(i) = 25 nM, hSGLT1 K(i) = 25,000 nM). Phlorizin and galacto-dapagliflozin rapidly dissociated from SGLT2 [half-time off rate (t(1/2,Off)) ≈ 20-30 s], while dapagliflozin and fluoro-dapagliflozin dissociated from hSGLT2 at a rate 10-fold slower (t(1/2,Off) ≥ 180 s). Phlorizin was unable to exchange with dapagliflozin bound to hSGLT2. In contrast, dapagliflozin, fluoro-dapagliflozin, and galacto-dapagliflozin dissociated quickly from hSGLT1 (t(1/2,Off) = 1-2 s), and phlorizin readily exchanged with dapagliflozin bound to hSGLT1. The aglycones of phlorizin and dapagliflozin were poor inhibitors of both hSGLT2 and hSGLT1 with K(i) values > 100 μM. These results show that inhibitor binding to SGLTs is composed of two synergistic forces: sugar binding to the glucose site, which is not rigid, and so different sugars will change the orientation of the aglycone in the access vestibule; and the binding of the aglycone affects the binding affinity of the entire inhibitor. Therefore, the pharmacophore must include variations in both the structure of the sugar and the aglycone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Hummel
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
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22
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Ohtake Y, Sato T, Matsuoka H, Nishimoto M, Taka N, Takano K, Yamamoto K, Ohmori M, Higuchi T, Murakata M, Kobayashi T, Morikawa K, Shimma N, Suzuki M, Hagita H, Ozawa K, Yamaguchi K, Kato M, Ikeda S. 5a-Carba-β-d-glucopyranose derivatives as novel sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Kalgutkar AS, Tugnait M, Zhu T, Kimoto E, Miao Z, Mascitti V, Yang X, Tan B, Walsky RL, Chupka J, Feng B, Robinson RP. Preclinical Species and Human Disposition of PF-04971729, a Selective Inhibitor of the Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 and Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1609-19. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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24
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Pandey VP, Jaiswal N, Srivastava AK, Shukla SK, Tripathi RP. Synthesis and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Highly Functionalized Pyridylmethyl-C-β-D-Glycosides. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.618280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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25
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Mascitti V, Maurer TS, Robinson RP, Bian J, Boustany-Kari CM, Brandt T, Collman BM, Kalgutkar AS, Klenotic MK, Leininger MT, Lowe A, Maguire RJ, Masterson VM, Miao Z, Mukaiyama E, Patel JD, Pettersen JC, Préville C, Samas B, She L, Sobol Z, Steppan CM, Stevens BD, Thuma BA, Tugnait M, Zeng D, Zhu T. Discovery of a Clinical Candidate from the Structurally Unique Dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Class of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2952-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200049r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mascitti
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tristan S. Maurer
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P. Robinson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jianwei Bian
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carine M. Boustany-Kari
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas Brandt
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Collman
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle K. Klenotic
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael T. Leininger
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - André Lowe
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert J. Maguire
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Victoria M. Masterson
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Emi Mukaiyama
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jigna D. Patel
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John C. Pettersen
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cathy Préville
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian Samas
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li She
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zhanna Sobol
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Stevens
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Thuma
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Meera Tugnait
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dongxiang Zeng
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tong Zhu
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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López JC, Plumet J. Metathesis Reactions of Carbohydrates: Recent Highlights in Alkyne Metathesis. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Cristóbal López
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Plumet
- Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐91‐394‐4103
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Mascitti V, Robinson RP, Préville C, Thuma BA, Carr CL, Reese MR, Maguire RJ, Leininger MT, Lowe A, Steppan CM. Syntheses of C-5-spirocyclic C-glycoside SGLT2 inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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