1
|
Králová P, Soural M. Biological properties of pyrroloquinoline and pyrroloisoquinoline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116287. [PMID: 38492334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize pyrroloquinoline and pyrroloisoquinoline derivatives (PQs and PIQs) that act on a broad spectrum of biological targets and are used as bacteriostatic, antiviral, plasmodial, anticancer, antidiabetic and anticoagulant agents. Many of these compounds play important roles in the study of DNA and its interactions, the regulation of the cell cycle and programmed cell death. This review involves twenty-five types of skeletally analogical compounds bearing pyrrole and (iso)quinoline scaffolds with different mutual annelations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Králová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rizvi SF, Hasan A, Parveen S, Mir SS. Untangling the complexity of heat shock protein 27 in cancer and metastasis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 736:109537. [PMID: 36738981 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 is a type of molecular chaperone whose expression gets up-regulated due to reaction towards different stressful triggers including anticancer treatments. It is known to be a major player of resistance development in cancer cells, whereby cells are sheltered against the therapeutics that normally activate apoptosis. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is one of the highly expressed proteins during various cellular insults and is a strong tumor survival factor. HSP27 influences various cellular pathways associated with cancer cell survival and growth such as apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, etc. HSP27 is molecular machinery which prevents the clumping of numerous substrates or client proteins which get mutated in cancer. It has been reported in several studies that targeting HSP27 is difficult because of its dynamic structure and absence of an ATP-binding site. Here, in this review, we have summarized different modulators of HSP27 and their mechanism of action as well. Effect of deregulated HSP27 in various cancer models, limitations of targeting HSP27, resistance against the conventional drugs generated due to the overexpression of HSP27, and measures to counteract this effect have also been discussed here in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| | - Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu M, Shen C, Yang J, Wang Q, Huang N. Systematic Investigation of Docking Failures in Large-Scale Structure-Based Virtual Screening. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39417-39428. [PMID: 36340123 PMCID: PMC9632257 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, large-scale structure-based virtual screening has attracted increasing levels of interest for identification of novel compounds corresponding to potential drug targets. It is critical to understand the strengths and weaknesses of docking algorithms to increase the success rate in practical applications. Here, we systematically investigated the docking successes and failures of two representative docking programs: UCSF DOCK 3.7 and AutoDock Vina. DOCK 3.7 performed better in early enrichment on the Directory of Useful Decoys: Enhanced (DUD-E) data set, although both docking methods were roughly comparable in overall enrichment performance. DOCK 3.7 also showed superior computational efficiency. Intriguingly, the Vina scoring function showed a bias toward compounds with higher molecular weights. Both the tested docking approaches yielded incorrectly predicted ligand binding poses caused by the limitations of torsion sampling. Based on a careful analysis of docking results from six representative cases, we propose the reasons underlying docking failures; furthermore, we provide a few solutions, representing practical guidance for large-scale virtual screening campaigns and future docking algorithm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- College
of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Graduate
School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 9, Dongdan Santiao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jincai Yang
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qing Wang
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Niu Huang
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua
Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barreiro-Costa O, Morales-Noboa G, Rojas-Silva P, Lara-Barba E, Santamaría-Aguirre J, Bailón-Moscoso N, Romero-Benavides JC, Herrera A, Cueva C, Ron-Garrido L, Poveda A, Heredia-Moya J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes: A Potential Application against Leishmaniasis. Molecules 2021; 26:4960. [PMID: 34443548 PMCID: PMC8398714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the search and development of drugs that may become new alternatives to the commercial drugs currently available for treatment of leishmaniasis. We have designed and synthesized 12 derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes. We then characterized their potential application in therapeutic use. For this, the in vitro biological activities against three eukaryotic models-S. cerevisiae, five cancer cell lines, and the parasite L. mexicana-were evaluated. In addition, cytotoxicity against non-cancerous mammalian cells has been evaluated and other properties of interest have been characterized, such as genotoxicity, antioxidant properties and, in silico predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The results that we present here represent a first screening, indicating two derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes as good candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They have good specificity against parasites with respect to mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Barreiro-Costa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (O.B.-C.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - Gabriela Morales-Noboa
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (O.B.-C.); (P.R.-S.)
| | - Eliana Lara-Barba
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Santamaría-Aguirre
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Natalia Bailón-Moscoso
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (N.B.-M.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
| | | | - Ana Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (N.B.-M.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Cueva
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (N.B.-M.); (A.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Ana Poveda
- DNA Replication and Genome Instability Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Zoonosis y Salud Pública (GIBCIZ), Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.M.-N.); (E.L.-B.); (J.S.-A.); (L.R.-G.)
| | - Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador; (O.B.-C.); (P.R.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schütznerová E, Přibylka A, Medran NS, Krchňák V. Greening Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis: Environmentally Conscious Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Privileged Structures 5,6-Dihydropyridin-2(1 H)-ones and Quinolin-2(1 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11867-11881. [PMID: 32841557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase organic synthesis (SPOS) is a very efficient methodology for the synthesis of diverse organic molecules, particularly exploited in drug discovery. Here, we present the transformation of the traditional SPOS to an eco-friendlier methodology on examples of pharmacologically relevant privileged structures 5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-ones and quinolin-2(1H)-ones. The green approach is primarily based on the utilization of environmentally friendly solvent 2-MeTHF in all steps of the synthesis. Target heterocycles were synthesized by extending our previously published synthesis of five-membered tetramic acid analogues to six-membered cycles. The crucial step of the synthesis is cyclization via nonclassical Wittig olefination of resin-bound esters. Traditional and green protocols provided comparable results with respect to purity and yield of products, thus opening the way for greener access to a variety of diverse heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schütznerová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Přibylka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Noelia S Medran
- Instituto de Quı́mica Rosario-IQUIR (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Viktor Krchňák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao Q, Liu J, Nie JH, Kong LB, Lin J, Yan SJ. Silver-catalyzed cascade reactions of 3-cyanochromone with 1,1-enediamines: synthesis of highly functionalized 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for the construction of 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidines from 3-cyanochromone with 1,1-enediamines via an unprecedented cascade reaction has been developed by simply refluxing the reactants under the catalysis of silver carbonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Jin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Jia-Hui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Ling-Bin Kong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soni S, Anand P, Padwad YS. MAPKAPK2: the master regulator of RNA-binding proteins modulates transcript stability and tumor progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:121. [PMID: 30850014 PMCID: PMC6408796 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions including inflammation and metastasis. Post-transcriptional regulation of genes harboring adenine/uridine-rich elements (AREs) in their 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) is controlled by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a downstream substrate of the p38MAPK. In response to diverse extracellular stimuli, MK2 influences crucial signaling events, regulates inflammatory cytokines, transcript stability and critical cellular processes. Expression of genes involved in these vital cellular cascades is controlled by subtle interactions in underlying molecular networks and post-transcriptional gene regulation that determines transcript fate in association with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Several RBPs associate with the 3'-UTRs of the target transcripts and regulate their expression via modulation of transcript stability. Although MK2 regulates important cellular phenomenon, yet its biological significance in tumor progression has not been well elucidated till date. In this review, we have highlighted in detail the importance of MK2 as the master regulator of RBPs and its role in the regulation of transcript stability, tumor progression, as well as the possibility of use of MK2 as a therapeutic target in tumor management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prince Anand
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yogendra S Padwad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Velcicky J, Schlapbach A, Heng R, Revesz L, Pflieger D, Blum E, Hawtin S, Huppertz C, Feifel R, Hersperger R. Modulating ADME Properties by Fluorination: MK2 Inhibitors with Improved Oral Exposure. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:392-396. [PMID: 29670707 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) plays an important role in the regulation of innate immune response as well as in cell survival upon DNA damage. Despite its potential for the treatment of inflammation and cancer, to date no MK2 low molecular weight inhibitors have reached the clinic, mainly due to inadequate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. We describe here an approach based on specifically placed fluorine within a recently described pyrrole-based MK2 inhibitor scaffold for manipulation of its physicochemical and ADME properties. While preserving target potency, the novel fluoro-derivatives showed greatly improved permeability as well as enhanced solubility and reduced in vivo clearance leading to significantly increased oral exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Velcicky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Schlapbach
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Heng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Revesz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Pflieger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Blum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart Hawtin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Feifel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rene Hersperger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
An efficient synthesis of 1′,4′-dihydro-2′H-spiro[azetidin-2,3′-quinolin]-2′-one. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Qian P, Du B, Song R, Wu X, Mei H, Han J, Pan Y. N-Iodosuccinimide-Initiated Spirocyclopropanation of Styrenes with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compound for the Synthesis of Spirocyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6546-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qian
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bingnan Du
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ruichun Song
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- MaAnShan High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, MaAnShan 238200, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu J, Yuan S, Miao M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulation Reactions with in Situ Generated Heterocyclic ortho-Quinodimethanes. Org Lett 2016; 18:3822-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Shiru Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Maozhong Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fiore M, Forli S, Manetti F. Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2, MK2): Medicinal Chemistry Efforts To Lead Small Molecule Inhibitors to Clinical Trials. J Med Chem 2015; 59:3609-34. [PMID: 26502061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The p38/MAPK-activated kinase 2 (MK2) pathway is involved in a series of pathological conditions (inflammation diseases and metastasis) and in the resistance mechanism to antitumor agents. None of the p38 inhibitors entered advanced clinical trials because of their unwanted systemic side effects. For this reason, MK2 was identified as an alternative target to block the pathway but avoiding the side effects of p38 inhibition. However, ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors suffered from low solubility, poor cell permeability, and scarce kinase selectivity. Fortunately, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of MK2 have been already discovered that allowed circumventing the selectivity issue. These compounds showed the additional advantage to be effective at lower concentrations in comparison to the ATP-competitive inhibitors. Therefore, although the significant difficulties encountered during the development of these inhibitors, MK2 is still considered as an attractive target to treat inflammation and related diseases to prevent tumor metastasis and to increase tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fiore
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , via A. Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of aminopyrazine derivatives as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5402-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Carreira EM, Fessard TC. Four-Membered Ring-Containing Spirocycles: Synthetic Strategies and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8257-322. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, and ‡SpiroChem AG, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C. Fessard
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, and ‡SpiroChem AG, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4878-902. [PMID: 24651460 PMCID: PMC3975429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase MK5 is a substrate of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, ERK3 and ERK4. Cell culture and animal studies have demonstrated that MK5 is involved in tumour suppression and promotion, embryogenesis, anxiety, cell motility and cell cycle regulation. In the present study, homology models of MK5 were used for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of: (1) MK5 alone; (2) MK5 in complex with an inhibitor; and (3) MK5 in complex with the interaction partner p38α. The calculations showed that the inhibitor occupied the active site and disrupted the intramolecular network of amino acids. However, intramolecular interactions consistent with an inactive protein kinase fold were not formed. MD with p38α showed that not only the p38 docking region, but also amino acids in the activation segment, αH helix, P-loop, regulatory phosphorylation region and the C-terminal of MK5 may be involved in forming a very stable MK5-p38α complex, and that p38α binding decreases the residual fluctuation of the MK5 model. Electrostatic Potential Surface (EPS) calculations of MK5 and p38α showed that electrostatic interactions are important for recognition and binding.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fujino A, Fukushima K, Kubota T, Matsumoto Y, Takimoto-Kamimura M. Structure of the β-form of human MK2 in complex with the non-selective kinase inhibitor TEI-L03090. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1344-8. [PMID: 24316826 PMCID: PMC3855716 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2 or MAPKAP-K2), a serine/threonine kinase from the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway, plays an important role in the production of TNF-α and other cytokines. In a previous report, it was shown that MK2 in complex with the selective inhibitor TEI-I01800 adopts an α-helical glycine-rich loop that is induced by the stable nonplanar conformer of TEI-I01800. To understand the mechanism of the structural change, the structure of MK2 bound to TEI-L03090, which lacks the key substituent found in TEI-I01800, was determined. MK2-TEI-L03090 has a β-sheet glycine-rich loop in common with other kinases, as predicted. This result suggests that a small compound can induce a drastic conformational change in the target protein structure and can be used to design potent and selective inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Fujino
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kei Fukushima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kubota
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsumoto
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Takimoto-Kamimura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fujino A, Fukushima K, Kubota T, Kosugi T, Takimoto-Kamimura M. Crystal structure of human cyclin-dependent kinase-2 complex with MK2 inhibitor TEI-I01800: insight into the selectivity. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:905-9. [PMID: 24121337 PMCID: PMC3795553 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049513020736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2 or MAPKAP-K2) is a Ser/Thr kinase from the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway and plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. The crystal structure of the MK2-TEI-I01800 complex has been reported; its Gly-rich loop was found to form an α-helix, not a β-sheet as has been observed for other Ser/Thr kinases. TEI-I01800 is 177-fold selective against MK2 compared with CDK2; in order to understand the inhibitory mechanism of TEI-I01800, the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) complex structure with TEI-I01800 was determined at 2.0 Å resolution. Interestingly, the Gly-rich loop of CDK2 formed a β-sheet that was different from that of MK2. In MK2, TEI-I01800 changed the secondary structure of the Gly-rich loop from a β-sheet to an α-helix by collision between Leu70 and a p-ethoxyphenyl group at the 7-position and bound to MK2. However, for CDK2, TEI-I01800 bound to CDK2 without this structural change and lost the interaction with the substituent at the 7-position. In summary, the results of this study suggest that the reason for the selectivity of TEI-I01800 is the favourable conformation of TEI-I01800 itself, making it suitable for binding to the α-form MK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Fujino
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kei Fukushima
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kubota
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kosugi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Midori Takimoto-Kamimura
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lindin I, Wuxiuer Y, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Moens U, Sylte I, Ravna AW. Homology modeling and ligand docking of Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5). Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:56. [PMID: 24034446 PMCID: PMC3848485 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 5 (MK5) is involved in one of the major signaling pathways in cells, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. MK5 was discovered in 1998 by the groups of Houng Ni and Ligou New, and was found to be highly conserved throughout the vertebrates. Studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have shown that it is implicated in tumor suppression as well as tumor promotion, embryogenesis, anxiety, locomotion, cell motility and cell cycle regulation. METHODS In order to obtain a molecular model of MK5 that can be used as a working tool for development of chemical probes, three MK5 models were constructed and refined based on three different known crystal structures of the closely related MKs; MK2 [PDB: 2OZA and PDB: 3M2W] and MK3 [PDB: 3FHR]. The main purpose of the present MK5 molecular modeling study was to identify the best suited template for making a MK5 model. The ability of the generated models to effectively discriminate between known inhibitors and decoys was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS According to the ROC curve analyzes, the refined model based on 3FHR was most effective in discrimination between known inhibitors and decoys. CONCLUSIONS The 3FHR-based MK5 model may serve as a working tool for development of chemical probes using computer aided drug design. The biological function of MK5 still remains elusive, but its role as a possible drug target may be elucidated in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lindin
- Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø No-9037, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Synthesis and differential functionalisation of pyrrolidine and piperidine based spirodiamine scaffolds. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Wang TJ, Zhou L, Fei J, Li ZC, He LF. Applications of 3D-QSAR and structure-based pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, ADMET, and molecular docking of putative MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Kosugi T, Mitchell DR, Fujino A, Imai M, Kambe M, Kobayashi S, Makino H, Matsueda Y, Oue Y, Komatsu K, Imaizumi K, Sakai Y, Sugiura S, Takenouchi O, Unoki G, Yamakoshi Y, Cunliffe V, Frearson J, Gordon R, Harris CJ, Kalloo-Hosein H, Le J, Patel G, Simpson DJ, Sherborne B, Thomas PS, Suzuki N, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kataoka KI. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-K2) as an antiinflammatory target: discovery and in vivo activity of selective pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine inhibitors using a focused library and structure-based optimization approach. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6700-15. [PMID: 22746295 DOI: 10.1021/jm300411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAP-K2) inhibitors was discovered through screening a kinase-focused library. A homology model of MAPKAP-K2 was generated and used to guide the initial SAR studies and to rationalize the observed selectivity over CDK2. An X-ray crystal structure of a compound from the active series bound to crystalline MAPKAP-K2 confirmed the predicted binding mode. This has enabled the discovery of a series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives showing good in vitro cellular potency as anti-TNF-α agents and in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of endotoxin shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kosugi
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd. , Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
EDMUNDS JEREMYJ, TALANIAN ROBERTV. MAPKAP Kinase 2 (MK2) as a Target for Anti-inflammatory Drug Discovery. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-TNFα biologicals, there remains a significant unmet need for novel oral anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Vigorous exploration of many potential targets for inhibition of, for example, pro-inflammatory cytokine production has led to efforts to find inhibitor leads targeting many enzymes including the p38α substrate kinase MK2. MK2 has a key role in the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, and studies with knockout animals and inhibitor leads support the promise of MK2 as an anti-inflammatory target. However, MK2 has additional biological roles such as in cell cycle checkpoint control, suggesting caution in the use of MK2 inhibitors for chronic non-life-threatening clinical indications such as inflammation. MK2 inhibitor lead identification and optimization efforts in several labs have resulted in a variety of potent and specific lead molecules, some of which display in-vivo activity. However, potency loss from enzyme to cell, and cell to in vivo, is commonly significant. Further, poor enzyme to cell potency correlations are also common for MK2 lead chemical series, suggesting uncontrolled confounding factors in lead inhibitor properties, or that the biological roles of MK2 and related enzymes may still be poorly understood. While further efforts in identification of MK2 inhibitors may yet yield viable drug leads, efforts to date suggest caution with this target.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
MSK1 (mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1) and MSK2 are nuclear protein kinases that regulate transcription downstream of the ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and p38α MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) via the phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) and histone H3. Previous studies on the function of MSKs have used two inhibitors, H89 and Ro 31-8220, both of which have multiple off-target effects. In the present study, we report the characterization of the in vitro and cellular properties of an improved MSK1 inhibitor, SB-747651A. In vitro, SB-747651A inhibits MSK1 with an IC50 value of 11 nM. Screening of an in vitro panel of 117 protein kinases revealed that, at 1 μM, SB-747651A inhibited four other kinases, PRK2 (double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase 2), RSK1 (ribosomal S6 kinase 1), p70S6K (S6K is S6 kinase) (p70RSK) and ROCK-II (Rho-associated protein kinase 2), with a similar potency to MSK1. In cells, SB-747651A fully inhibited MSK activity at 5-10 μM. SB-747651A was found to inhibit the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (interleukin-10) in wild-type, but not MSK1/2-knockout, macrophages following LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation. Both SB-747651A and MSK1/2 knockout resulted in elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages in response to LPS. Comparison of the effects of SB-747651A, both in vitro and in cells, demonstrated that SB-747651A exhibited improved selectivity over H89 and Ro 31-8220 and therefore represents a useful tool to study MSK function in cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Oubrie A, Kaptein A, de Zwart E, Hoogenboom N, Goorden R, van de Kar B, van Hoek M, de Kimpe V, van der Heijden R, Borsboom J, Kazemier B, de Roos J, Scheffers M, Lommerse J, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Barf T. Novel ATP competitive MK2 inhibitors with potent biochemical and cell-based activity throughout the series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Rao AU, Xiao D, Huang X, Zhou W, Fossetta J, Lundell D, Tian F, Trivedi P, Aslanian R, Palani A. Facile synthesis of tetracyclic azepine and oxazocine derivatives and their potential as MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1068-72. [PMID: 22182499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Facile synthesis of two new series of tetracyclic azepine and oxazocine analogs is described. These analogs were evaluated for their potential as MAPKAP-K2 (MK2) inhibitors and several were found to be potent at inhibiting MK2 with a non-ATP competitive binding mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin U Rao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Barf T, Kaptein A, de Wilde S, van der Heijden R, van Someren R, Demont D, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Versteegh J, van Zeeland M, Seegers N, Kazemier B, van de Kar B, van Hoek M, de Roos J, Klop H, Smeets R, Hofstra C, Hornberg J, Oubrie A. Structure-based lead identification of ATP-competitive MK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3818-22. [PMID: 21565500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MK2 kinase is a promising drug discovery target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe the discovery of novel MK2 inhibitors using X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug design. The lead has in vivo efficacy in a short-term preclinical model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd Barf
- Merck Research Laboratories, MSD, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ward BC, Kavalukas S, Brugnano J, Barbul A, Panitch A. Peptide inhibitors of MK2 show promise for inhibition of abdominal adhesions. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e27-36. [PMID: 21492875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal adhesions are a common side effect of surgical procedures with complications including infertility, chronic pain, and bowel obstruction, which may lead to the need for surgical lyses of the adhesions. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) has been implicated in several diseases, involving inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, the development of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) that modulates MK2 activity may confer therapeutic benefit after abdominal surgery in general and more specifically after bowel anastomosis. METHODS This study evaluated the function of a CPP inhibitor of MK2 in human mesothelial cells and in a rat bowel anastomosis model. To determine IC50 and basic specificity, kinase inhibition was performed using a radiometric assay. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to evaluate interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in response to IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation in vitro to validate MK2 kinase inhibition. Following bowel anastomosis (10 rats for each control and treatment at 4 and 10 d), the rats were evaluated for weight loss, normal healing (colonic burst strength and hydroxyproline content at the anastomosis), and number and density of adhesions. RESULTS The IC50 of the MK2 inhibitor peptide (22 μM) was similar to that of the nonspecific small molecule rottlerin (IC50 = 5 μM). The MK2 inhibitor peptide was effective at suppressing IL-1β and TNF-α stimulated IL-6 expression in mesothelial cells. In vivo, the MK2 inhibitor peptide was effective at suppressing both the density and number of adhesions formed as a result of bowel an anastamosis. Importantly, the peptide had no negative effect on normal healing. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the peptide inhibitor of MK2, MMI-0100, has the potential to significantly reduce inflammation through suppression of inflammatory cytokine expression and showed promise as a therapeutic for abdominal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Ward
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|