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T A AR, Rajendra TN, Suhas KP, Ippagunta SK, Chaudhary S. 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxane derivatives/hybrids as potent antimalarial endoperoxides: Chronological advancements, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and future perspectives. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38618882 DOI: 10.1002/med.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease that affects tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Various drugs were used to treat malaria, including artemisinin and derivatives, antibiotics (tetracycline, doxycycline), quinolines (chloroquine, amodiaquine), and folate antagonists (sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine). Since the malarial parasites developed drug resistance, there is a need to develop new chemical entities with high efficacy and low toxicity. In this context, 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes emerged as an essential scaffold and have shown promising antimalarial activity. To improve activity and overcome resistance to various antimalarial drugs; 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes were fused with various aryl/heteroaryl/alicyclic/spiro moieties (steroid-based 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, triazine-based 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, aminoquinoline-based 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, dispiro-based 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes, piperidine-based 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes and diaryl-based 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes). The present review aims to focus on covering the relevant literature published during the past 30 years (1992-2022). We summarize the most significant in vitro, in vivo results and structure-activity relationship studies of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane-based hybrids as antimalarial agents. The structural evolution of different hybrids can provide the framework for the future development of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane-based hybrids to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rahaman T A
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Lucknow, India
| | - Thakar Neha Rajendra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Lucknow, India
| | - Kshirsagar Prasad Suhas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Lucknow, India
| | - Sirish K Ippagunta
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioactive Heterocycles and Catalysis (BHC lab), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (Transit Campus), Lucknow, India
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2
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Wu S, Ma X, Yan H. Identification and characterization of an ene-reductase from Corynebacterium casei. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130427. [PMID: 38428763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric reduction of α, β-unsaturated compounds conjugated with electron-withdrawing group by ene-reductases (ERs) is a valuable method for the synthesis of enantiopure chiral compounds. This study introduced an ER from Corynebacterium casei (CcER) which was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the purified recombinant CcER was characterized for its biocatalytic properties. CcER exhibited the highest specific activity at 40 °C and pH 6.5, and showcased appreciable stability below 40 °C over a pH range of 6.0-7.0. The enzyme displayed high resistance to methanol. CcER accepted NADH or NADPH as a cofactor and exhibited a broad substrate spectrum towards α, β-unsaturated compounds. It achieved complete conversion of 2-cyclohexen-1-one and good performance for stereoselective reduction of (R)-carvone (conversion 98 %, diastereoselectivity 96 %). This study highlights the robustness and potential of CcER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongde Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University, Ningbo, China.
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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4
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Wu S, Wang B, Yan H. Semi-rational protein engineering of a novel ene-reductase from Galdieria sulphuraria for asymmetric reduction of (R)-carvone and ketoisophorone. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:697-706. [PMID: 35906824 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric reduction of (R)-carvone and ketoisophorone by an engineered ene-reductase from Galdieria sulphuraria (GsOYE) combined with glucose dehydrogenase for NADPH regeneration were studied. A semi-rational protein engineering was used to enhance the activity and selectivity of GsOYE. Upon the sequence alignment and molecular docking results, two amino acid residues at positions 66 and 270 were selected as saturation mutation sites. Finally, a single substitution variant of GsOYE-N270A with complete conversion (100%) and diastereoselectivity (dep >99%) for reduction of (R)-carvone and a double substitution variant GsOYE-Y66P/N270H with improved stereoselectivity for reduction of ketoisophorone were obtained. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bijiao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongde Yan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing, China
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Patel OPS, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113193. [PMID: 33508479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoal parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. It caused an estimated 405,000 deaths and 228 million malaria cases globally in 2018 as per the World Malaria Report released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Artemisinin (ART), a "Nobel medicine" and its derivatives have proven potential application in antimalarial drug discovery programs. In this review, antimalarial activity of the most active artemisinin derivatives modified at C-10/C-11/C-16/C-6 positions and synthetic peroxides (endoperoxides, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) are systematically summarized. The developmental trend of ART derivatives, and cyclic peroxides along with their antimalarial activity and how the activity is affected by structural variations on different sites of the compounds are discussed. This compilation would be very useful towards scaffold hopping aimed at avoiding the unnecessary complexity in cyclic peroxides, and ultimately act as a handy resource for the development of potential chemotherapeutics against Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P S Patel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Böhmer S, Marx C, Gómez-Baraibar Á, Nowaczyk MM, Tischler D, Hemschemeier A, Happe T. Evolutionary diverse Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Old Yellow Enzymes reveal distinctive catalytic properties and potential for whole-cell biotransformations. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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dos Santos RAM, Reis AV, Pilau EJ, Porto C, Gonçalves JE, de Oliveira AJB, Gonçalves RAC. The headspace-GC/MS: Alternative methodology employed in the bioreduction of (4S)-(+)-carvone mediated by human skin fungus. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1743692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Aparecido Minini dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, University Center of Maringá – Unicesumar, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Adriano Valim Reis
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Porto
- Program of Master in Science, Technology and Food Safety and Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation – ICETI, Maringá, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Program of Master in Science, Technology and Food Safety and Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation – ICETI, Maringá, Brazil
- Program of Master in Clean Technology, University Center of Maringá – Unicesumar, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Arildo José Braz de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, Brazil
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Tischler D, Gädke E, Eggerichs D, Gomez Baraibar A, Mügge C, Scholtissek A, Paul CE. Asymmetric Reduction of (R)-Carvone through a Thermostable and Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Ene-Reductase. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1217-1225. [PMID: 31692216 PMCID: PMC7216909 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ene‐reductases allow regio‐ and stereoselective reduction of activated C=C double bonds at the expense of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactors [NAD(P)H]. Biological NAD(P)H can be replaced by synthetic mimics to facilitate enzyme screening and process optimization. The ene‐reductase FOYE‐1, originating from an acidophilic iron oxidizer, has been described as a promising candidate and is now being explored for applied biocatalysis. Biological and synthetic nicotinamide cofactors were evaluated to fuel FOYE‐1 to produce valuable compounds. A maximum activity of (319.7±3.2) U mg−1 with NADPH or of (206.7±3.4) U mg−1 with 1‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) for the reduction of N‐methylmaleimide was observed at 30 °C. Notably, BNAH was found to be a promising reductant but exhibits poor solubility in water. Different organic solvents were therefore assayed: FOYE‐1 showed excellent performance in most systems with up to 20 vol% solvent and at temperatures up to 40 °C. Purification and application strategies were evaluated on a small scale to optimize the process. Finally, a 200 mL biotransformation of 750 mg (R)‐carvone afforded 495 mg of (2R,5R)‐dihydrocarvone (>95 % ee), demonstrating the simplicity of handling and application of FOYE‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tischler
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Gädke
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alvaro Gomez Baraibar
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anika Scholtissek
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.,Present address: BRAIN AG, Darmstädter Strasse 34, 64673, Zwingenberg, Germany
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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Asymmetric Whole-Cell Bio-Reductions of ( R)-Carvone Using Optimized Ene Reductases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142550. [PMID: 31336938 PMCID: PMC6681004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone is an industrially applied building block that can be synthesized by site-selective and stereo-selective C=C bond bio-reduction of (R)-carvone. Escherichia coli (E.coli) cells overexpressing an ene reductase from Nostoc sp. PCC7120 (NostocER1) in combination with a cosubstrate regeneration system proved to be very effective biocatalysts for this reaction. However, the industrial applicability of biocatalysts is strongly linked to the catalysts’ activity. Since the cell-internal NADH concentrations are around 20-fold higher than the NADPH concentrations, we produced E.coli cells where the NADPH-preferring NostocER1 was exchanged with three different NADH-accepting NostocER1 mutants. These E. coli whole-cell biocatalysts were used in batch operated stirred-tank reactors on a 0.7 l-scale for the reduction of 300 mM (R)-carvone. 287 mM (2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone were formed within 5 h with a diasteromeric excess of 95.4% and a yield of 95.6%. Thus, the whole-cell biocatalysts were strongly improved by using NADH-accepting enzymes, resulting in an up to 2.1-fold increased initial product formation rate leading to a 1.8-fold increased space-time yield when compared to literature.
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Mähler C, Kratzl F, Vogel M, Vinnenberg S, Weuster‐Botz D, Castiglione K. Loop Swapping as a Potent Approach to Increase Ene Reductase Activity with Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH). Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mähler
- Technical University of MunichInstitute of Biochemical Engineering Boltzmannstr. 15 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Franziska Kratzl
- Technical University of MunichInstitute of Biochemical Engineering Boltzmannstr. 15 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Melina Vogel
- Technical University of MunichInstitute of Biochemical Engineering Boltzmannstr. 15 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stefan Vinnenberg
- Technical University of MunichInstitute of Biochemical Engineering Boltzmannstr. 15 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster‐Botz
- Technical University of MunichInstitute of Biochemical Engineering Boltzmannstr. 15 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NürnbergInstitute of Bioprocess Engineering Paul-Gordan-Str. 3 D-91052 Erlangen Germany
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Zhang B, Zheng L, Lin J, Wei D. Characterization of an ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii for asymmetric bioreduction of α,β-unsaturated compounds. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1527-34. [PMID: 27193896 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize a novel ene-reductase from Meyerozyma guilliermondii and achieve the ene-reductase-mediated reduction of activated C=C bonds. RESULTS The gene encoding an ene-reductase was cloned from M. guilliermondii. Sequence homology analysis showed that MgER shared the maximal amino acid sequence identity of 57 % with OYE2.6 from Scheffersomyces stipitis. MgER showed the highest specific activity at 30 °C and pH 7 (100 mM sodium phosphate buffer), and excellent stereoselectivities were achieved for the reduction of (R)-carvone and ketoisophorone. Under the reaction conditions (30 °C and pH 7.0), 150 mM (R)-carvone could be completely converted to (2R,5R)-dihydrocarvone within 22 h employing purified MgER as catalyst, resulting in a yield of 98.9 % and an optical purity of >99 % d.e. CONCLUSION MgER was characterized as a novel ene-reductase from yeast and showed great potential for the asymmetric reduction of activated C=C bonds of α,β-unsaturated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Liandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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Pirzada AM, Ali HH, Naeem M, Latif M, Bukhari AH, Tanveer A. Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 174:540-60. [PMID: 26297840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a medicinal herb traditionally used to treat various clinical conditions at home such as diarrhea, diabetes, pyresis, inflammation, malaria, and stomach and bowel disorders. Currently, it is one of the most widespread, problematic, and economically damaging agronomic weeds, growing wildly in various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present paper summarizes the available information that will aid in future medicine preparation by identifying active ingredients and their mode of action for a specific therapeutic activity using the latest technologies. MATERIAL AND METHOD This review article is based on the information available on the phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological studies on and traditional uses of C. rotundus. The present paper covers the literature available particularly from 2000 to 2015 online (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Web of Science) and in books on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and botany of this plant. RESULTS Phytochemical and pharmacological studies revealed the significance of C. rotundus as an antiandrogenic, antibacterial, anticancerous, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antiobesity, antioxidant, anti-uropathogenic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and nootropic agent. This is the most investigated plant worldwide due to the higher concentration of active ingredients in the form of essential oils, phenolic acids, ascorbic acids, and flavonoids in the tuber and rhizomes. Unfortunately, this significant plant species has not been assessed under improved cultivation conditions with the aim of conservation in natural habitats and high quality. CONCLUSION Reports can be found on the ehtnobotanical use of C. rotundus in atherosclerosis, aging, apoptosis, cancer, cystitis, epilepsy, hirsutism, nociception, prostatitis, and genotoxicity disorders. The phytochemical and pharmacological activities of C. rotundus have supported its traditional as well as prospective uses as a valuable Ayurvedic plant. Previous researches focuses on the phytochemistry, biological properties and clinical application of rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus. However, such studies on the other parts of this medicinally important plant are still quest to be investigate. Furthermore, future study should aim at confirming the clinical activities and safety of this plant before being used for the development of new therapeutic agent in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Masood Pirzada
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeeed Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Haider Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeeed Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeeed Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asad Hussain Bukhari
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asif Tanveer
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 36000, Punjab, Pakistan
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de Paula MC, Valle MS, Pliego JR. Electron affinity and dipole moment of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes antimalarials and correlation with activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Terent'ev AO, Borisov DA, Vil’ VA, Dembitsky VM. Synthesis of five- and six-membered cyclic organic peroxides: Key transformations into peroxide ring-retaining products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:34-114. [PMID: 24454562 PMCID: PMC3896255 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review describes the current status of synthetic five and six-membered cyclic peroxides such as 1,2-dioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides), 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2-dioxenes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. The literature from 2000 onwards is surveyed to provide an update on synthesis of cyclic peroxides. The indicated period of time is, on the whole, characterized by the development of new efficient and scale-up methods for the preparation of these cyclic compounds. It was shown that cyclic peroxides remain unchanged throughout the course of a wide range of fundamental organic reactions. Due to these properties, the molecular structures can be greatly modified to give peroxide ring-retaining products. The chemistry of cyclic peroxides has attracted considerable attention, because these compounds are used in medicine for the design of antimalarial, antihelminthic, and antitumor agents.
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Key Words
- 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes
- 1,2,4-trioxanes
- 1,2,4-trioxolanes
- 1,2-dioxanes
- 1,2-dioxenes
- 1,2-dioxolanes
- cyclic peroxides
- ozonides
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Borisov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valery M Dembitsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute for Drug Research, P.O. Box 12065, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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15
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Ni Y, Yu HL, Lin GQ, Xu JH. An ene reductase from Clavispora lusitaniae for asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 56:40-5. [PMID: 24564901 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A putative ene reductase gene from Clavispora lusitaniae was heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the encoded protein (ClER) was purified and characterized for its biocatalytic properties. This NADPH-dependent flavoprotein was identified with reduction activities toward a diverse range of activated alkenes including conjugated enones, enals, maleimide derivative and α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters. The purified ClER exhibited a relatively high activity of 7.3 U mg(prot)⁻¹ for ketoisophorone while a remarkable catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)=810 s⁻¹ mM⁻¹) was obtained for 2-methyl-cinnamaldehyde due to the high affinity. A series of prochiral activated alkenes were stereoselectively reduced by ClER furnishing the corresponding saturated products in up to 99% ee. The practical applicability of ClER was further evaluated for the production of (R)-levodione, a valuable chiral compound, from ketoisophorone. Using the crude enzyme of ClER and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), 500 mM of ketoisophorone was efficiently converted to (R)-levodione with excellent stereoselectivity (98% ee) within 1h. All these positive features demonstrate a high synthetic potential of ClER in the asymmetric reduction of activated alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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16
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Yadav N, Sharma C, Awasthi SK. Diversification in the synthesis of antimalarial trioxane and tetraoxane analogs. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42513d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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17
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Goretti M, Turchetti B, Cramarossa MR, Forti L, Buzzini P. Production of flavours and fragrances via bioreduction of (4R)-(-)-carvone and (1R)-(-)-myrtenal by non-conventional yeast whole-cells. Molecules 2013; 18:5736-48. [PMID: 23681058 PMCID: PMC6270020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a program aiming at the selection of yeast strains which might be of interest as sources of natural flavours and fragrances, the bioreduction of (4R)-(-)-carvone and (1R)-(-)-myrtenal by whole-cells of non-conventional yeasts (NCYs) belonging to the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora, Kazachstania, Kluyveromyces, Lindnera, Nakaseomyces, Vanderwaltozyma and Wickerhamomyces was studied. Volatiles produced were sampled by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and the compounds were analysed and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Yields (expressed as % of biotransformation) varied in dependence of the strain. The reduction of both (4R)-(-)-carvone and (1R)-(-)-myrtenal were catalyzed by some ene-reductases (ERs) and/or carbonyl reductases (CRs), which determined the formation of (1R,4R)-dihydrocarvone and (1R)-myrtenol respectively, as main flavouring products. The potential of NCYs as novel whole-cell biocatalysts for selective biotransformation of electron-poor alkenes for producing flavours and fragrances of industrial interest is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Goretti
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia 06121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (B.T.)
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia 06121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (B.T.)
| | - Maria Rita Cramarossa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Luca Forti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mails: (L.F.); (P.B.); Tel.: +39-059-2055110 (L.F.); Fax: +39-059-373543 (L.F.); Tel.: +39-075-5856455 (P.B.); Fax: +39-075-5856470 (P.B.)
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia 06121, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.); (B.T.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mails: (L.F.); (P.B.); Tel.: +39-059-2055110 (L.F.); Fax: +39-059-373543 (L.F.); Tel.: +39-075-5856455 (P.B.); Fax: +39-075-5856470 (P.B.)
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18
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Winkler CK, Tasnádi G, Clay D, Hall M, Faber K. Asymmetric bioreduction of activated alkenes to industrially relevant optically active compounds. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:381-9. [PMID: 22498437 PMCID: PMC3521962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ene-reductases from the ‘Old Yellow Enzyme’ family of flavoproteins catalyze the asymmetric reduction of various α,β-unsaturated compounds at the expense of a nicotinamide cofactor. They have been applied to the synthesis of valuable enantiopure products, including chiral building blocks with broad industrial applications, terpenoids, amino acid derivatives and fragrances. The combination of these highly stereoselective biocatalysts with a cofactor recycling system has allowed the development of cost-effective methods for the generation of optically active molecules, which is strengthened by the availability of stereo-complementary enzyme homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Slack RD, Jacobine AM, Posner GH. Antimalarial peroxides: advances in drug discovery and design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Persico M, Quintavalla A, Rondinelli F, Trombini C, Lombardo M, Fattorusso C, Azzarito V, Taramelli D, Parapini S, Corbett Y, Chianese G, Fattorusso E, Taglialatela-Scafati O. A new class of antimalarial dioxanes obtained through a simple two-step synthetic approach: rational design and structure-activity relationship studies. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8526-40. [PMID: 22054038 DOI: 10.1021/jm201056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of simple endoperoxides, characterized by a 3-methoxy-1,2-dioxane scaffold, was designed on the basis of a previously developed pharmacophore. Through a simplified and versatile scheme of synthesis, which utilizes cheap and commercially available starting materials, it was possible to obtain several structurally and stereochemically different compounds that were tested against P. falciparum. Most of compounds showed antimalarial activity in the low micromolar range and no cellular toxicity, all being significantly more active on chloroquine resistant (CQ-R) than on chloroquine sensitive (CQ-S) strains. Resulting structure-activity relationships were analyzed by means of experimental and computational techniques, validating our design rationale and tailoring it for the new scaffold. Our study demonstrated that according to the hypothesized mechanism of action, the antimalarial activity can be improved through rational structural modifications, paving the way for the development of new simplified antimalarial endoperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 I-80131 Napoli, Italy
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21
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Synthesis of mono-, bis-spiro- and dispiro-β-lactams and evaluation of their antimalarial activities. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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