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Liu TT, Yin DT, Wang N, Li N, Dong G, Peng MF. Identifying and analyzing the key genes shared by papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis using bioinformatics methods. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1140094. [PMID: 37324256 PMCID: PMC10266228 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a chronic autoimmune disease that poses a risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The present study aimed to identify the key genes shared by HT and PTC for advancing the current understanding of their shared pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms. Methods HT- and PTC-related datasets (GSE138198 and GSE33630, respectively) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Genes significantly related to the PTC phenotype were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between PTC and healthy samples from GSE33630, and between HT and normal samples from GSE138198. Subsequently, functional enrichment analysis was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Transcription factors and miRNAs regulating the common genes in PTC and HT were forecasted using the Harmonizome and miRWalk databases, respectively, and drugs targeting these genes were investigated using the Drug-Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb). The key genes in both GSE138198 and GSE33630 were further identified via Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The expression of key genes was verified in external validation set and clinical samples using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In total, 690 and 1945 DEGs were associated with PTC and HT, respectively; of these, 56 were shared and exhibited excellent predictive accuracy in the GSE138198 and GSE33630 cohorts. Notably, four genes, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B), Active BCR-related (ABR), alpha-1 antitrypsin (SERPINA1), and lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPAR5) were recognized as key genes shared by HT and PTC. Subsequently, EGR1 was identified as a common transcription factor regulating ABR, SERPINA1, and LPAR5 expression. These findings were confirmed using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Conclusion Four (ADH1B, ABR, SERPINA1, and LPAR5) out of 56 common genes exhibited diagnostic potential in HT and PTC. Notably, this study, for the first time, defined the close relationship between ABR and HT/PTC progression. Overall, this study provides a basis for understanding the shared pathogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms of HT and PTC, which might help improve patient diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-ting Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - De-tao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Medicine Laboratory of Thyroid Cancer of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng-fan Peng
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Xu J. Syntheses of 1,2‐Oxaphospholane 2‐Oxides and 1,2‐Oxaphosphole 2‐Oxides. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Jia Y, Li Y, Xu XD, Tian Y, Shang H. Design and Development of Autotaxin Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111203. [PMID: 34832985 PMCID: PMC8622848 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is the only enzyme of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP2) family with lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity, which is mainly responsible for the hydrolysis of extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA can induce various responses, such as cell proliferation, migration, and cytokine production, through six G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). This signaling pathway is associated with metabolic and inflammatory disorder, and inhibiting this pathway has a positive effect on the treatment of related diseases, while ATX, as an important role in the production of LPA, has been shown to be associated with the occurrence and metastasis of tumors, fibrosis and cardiovascular diseases. From mimics of ATX natural lipid substrates to the rational design of small molecule inhibitors, ATX inhibitors have made rapid progress in structural diversity and design over the past 20 years, and three drugs, GLPG1690, BBT-877, and BLD-0409, have entered clinical trials. In this paper, we will review the structure of ATX inhibitors from the perspective of the transformation of design ideas, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each inhibitor type, and put forward prospects for the development of ATX inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Tian
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (H.S.)
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Matralis AN, Afantitis A, Aidinis V. Development and therapeutic potential of autotaxin small molecule inhibitors: From bench to advanced clinical trials. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:976-1013. [PMID: 30462853 DOI: 10.1002/med.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several years after its isolation from melanoma cells, an increasing body of experimental evidence has established the involvement of Autotaxin (ATX) in the pathogenesis of several diseases. ATX, an extracellular enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is overexpressed in a variety of human metastatic cancers and is strongly implicated in chronic inflammation and liver toxicity, fibrotic diseases, and thrombosis. Accordingly, the ATX-LPA signaling pathway is considered a tractable target for therapeutic intervention substantiated by the multitude of research campaigns that have been successful in identifying ATX inhibitors by both academia and industry. Furthermore, from a therapeutic standpoint, the entry and the so far promising results of the first ATX inhibitor in advanced clinical trials against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lends support to the viability of this approach, bringing it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts. The present review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important series of ATX inhibitors developed so far. Special weight is lent to the design, structure activity relationship and mode of binding studies carried out, leading to the identification of advanced leads. The most significant in vitro and in vivo pharmacological results of these advanced leads are also summarized. Lastly, the development of the first ATX inhibitor entered in clinical trials accompanied by its phase 1 and 2a clinical trial data is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N Matralis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece.,NovaMechanics Ltd Cheminformatics Company, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
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Volle JN, Guillon R, Bancel F, Bekro YA, Pirat JL, Virieux D. Phosphono- and Phosphinolactones in the Life Sciences. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Murph MM, Jiang GW, Altman MK, Jia W, Nguyen DT, Fambrough JM, Hardman WJ, Nguyen HT, Tran SK, Alshamrani AA, Madan D, Zhang J, Prestwich GD. Vinyl sulfone analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine irreversibly inhibit autotaxin and prevent angiogenesis in melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5999-6013. [PMID: 26190462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzyme discovered in the conditioned medium of cultured melanoma cells and identified as a protein that strongly stimulates motility. This unique ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase facilitates the removal of a choline headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to yield lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a potent lipid stimulator of tumorigenesis. Thus, ATX has received renewed attention because it has a prominent role in malignant progression with significant translational potential. Specifically, we sought to develop active site-targeted irreversible inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological activity of an LPC-mimetic electrophilic affinity label that targets the active site of ATX, which has a critical threonine residue that acts as a nucleophile in the lysophospholipase D reaction to liberate choline. We synthesized a set of quaternary ammonium derivative-containing vinyl sulfone analogs of LPC that function as irreversible inhibitors of ATX and inactivate the enzyme. The analogs were tested in cell viability assays using multiple cancer cell lines. The IC50 values ranged from 6.74 to 0.39 μM, consistent with a Ki of 3.50 μM for inhibition of ATX by the C16H33 vinyl sulfone analog CVS-16 (10b). A phenyl vinyl sulfone control compound, PVS-16, lacking the choline-like quaternary ammonium mimicking head group moiety, had little effect on cell viability and did not inhibit ATX. Most importantly, CVS-16 (10b) significantly inhibited melanoma progression in an in vivo tumor model by preventing angiogenesis. Taken together, this suggests that CVS-16 (10b) is a potent and irreversible ATX inhibitor with significant biological activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi M Murph
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| | - Guowei W Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States
| | - Molly K Altman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Duy T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jada M Fambrough
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - William J Hardman
- The University of Georgia and Georgia Regents University Medical Partnership, 1425 Prince Avenue, Athens, GA 30606, United States
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Sterling K Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Ali A Alshamrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Damian Madan
- Echelon Biosciences Incorporated, 675 Arapeen Way, Suite 302, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, United States.
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Lv Y, Hu G, Ma D, Liu LL, Gao Y, Zhao Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Addition and Cyclization of Arylboronic Acids with 3-Hydroxyprop-1-yn-1-yl Phosphonates Leading to 1,2-Oxaphospholenes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6908-14. [PMID: 26062688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient palladium-catalyzed domino addition-cyclization of a wide range of arylboronic acids with various 3-hydroxyprop-1-yn-1-yl phosphonates has been developed, affording a convenient and powerful tool for the preparation of valuable 1,2-oxaphospholenes with mild reaction conditions, broad substrate applicability, and good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction might involve Michael addition and nucleophilic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- †Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Gaobo Hu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Dumei Ma
- §Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- ‡Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- †Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.,‡Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Barbayianni E, Kaffe E, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, as a promising therapeutic target in chronic inflammation and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:76-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Fells JI, Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Norman DD, Lim KG, Tsukahara R, Liu J, Patil R, Miller DD, Kirby RJ, Nelson S, Seibel W, Papoian R, Parrill AL, Baker DL, Bittman R, Tigyi G. Hits of a high-throughput screen identify the hydrophobic pocket of autotaxin/lysophospholipase D as an inhibitory surface. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:415-24. [PMID: 23793291 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), a lysophospholipase D, plays an important role in cancer invasion, metastasis, tumor progression, tumorigenesis, neuropathic pain, fibrotic diseases, cholestatic pruritus, lymphocyte homing, and thrombotic diseases by producing the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). A high-throughput screen of ATX inhibition using the lysophosphatidylcholine-like substrate fluorogenic substrate 3 (FS-3) and ∼10,000 compounds from the University of Cincinnati Drug Discovery Center identified several small-molecule inhibitors with IC₅₀ vales ranging from nanomolar to low micromolar. The pharmacology of the three most potent compounds: 918013 (1; 2,4-dichloro-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl) benzamide), 931126 (2; 4-oxo-4-{2-[(5-phenoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl]hydrazino}-N-(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)butanamide), and 966791 (3; N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-[N-(2-furylmethyl)(4-(1,2,3,4-tetraazolyl)phenyl)carbonylamino]-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acetamide), were further characterized in enzyme, cellular, and whole animal models. Compounds 1 and 2 were competitive inhibitors of ATX-mediated hydrolysis of the lysophospholipase substrate FS-3. In contrast, compound 3 was a competitive inhibitor of both FS-3 and the phosphodiesterase substrate p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate. Computational docking and mutagenesis suggested that compounds 1 and 2 target the hydrophobic pocket, thereby blocking access to the active site of ATX. The potencies of compounds 1-3 were comparable to each other in each of the assays. All of these compounds significantly reduced invasion of A2058 human melanoma cells in vitro and the colonization of lung metastases by B16-F10 murine melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. The compounds had no agonist or antagonist effects on select LPA or sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, nor did they inhibit nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) enzymes NPP6 and NPP7. These results identify the molecular surface of the hydrophobic pocket of ATX as a target-binding site for inhibitors of enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Fells
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Gotoh M, Sano-Maeda K, Murofushi H, Murakami-Murofushi K. Protection of neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). PLoS One 2012; 7:e51093. [PMID: 23251428 PMCID: PMC3521017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator with a unique cyclic phosphate ring at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions of its glycerol backbone. We have previously shown that cPA significantly suppresses ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death and the accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. These results indicated that the systemic administration of cPA can protect hippocampal neurons against ischemia-induced delayed neuronal cell death. In the current study, we investigated the effects of cPA on neuronal cell death caused by hypoxia in vitro and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. We used cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to expose cells to hypoxic conditions in vitro. Treating mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2A) cells with CoCl2 induced nuclear DNA condensation and phosphatidylserine exposure. However, adding cPA led to the suppression of CoCl2-induced apoptosis in a cPA dose-dependent manner and attenuated the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio caused by CoCl2. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that Neuro2A cells strongly express the LPA1, LPA2, and LPA6, which are G-protein coupled receptors that can be activated by cPA. To date, LPA1 and LPA2 have been reported to exhibit antiapoptotic activity. Therefore, to assess the roles of LPA1 and LPA2 on cPA-induced neuroprotective functions, Ki16425, a selective LPA1 and LPA3 antagonist, was adopted to know the LPA1 function and siRNA was used to knockdown the expression of LPA2. On the basis of our results, we propose that cPA-induced protection of Neuro2A cells from CoCl2-induced hypoxia damage is mediated via LPA2.
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HWANG SUNGHEE, LEE BYUNGHWAN, KIM HYEONJOONG, CHO HEEJUNG, SHIN HOCHUL, IM KEUMSOON, CHOI SUNHYE, SHIN TAEJOON, LEE SANGMOK, NAM SUKWOO, KIM HYOUNGCHUN, RHIM HYEWON, NAH SEUNGYEOL. Suppression of metastasis of intravenously-inoculated B16/F10 melanoma cells by the novel ginseng-derived ingredient, gintonin: Involvement of autotaxin inhibition. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:317-26. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Current progress in non-Edg family LPA receptor research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:33-41. [PMID: 22902318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the simplest phospholipid yet possesses myriad biological functions. Until 2003, the functions of LPA were thought to be elicited exclusively by three subtypes of the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) family of G protein-coupled receptors - LPA(1), LPA(2), and LPA(3). However, several biological functions of LPA could not be assigned to any of these receptors indicating the existence of one or more additional LPA receptor(s). More recently, the discovery of a second cluster of LPA receptors which includes LPA(4), LPA(5), and LPA(6) has paved the way for new avenues of LPA research. Analyses of these non-Edg family LPA receptors have begun to fill in gaps to understand biological functions of LPA such as platelet aggregation and vascular development that could not be ascribed to classical Edg family LPA receptors and are also unveiling new biological functions. Here we review recent progress in the non-Edg family LPA receptor research, with special emphasis on the pharmacology, signaling, and physiological roles of this family of receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Abstract
LPA (lysophosphatidic acid, 1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate), is a growth factor-like lipid mediator that regulates many cellular functions, many of which are unique to malignantly transformed cells. The simple chemical structure of LPA and its profound effects in cancer cells has attracted the attention of the cancer therapeutics field and drives the development of therapeutics based on the LPA scaffold. In biological fluids, LPA is generated by ATX (autotaxin), a lysophospholipase D that cleaves the choline/serine headgroup from lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylserine to generate LPA. In the present article, we review some of the key findings that make the ATX-LPA signalling axis an emerging target for cancer therapy.
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Nozaki E, Gotoh M, Tanaka R, Kato M, Suzuki T, Nakazaki A, Hotta H, Kobayashi S, Murakami-Murofushi K. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel cyclic phosphatidic acid derivative 3-S-cyclic phosphatidic acid (3-S-cPA). Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3196-201. [PMID: 22512905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator possessing cyclic phosphate ring, which is necessary for its specific biological activities. To stabilize cyclic phosphate ring of cPA, we synthesized a series of cPA derivatives. We have shown that racemic 3-S-cPA, with a phosphate oxygen atom replaced with a sulfur atom at the sn-3, was a more effective autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor than cPA. In this study, we showed that racemic 3-S-cPA also had potent biological activities such as inhibition of cancer cell migration, suppression of the nociceptive reflex, and attenuation of ischemia-induced delayed neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1. Moreover, we synthesized both enantiomers of palmitoleoyl derivative of 3-S-cPA, and found that the chirality of 3-S-cPA is not involved in ATX inhibition. Based on these findings, racemic 3-S-cPA is suggested as an effective therapeutic compound like cPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Life Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald M H G Albers
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tanaka R, Kato M, Suzuki T, Nakazaki A, Nozaki E, Gotoh M, Murakami-Murofushi K, Kobayashi S. Efficient synthesis of 3-O-thia-cPA and preliminary analysis of its biological activity toward autotaxin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4180-2. [PMID: 21676615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of 3-O-thia-cPAs (4a-d), sulfur analogues of cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), has been achieved. The key step of the synthesis is an intramolecular Arbuzov reaction to construct the cyclic thiophosphate moiety. The present synthetic route enables the synthesis of 4a-d in only four steps from the commercially available glycidol. Preliminary biological experiments showed that 4a-d exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on autotaxin (ATX) as original cPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Nozaki E, Gotoh M, Hotta H, Hanazawa S, Kobayashi S, Murakami-Murofushi K. Synthesis of enantiopure 2-carba-cyclic phosphatidic acid and effects of its chirality on biological functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:271-7. [PMID: 21277386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator, which has a quite unique cyclic phosphate ring at sn-2 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone. We have designed and chemically synthesized several metabolically stabilized derivatives of cPA. 2-Carba-cPA (2ccPA) is one of the synthesized compounds in which the phosphate oxygen was replaced with a methylene group at the sn-2 position, and it showed much more potent biological activities than natural cPA. Here, we developed a new method of 2ccPA enantiomeric synthesis. And we examined the effects of 2ccPA enantiomers on autotaxin (ATX) activity, cancer cell invasion and nociceptive reflex. As well as racemic-2ccPA, both enantiomers showed inhibitory effects on ATX activity, cancer cell invasion and nociceptive reflex. As their effects were not significantly different from each other, the chirality of 2ccPA may not be critical for these biological functions of 2ccPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Life Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Nozaki E, Gotoh M, Hanazawa S, Mori H, Kobayashi S, Murakami-Murofushi K. Comparison of Inhibitory Activities of Stereo-Isomers of Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid (cPA) on Autotaxin. CYTOLOGIA 2011. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.76.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Mari Gotoh
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Ochanomizu University
| | - Shuwa Hanazawa
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Ochanomizu University
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Hirotoshi Mori
- Division of Advanced Sciences, Ocha-dai Academic Production, Ochanomizu University
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