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Watanabe C, Okiyama Y, Tanaka S, Fukuzawa K, Honma T. Molecular recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein: quantum chemical hot spot and epitope analyses. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4722-4739. [PMID: 35355624 PMCID: PMC8892577 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have attempted to identify complex structures of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (S-protein) with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or a blocking antibody. However, the molecular recognition mechanism-critical information for drug and antibody design-has not been fully clarified at the amino acid residue level. Elucidating such a microscopic mechanism in detail requires a more accurate molecular interpretation that includes quantum mechanics to quantitatively evaluate hydrogen bonds, XH/π interactions (X = N, O, and C), and salt bridges. In this study, we applied the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method to characterize the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein binding interactions with not only ACE2 but also the B38 Fab antibody involved in ACE2-inhibitory binding. By analyzing FMO-based interaction energies along a wide range of binding interfaces carefully, we identified amino acid residues critical for molecular recognition between S-protein and ACE2 or B38 Fab antibody. Importantly, hydrophobic residues that are involved in weak interactions such as CH-O hydrogen bond and XH/π interactions, as well as polar residues that construct conspicuous hydrogen bonds, play important roles in molecular recognition and binding ability. Moreover, through these FMO-based analyses, we also clarified novel hot spots and epitopes that had been overlooked in previous studies by structural and molecular mechanical approaches. Altogether, these hot spots/epitopes identified between S-protein and ACE2/B38 Fab antibody may provide useful information for future antibody design, evaluation of the binding property of the SARS-CoV-2 variants including its N501Y, and small or medium drug design against the SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiduru Watanabe
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan +81-45-503-9432 +81-45-503-9551
- JST, PRESTO 4-1-8, Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Yoshio Okiyama
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Department of Computational Science, Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku Kobe Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan +81-45-503-9432 +81-45-503-9551
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2
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Vaškevičienė I, Paketurytė V, Pajanok N, Žukauskas Š, Sapijanskaitė B, Kantminienė K, Mickevičius V, Zubrienė A, Matulis D. Pyrrolidinone-bearing methylated and halogenated benzenesulfonamides as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:322-337. [PMID: 30553625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two series of benzenesulfonamides bearing methyl groups at ortho/ortho or meta/ortho positions and a pyrrolidinone moiety at para position were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the twelve catalytically active human carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms. Observed binding affinities were determined by fluorescent thermal shift assay and intrinsic binding affinities representing the binding of benzenesulfonamide anion to the Zn(II)-bound water form of CA were calculated. Introduction of dimethyl groups into benzenesulfonamide ring decreased the binding affinity to almost all CA isoforms, but gained in selectivity towards one CA isoform. A chloro group at the meta position of 2,6-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives did not influence the binding to CA I, but it increased the affinity to all other CAs, especially, CA VII and CA XIII (up to 500 fold). The compounds may be used for further development of CA inhibitors with higher selectivity to particular CA isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Vaškevičienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Paketurytė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Nikita Pajanok
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Šarūnas Žukauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Birutė Sapijanskaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Kantminienė
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Mickevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania.
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
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3
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De Benedetti PG, Fanelli F. Computational modeling approaches to quantitative structure-binding kinetics relationships in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1396-1406. [PMID: 29574212 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple comparative correlation analyses and quantitative structure-kinetics relationship (QSKR) models highlight the interplay of kinetic rates and binding affinity as an essential feature in drug design and discovery. The choice of the molecular series, and their structural variations, used in QSKR modeling is fundamental to understanding the mechanistic implications of ligand and/or drug-target binding and/or unbinding processes. Here, we discuss the implications of linear correlations between kinetic rates and binding affinity constants and the relevance of the computational approaches to QSKR modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier G De Benedetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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4
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Fedorov DG, Kitaura K. Subsystem Analysis for the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method and Its Application to Protein-Ligand Binding in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2218-31. [PMID: 26949816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A subsystem analysis is derived incorporating interfragment interactions into the fragment properties, such as energies or charges. The relative stabilities of three alanine isomers, the α-helix, the β-turn, and the extended form are studied and the differences in fragment properties are elucidated. The analysis is further elaborated for studies of binding energies. The binding of the Trp-cage protein (PDB: 1L2Y ) to two ligands is studied in detail. Binding energies defined for each fragment can be used as a convenient descriptor for analyzing contributions to binding in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitaura
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Yoshida T, Hayashi T, Mashima A, Sasahara K, Chuman H. A simple and efficient dispersion correction to the Hartree–Fock theory (3): A comprehensive performance comparison of HF-Dtq with MP2 and DFT-Ds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:589-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hitaoka S, Chuman H, Yoshizawa K. A QSAR study on the inhibition mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase-12 by arylsulfone analogs based on molecular orbital calculations. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:793-806. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01843e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase-12 by arylsulfone analogs is revealed using a comprehensive computational approach including docking simulations, molecular orbital calculations, and QSAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Hitaoka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular System
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Chuman
- Institute of Health Biosciences
- The University of Tokushima Graduate School
- Tokushima 770-8505
- Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular System
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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Multiscale quantum chemical approaches to QSAR modeling and drug design. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1921-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Mashima A, Kurahashi M, Sasahara K, Yoshida T, Chuman H. Connecting Classical QSAR and LERE Analyses Using Modern Molecular Calculations, LERE-QSAR (VI): Hydrolysis of Substituted Hippuric Acid Phenyl Esters by Trypsin. Mol Inform 2014; 33:802-14. [PMID: 27485426 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of trypsin was studied by applying DFT and ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations to complexes of trypsin with a congeneric series of eight para-substituted hippuric acid phenyl esters, for which a previous quantitative structureactivity relationship (QSAR) study revealed nice linearity of Hammett substitution constant σ(-) with logarithmic values of the MichaelisMenten and catalytic rate constants. Based on the LERE procedure, we performed QSAR analyses on each elementary reaction step during the acylation process. The present calculations showed that the rate-determining step during the acylation process is the transition state (TS) between the enzymesubstrate complex (ES) and tetrahedral intermediate (TET), and that the proton transfer occurs from Ser195 to His57, not between His57 and Asp102. The LERE-QSAR analysis statistically suggested that the variation of overall free-energy changes leading to formation of TS is governed mostly by that of activation energies required to form TS from ES. In spite of a very limited number of congeneric ligands in the current work, it is critically essential to clarify and verify physicochemical meanings of a typical QSAR/Chemoinformatics parameter, Hammett σ(-) based on quantum chemical calculations on the proteinligand kinetics; how Hammett σ(-) behaves in terms of proteinligand interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mashima
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan phone/fax: +81-88-633-7257/+81-88-633-9508
| | - Masahiro Kurahashi
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan phone/fax: +81-88-633-7257/+81-88-633-9508
| | - Katsunori Sasahara
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan phone/fax: +81-88-633-7257/+81-88-633-9508
| | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan phone/fax: +81-88-633-7257/+81-88-633-9508
| | - Hiroshi Chuman
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan phone/fax: +81-88-633-7257/+81-88-633-9508.
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9
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Use of an auxiliary basis set to describe the polarization in the fragment molecular orbital method. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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A simple and efficient dispersion correction to the Hartree–Fock theory. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Yoshida T, Hitaoka S, Mashima A, Sugimoto T, Matoba H, Chuman H. Combined QM/MM (ONIOM) and QSAR approach to the study of complex formation of matrix metalloproteinase‑9 with a series of biphenylsulfonamides−LERE-QSAR analysis (V). J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10283-9. [PMID: 22845734 DOI: 10.1021/jp305476x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously proposed a novel QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) procedure called LERE (linear expression by representative energy terms)-QSAR involving molecular calculations such as an ab initio fragment molecular orbital ones. In the present work, we applied LERE-QSAR to complex formation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) with a series of substituted biphenylsulfonamides. The results shows that the overall free-energy change accompanying complex formation is due to predominantly the contribution from the electrostatic interaction with the zinc atom in the active site of MMP-9. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) belongs to the zinc-containing protease family. In contrast to the current case of MMP-9, the overall free-energy change during complex formation of CA with a series of benzenesulfonamides is due to the contributions from the solvation and dissociation free-energy changes, as previously reported. Comparison of the two sets of results indicates quantitative differences in the relative contributions of free-energy components to the overall free-energy change between the two data sets, corresponding with those in the respective classical QSAR equations. The LERE-QSAR procedure was demonstrated to quantitatively reveal differences in the binding mechanisms between the two cases involving similar but different zinc-containing proteins at the electronic and atomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsusada Yoshida
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School , 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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12
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Fedorov DG, Nagata T, Kitaura K. Exploring chemistry with the fragment molecular orbital method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:7562-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Fedorov DG, Kitaura K. Energy Decomposition Analysis in Solution Based on the Fragment Molecular Orbital Method. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:704-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209579w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri G. Fedorov
- NRI, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitaura
- NRI, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Yoshida T, Shimizu M, Harada M, Hitaoka S, Chuman H. Reassessment of Hammett σ as an effective parameter representing intermolecular interaction energy-links between traditional and modern QSAR approaches. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:124-8. [PMID: 22172696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hammett σ constant has for a long time been known to be one of most important linear free-energy related parameters that correlate with biological activity. It is a conventionally used electronic parameter in studies of enzymatic quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). However, it is not necessarily obvious why σ represents variations in the free-energy change associated with the complex formation between a congeneric series of ligands with their target protein. So far, several powerful molecular calculations, such as the ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) one, that are directly applicable to ligand-protein complexes have emerged. In this study, we comprehensively reevaluate experimentally derived parameter σ confirming it represents intermolecular interaction energy terms, by applying molecular orbital (MO) calculations to a simple ligand-protein complex model. The current results provide a rational and quantitative basis for bridging the gap between the traditional QSAR approach and 'the modern QSAR one', which involves the molecular calculations to evaluate the overall free-energy change for complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsusada Yoshida
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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15
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Hitaoka S, Matoba H, Harada M, Yoshida T, Tsuji D, Hirokawa T, Itoh K, Chuman H. Correlation Analyses on Binding Affinity of Sialic Acid Analogues and Anti-Influenza Drugs with Human Neuraminidase Using ab Initio MO Calculations on Their Complex Structures – LERE-QSAR Analysis (IV). J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2706-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ci2002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Hitaoka
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matoba
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masataka Harada
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsusada Yoshida
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuji
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Computational Biology Research Center (CBRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-42 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Chuman
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 1-78 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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Gordon MS, Fedorov DG, Pruitt SR, Slipchenko LV. Fragmentation Methods: A Route to Accurate Calculations on Large Systems. Chem Rev 2011; 112:632-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Dmitri G. Fedorov
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Spencer R. Pruitt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Lyudmila V. Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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