1
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Ma L, Li L, Zhu G. Platinum-containing heterometallic complexes in cancer therapy: advances and perspectives. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00205a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs are among the most widely used antineoplastics in clinical settings. Their therapeutic applications and outcomes are, however, greatly hampered by drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and the lack...
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2
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Sen S, Perrin MW, Sedgwick AC, Dunsky EY, Lynch VM, He XP, Sessler JL, Arambula JF. Toward multifunctional anticancer therapeutics: post-synthetic carbonate functionalisation of asymmetric Au(i) bis-N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7877-7880. [PMID: 32520019 PMCID: PMC7368814 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03339a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A post-synthetic strategy is reported that allows for functionalisation of Au(i)-bis NHCs via carbonate formation. The scope of this methodology was explored using both aromatic and aliphatic alcohols. As a demonstration of potential utility, the fluorescent Au(i)-bis NHC conjugate 5 was prepared; it was found to have enhanced stability when formulated with bovine serum albumin, localise within the mitochondria of A549 cells and do so without compromising the high cytotoxicity seen for the parent Au(i)-bis NHC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th street A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Drawing inspiration from nature today remains a time-honored means of discovering the therapies of tomorrow. Porphyrins, the so-called "pigments of life" have played a key role in this effort due to their diverse and unique properties. They have seen use in a number of medically relevant applications, including the development of so-called drug conjugates wherein functionalization with other entities is used to improve efficacy while minimizing dose limiting side effects. In this Perspective, we highlight opportunities associated with newer, completely synthetic analogs of porphyrins, commonly referred to as porphyrinoids, as the basis for preparing drug conjugates. Many of the resulting systems show improved medicinal or site-localizing properties. As befits a Perspective of this type, our efforts to develop cancer-targeting, platinum-containing conjugates based on texaphyrins (a class of so-called "expanded porphyrins") will receive particular emphasis; however, the promise inherent in this readily generalizable approach will also be illustrated briefly using two other common porphyrin analogs, namely the corroles (a "contracted porphyrin") and porphycene (an "isomeric porphyrin").
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4
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Oxaliplatin Pt(IV) prodrugs conjugated to gadolinium-texaphyrin as potential antitumor agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7021-7029. [PMID: 32179677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914911117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Described here is the development of gadolinium(III) texaphyrin-platinum(IV) conjugates capable of overcoming platinum resistance by 1) localizing to solid tumors, 2) promoting enhanced cancer cell uptake, and 3) reactivating p53 in platinum-resistant models. Side by side comparative studies of these Pt(IV) conjugates to clinically approved platinum(II) agents and previously reported platinum(II)-texaphyrin conjugates demonstrate that the present Pt(IV) conjugates are more stable against hydrolysis and nucleophilic attack. Moreover, they display high potent antiproliferative activity in vitro against human and mouse cell cancer lines. Relative to the current platinum clinical standard of care (SOC), a lead Gd(III) texaphyrin-Pt(IV) prodrug conjugate emerging from this development effort was found to be more efficacious in subcutaneous (s.c.) mouse models involving both cell-derived xenografts and platinum-resistant patient-derived xenografts. Comparative pathology studies in mice treated with equimolar doses of the lead Gd texaphyrin-Pt(IV) conjugate or the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved agent oxaliplatin revealed that the conjugate was better tolerated. Specifically, the lead could be dosed at more than three times (i.e., 70 mg/kg per dose) the tolerable dose of oxaliplatin (i.e., 4 to 6 mg/kg per dose depending on the animal model) with little to no observable adverse effects. A combination of tumor localization, redox cycling, and reversible protein binding is invoked to explain the relatively increased tolerability and enhanced anticancer activity seen in vivo. On the basis of the present studies, we conclude that metallotexaphyrin-Pt conjugates may have substantial clinical potential as antitumor agents.
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5
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Xie X, He G, Siddik ZH. Cisplatin in Combination with MDM2 Inhibition Downregulates Rad51 Recombinase in a Bimodal Manner to Inhibit Homologous Recombination and Augment Tumor Cell Kill. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:237-249. [PMID: 32063580 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of p53 and resistance to cancer drugs can arise through mutually exclusive overexpression of MDM2 or MDM4. Cisplatin-resistant cells, however, can demonstrate increased binding of both MDM2 and MDM4 to p53 but in absence of cellular overexpression. Whether MDM2 inhibitors alone can activate p53 in these resistant cells was investigated with the goal to establish the mechanism for potential synergy with cisplatin. Thus, growth inhibition by individual drugs and combinations was assessed by a colorimetric assay. Drug-treated parental A2780 and resistant tumor cells were also examined for protein expression using immunoblot and reverse phase protein array (RPPA) and then subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, DNA damage by confocal microscopy, cell cycle by flow cytometry, and homologous recombination (HR) by a GFP reporter assay. Our results demonstrate that Nutlin-3 but not RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis) effectively disrupted the p53-MDM2-MDM4 complex to activate p53, which increased robustly with cisplatin/Nutlin-3 combination and enhanced antitumor effects more than either agent alone. RPPA, IPA, and confocal microscopy provided evidence for an "apparent" increase in DNA damage resulting from HR inhibition by cisplatin/Nutlin-3. Molecularly, the specific HR protein Rad51 was severely downregulated by the combination via two mechanisms: p53-dependent transrepression and p53/MDM2-mediated proteasomal degradation. In conclusion, Nutlin-3 fully destabilizes the p53-MDM2-MDM4 complex and synergizes with cisplatin to intensify p53 function, which then downregulates Rad51 through a bimodal mechanism. As a result, HR is inhibited and antitumor activity enhanced in otherwise HR-proficient sensitive and resistant tumor cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Rad51 downregulation by the combination of cisplatin and Nutlin-3 inhibits homologous recombination (HR), which leads to persistence in DNA damage but not an increase. Thus, inhibition of HR enhances antitumor activity in otherwise HR-proficient sensitive and resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guangan He
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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6
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Root HD, Thiabaud G, Sessler JL. Reduced texaphyrin: A ratiometric optical sensor for heavy metals in aqueous solution. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020; 14:19-27. [PMID: 37786429 PMCID: PMC10544843 DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here a water-soluble metal cation sensor system based on the as-prepared or reduced form of an expanded porphyrin, texaphyrin. Upon metal complexation, a change in the redox state of the ligand occurs that is accompanied by a color change from red to green. Although long employed for synthesis in organic media, we have now found that this complexation-driven redox behavior may be used to achieve the naked eye detectable colorimetric sensing of several number of less-common metal ions in aqueous media. Exposure to In(III), Hg(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), Bi(III), Co(II), and Pb(II) cations leads to a colorimetric response within 10 min. This process is selective for Hg(II) under conditions of competitive analysis. Furthermore, among the subset of response-producing cations, In(III) proved unique in giving rise to a ratiometric change in the ligand-based fluorescence features, including an overall increase in intensity. The cation selectivity observed in aqueous media stands in contrast to what is seen in organic solvents, where a wide range of texaphyrin metal complexes may be prepared. The formation of metal cation complexes under the present aqueous conditions was confirmed by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-violet-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison D Root
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Gregory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
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7
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Li G, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Zhang R, Liu M, Li D, Han J. A potent aminonaphthalimide platinum(IV) complex with effective antitumor activities in vitro and in vivo displaying dual DNA damage effects on tumor cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126670. [PMID: 31500997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A new aminonaphthalimide platinum(IV) complex was developed by incorporating aminonaphthalimide, a DNA intercalator, into the platinum(IV) system. This complex displayed potent antitumor activities against all tested tumor cell lines in vitro and showed great potential in overcoming drug resistance of cisplatin. Moreover, it remarkably inhibited the growth of CT26 xenografts in BALB/c mice without severe side effects in vivo. Then, the compound exhibited a dual DNA damage antitumor mechanism that it could interact with DNA in tetravalent form via the naphthalimide group to cause DNA lesion, and the further liberation of platinum(II) complex after reduction would induce remarkable secondary damage to DNA. Meanwhile, it caused cell apoptosis through an intrinsic apoptosis pathway by up-regulating the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Guoshuai Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China; State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China.
| | - Dacheng Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China.
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
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8
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Brewster JT, Zafar H, Root HD, Thiabaud GD, Sessler JL. Porphyrinoid f-Element Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:32-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Harrison D. Root
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gregory D. Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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9
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Jain SS, Anderson CM, Sapse IA, Lundgren SH, Freer AK, Hoang H, Jain K, Breshears M. A ruthenium-platinum metal complex that binds to sarcin ricin loop RNA and lowers mRNA expression. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8987-8990. [PMID: 29951655 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02131g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
IT127 is a dinuclear transition metal complex that contains a Pt(ii) and a Ru(iii) metal center. We have shown that IT127 is significantly more effective in binding the 29-base sarcin ricin loop (SRL) RNA in comparison to Cisplatin, a hallmark anticancer agent. Binding site analysis shows that IT127 prefers purine bases and the GAGA tetraloop region of SRL RNA. Our results with a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) model system reveal that IT127 binding to mRNA reduces translation of DHFR enzyme and that the Ru(iii) and Pt(ii) centers in IT127 appear to work in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan S Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Craig M Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Iden A Sapse
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Silvie H Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Abigail K Freer
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Hang Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Kyan Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
| | - Madeleine Breshears
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA.
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10
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Lee MH, Kim EJ, Lee H, Kim HM, Chang MJ, Park SY, Hong KS, Kim JS, Sessler JL. Liposomal Texaphyrin Theranostics for Metastatic Liver Cancer. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16380-16387. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Eun-Joong Kim
- Bioimaging
Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Bioimaging
Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
- Immunotherapy
Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Bioimaging
Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
- Immunotherapy
Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Jung Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Bioimaging
Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
- Immunotherapy
Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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11
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Tanaka T, Osuka A. Chemistry of meso-Aryl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins: Aromaticity and Molecular Twist. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2584-2640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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12
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Thiabaud G, McCall R, He G, Arambula JF, Siddik ZH, Sessler JL. Activation of Platinum(IV) Prodrugs By Motexafin Gadolinium as a Redox Mediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Austin; 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224 USA
| | - Rebecca McCall
- Department of Chemistry; Georgia Southern University; Statesboro GA 30460 USA
| | - Guangan He
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit Number: 1950 Houston TX 77030 USA
| | | | - Zahid H. Siddik
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit Number: 1950 Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Austin; 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300 Austin TX 78712-1224 USA
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13
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Thiabaud G, McCall R, He G, Arambula JF, Siddik ZH, Sessler JL. Activation of Platinum(IV) Prodrugs By Motexafin Gadolinium as a Redox Mediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12626-31. [PMID: 27377046 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble platinum(IV) prodrugs, which proved kinetically stable to reduction in the presence of physiological concentration of ascorbate, were quickly reduced to their active form, oxaliplatin, when co-incubated with a macrocycle metallotexaphyrin (i.e., Motexafin Gadolinium (MGd)). The reduction of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) promoted by MGd occurs in cell culture as well, leading to an increase in the antiproliferative activity of the Pt(IV) species in question. The mediated effect is proportional to the concentration of MGd and gives rise to an enhancement when the prodrug is relatively hydrophilic. MGd is known to localize/accumulate preferentially in tumor tissues. Thus, the present "activation by reduction" approach may allow for the cancer-selective enhancement in the cytotoxicity of Pt(IV) prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Rebecca McCall
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Guangan He
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit Number: 1950, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit Number: 1950, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1224, USA.
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14
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Johnstone TC, Suntharalingam K, Lippard SJ. The Next Generation of Platinum Drugs: Targeted Pt(II) Agents, Nanoparticle Delivery, and Pt(IV) Prodrugs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3436-86. [PMID: 26865551 PMCID: PMC4792284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1657] [Impact Index Per Article: 207.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The platinum drugs, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, prevail in the treatment of cancer, but new platinum agents have been very slow to enter the clinic. Recently, however, there has been a surge of activity, based on a great deal of mechanistic information, aimed at developing nonclassical platinum complexes that operate via mechanisms of action distinct from those of the approved drugs. The use of nanodelivery devices has also grown, and many different strategies have been explored to incorporate platinum warheads into nanomedicine constructs. In this Review, we discuss these efforts to create the next generation of platinum anticancer drugs. The introduction provides the reader with a brief overview of the use, development, and mechanism of action of the approved platinum drugs to provide the context in which more recent research has flourished. We then describe approaches that explore nonclassical platinum(II) complexes with trans geometry or with a monofunctional coordination mode, polynuclear platinum(II) compounds, platinum(IV) prodrugs, dual-threat agents, and photoactivatable platinum(IV) complexes. Nanoparticles designed to deliver platinum(IV) complexes will also be discussed, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, upconversion nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles. Additional nanoformulations, including supramolecular self-assembled structures, proteins, peptides, metal-organic frameworks, and coordination polymers, will then be described. Finally, the significant clinical progress made by nanoparticle formulations of platinum(II) agents will be reviewed. We anticipate that such a synthesis of disparate research efforts will not only help to generate new drug development ideas and strategies, but also will reflect our optimism that the next generation of approved platinum cancer drugs is about to arrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Stephen J Lippard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Arambula JF, McCall R, Sidoran KJ, Magda D, Mitchell NA, Bielawski CW, Lynch VM, Sessler JL, Arumugam K. Targeting Antioxidant Pathways with Ferrocenylated N-Heterocyclic Carbene Supported Gold(I) Complexes in A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1245-1256. [PMID: 26918111 PMCID: PMC4762604 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocenylated-Au(i) carbenes were designed, synthesized, and studied for their ability to generate reactive oxygen species and target antioxidant pathways via multiple mechanisms.
Ferrocene containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligated gold(i) complexes of the type [Au(NHC)2]+ were prepared and found to be capable of regulating the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via multiple mechanisms. Single crystal X-ray analysis of bis(1-(ferrocenylmethyl)-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i) chloride (5) and bis(1,3-di(ferrocenylmethyl)imidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i) chloride (6) revealed a quasi-linear geometry around the gold(i) centers (i.e., the C–Au–C bond angle were measured to be ∼177° and all the Au–Ccarbene bonds distances were in the range of 2.00 (7)–2.03 (1) Å). A series of cell studies indicated that cell proliferation inhibition and ROS generation were directly proportional to the amount of ferrocene contained within the [Au(NHC)2]+ complexes (IC50 of 6 < 5 < bis(1-benzyl-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)-gold(i) chloride (4)). Complexes 4–6 were also confirmed to inhibit thioredoxin reductase as inferred from lipoate reduction assays and increased chelatable intracellular zinc concentrations. RNA microarray gene expression assays revealed that 6 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathways as a result of ROS increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, 30460, USA
| | - R McCall
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, 30460, USA
| | - K J Sidoran
- Department of Chemistry, 3261 West State Road, St. Bonaventure University, New York, 14778
| | - D Magda
- Lumiphore, Inc., Berkeley, California, 94710, USA
| | - N A Mitchell
- Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA 17325-1400
| | - C W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - V M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - J L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - K Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, USA
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16
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Thiabaud G, Arambula JF, Siddik ZH, Sessler JL. Photoinduced reduction of Pt(IV) within an anti-proliferative Pt(IV)-texaphyrin conjugate. Chemistry 2014; 20:8942-7. [PMID: 24961491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to increase the stability and control the platinum reactivity of platinum-texaphyrin conjugates, two Pt(IV) conjugates were designed, synthesized, and studied for their ability to form DNA adducts. They were also tested for their anti-proliferative effects using wild-type and platinum-resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and 2780CP, respectively). In comparison to an analogous first-generation Pt(II) chimera, one of the new conjugates provided increased stability in aqueous environments. Using a combination of (1) H NMR spectroscopy and FAAS (flameless atomic-absorption spectrometry), it was found that the Pt(IV) center within this conjugate undergoes photoinduced reduction to Pt(II) upon exposure to glass-filtered daylight, resulting in an entity that binds DNA in a controlled manner. Under conditions in which the Pt(IV) complex is reduced to the corresponding Pt(II) species, these new conjugates demonstrated potent anti-proliferative activity in both test ovarian cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street- Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 (USA)
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Preihs C, Arambula JF, Magda D, Jeong H, Yoo D, Cheon J, Siddik ZH, Sessler JL. Recent developments in texaphyrin chemistry and drug discovery. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12184-92. [PMID: 23557113 DOI: 10.1021/ic400226g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Texaphyrins are pentaaza expanded porphyrins with the ability to form stable complexes with a variety of metal cations, particularly those of the lanthanide series. In biological milieus, texaphyrins act as redox mediators and mediate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, newer studies involving texaphyrin complexes targeting several different applications in anticancer therapy are described. In particular, the preparation of bismuth and lead texaphyrin complexes as potential α-core emitters for radiotherapy is detailed, as are gadolinium texaphyrin functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with features that make them of interest as dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and as constructs with anticancer activity mediated through ROS-induced sensitization and concurrent hyperthermia. Also discussed are gadolinium texaphyrin complexes as possible carrier systems for the targeted delivery of platinum payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preihs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas , 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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Tovmasyan A, Sheng H, Weitner T, Arulpragasam A, Lu M, Warner DS, Vujaskovic Z, Spasojevic I, Batinic-Haberle I. Design, mechanism of action, bioavailability and therapeutic effects of mn porphyrin-based redox modulators. Med Princ Pract 2012; 22:103-30. [PMID: 23075911 PMCID: PMC3640855 DOI: 10.1159/000341715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on aqueous redox chemistry and simple in vivo models of oxidative stress, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cationic Mn(III) N-substituted pyridylporphyrins (MnPs) have been identified as the most potent cellular redox modulators within the porphyrin class of drugs; their efficacy in animal models of diseases that have oxidative stress in common is based on their high ability to catalytically remove superoxide, peroxynitrite, carbonate anion radical, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, lipid peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals, thus suppressing the primary oxidative event. While doing so MnPs could couple with cellular reductants and redox-active proteins. Reactive species are widely accepted as regulators of cellular transcriptional activity: minute, nanomolar levels are essential for normal cell function, while submicromolar or micromolar levels impose oxidative stress, which is evidenced in increased inflammatory and immune responses. By removing reactive species, MnPs affect redox-based cellular transcriptional activity and consequently secondary oxidative stress, and in turn inflammatory processes. The equal ability to reduce and oxidize superoxide during the dismutation process and recently accumulated results suggest that pro-oxidative actions of MnPs may also contribute to their therapeutic effects. All our data identify the superoxide dismutase-like activity, estimated by log k(cat)O2-*), as a good measure for the therapeutic efficacy of MnPs. Their accumulation in mitochondria and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier contribute to their remarkable efficacy. We summarize herein the therapeutic effects of MnPs in cancer, central nervous system injuries, diabetes, their radioprotective action and potential for imaging. Few of the most potent modulators of cellular redox-based pathways, MnTE2-PyP5+, MnTDE-2-ImP5+, MnTnHex-2-PyP5+ and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+, are under preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Tin Weitner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Amanda Arulpragasam
- Department of Duke University Neuroscience Undergraduate
Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Miaomiao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated
Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David S. Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center,
Durham, N.C., USA
- Department of Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories,
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham,
N.C., USA
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, N.C., USA
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Arambula JF, Sessler JL, Siddik ZH. A texaphyrin-oxaliplatin conjugate that overcomes both pharmacologic and molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012; 3:1275-1281. [PMID: 23936624 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A texaphyrin-oxaliplatin conjugate, oxaliTEX, was designed to test the concept that a platinum analog can overcome defects in drug accumulation and p53-dependent DNA damage response in a tumor model expressing multifactorial mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Cytotoxic studies resulted in a resistance factor of only 1.2, which essentially indicated complete reversal of resistance in 2780CP cells expressing a factor of 22 with cisplatin. Unlike cisplatin, oxaliTEX accumulated and formed DNA adducts, stabilized and activated p53 at similar levels in both sensitive and resistant cells, and induced apoptosis in both models. The ability and importance of a designer drug, such as oxaliTEX, to overcome cisplatin resistance by targeting two dominant resistance mechanisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Institute for Diagnostics and Drug Development, The University of Texas, 1 University Station-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA. ; Tel: +1 512 471 5009 ; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 353, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Fax: +1 713 792 1204; Tel: +1 713 792 7746
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Arambula JF, Preihs C, Borthwick D, Magda D, Sessler JL. Texaphyrins: tumor localizing redox active expanded porphyrins. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:222-32. [PMID: 21355841 PMCID: PMC3224805 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795255894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Texaphyrins, a class of tumor selective expanded porphyrins capable of coordinating large metals, have been found to act as redox mediators within biological systems. This review summarizes studies involving their experimental use in cancer chemotherapy. Mechanistic insights involving their presumed mode of action are also described, as well as certain structure activity relationships. Finally, newer texaphyrin-based applications associated with targeted drug delivery are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F. Arambula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian Preihs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Derric Borthwick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Darren Magda
- Current address: Lumiphore, Inc. 4677 Meade Street Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749, Korea
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