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Thaher BA, Al-Masri I, Wahedy K, Morjan R, Aliwaini S, Al Atter IM, Elmabhouh AA, Ibwaini AKA, Alkhaldi SL, Qeshta B, Jacob C, Deigner HP. Synthesis and bioassay of 3-Aryl -1-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-d][1,2,4]- triazin-4(3H)-ones as anti-cancer agents. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1797-1810. [PMID: 36856800 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Four novel 3-Aryl -1-(pyridin-4-yl)benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-d][1,2,4]- triazin-4(3H)-ones derivatives (C1 to C4) have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anticancer activity. The structure of compounds was characterized by IR,1H NMR, 13C NMR and high-resolution mass (HRMS). The crystal structures of C1, C2 and C4 were previously determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.The results from docking experiments with EGFR suggested the binding of the compounds at the active site of EGFR. The new compounds exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity against HCC1937 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Results of the MTT assay identified C3 as the most cytotoxic of the series against both MCF7 and HCC1937 breast cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 36.4 and 48.2 µM, respectively. In addition to its ability to inhibit cell growth and colony formation ability, C3 also inhibited breast cancer cell migration. Western blotting results showed that C3 treatment inhibited EGFR signaling and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as indicated by the low level of p-EGFR and p-AKT and the increasing levels of p53, p21 and cleaved PARP. Our work represents a promising starting point for the development of a new series of compounds targeting cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Abu Thaher
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Ihab Al-Masri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Kanan Wahedy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Rami Morjan
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Saeb Aliwaini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, PO Box 108, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Iman Mahmoud Al Atter
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, PO Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Aayat Ahmed Elmabhouh
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, PO Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Areej Khaled Al Ibwaini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, PO Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Saba Luay Alkhaldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, PO Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Basem Qeshta
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Hochschule Furtwangen (HFU), Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- Fraunhofer IZI, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Drug Discovery of Plausible Lead Natural Compounds That Target the Insulin Signaling Pathway: Bioinformatics Approaches. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2832889. [PMID: 35356248 PMCID: PMC8958086 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2832889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The growing smooth talk in the field of natural compounds is due to the ancient and current interest in herbal medicine and their potentially positive effects on health. Dozens of antidiabetic natural compounds were reported and tested in vivo, in silico, and in vitro. The role of these natural compounds, their actions on the insulin signaling pathway, and the stimulation of the glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) insulin-responsive translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) are all crucial in the treatment of diabetes and insulin resistance. In this review, we collected and summarized a group of available in vivo and in vitro studies which targeted isolated phytochemicals with possible antidiabetic activity. Moreover, the in silico docking of natural compounds with some of the insulin signaling cascade key proteins is also summarized based on the current literature. In this review, hundreds of recent studies on pure natural compounds that alleviate type II diabetes mellitus (type II DM) were revised. We focused on natural compounds that could potentially regulate blood glucose and stimulate GLUT4 translocation through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. On attempt to point out potential new natural antidiabetic compounds, this review also focuses on natural ingredients that were shown to interact with proteins in the insulin signaling pathway in silico, regardless of their in vitro/in vivo antidiabetic activity. We invite interested researchers to test these compounds as potential novel type II DM drugs and explore their therapeutic mechanisms.
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Hu J, Zhang Y, Tang N, Lu Y, Guo P, Huang Z. Discovery of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as potent inhibitor of cervical cancer via dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 32:115997. [PMID: 33440319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.115997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as potent inhibitors of cervical cancer. The compounds were initially tested for inhibition of PI3K/mTOR, where they showed significant inhibitory activity. The top-ranking molecule (compound 6 h) was further tested against class I PI3K isoforms, such as PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ, where it showed the most significant activity against PI3Kα. Compound 6 h was then tested for anti-cancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB321), human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2), and it showed the greatest potency against HeLa cells. The effects of compound 6 h were further evaluated against the HeLa cells, where it showed significant attenuation of cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Compound 6 h induced apoptosis and reduced migration and invasion of HeLa cells. Western blotting analysis showed that 6 h inhibited PI3K and mTOR with positive modulation of Bcl-2 and Bax levels in HeLa cells. The effects of compound 6 h were also investigated in a tumour xenograft mouse model, where it showed reduction of tumour volume and weight. It also inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling cascade in xenograft tumour tissues, as evidenced by western blotting analysis. The results of the present study suggest the possible utility of the designed 1,3,5-triazine derivative as a potent inhibitor of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Hu
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan city, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan city, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan city, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - Yanju Lu
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan city, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan city, Hubei province 430070, China
| | - Ziming Huang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No.745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan city, Hubei province 430070, China.
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4
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Guo H, Diao QP. 1,3,5-Triazine-azole Hybrids and their Anticancer Activity. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1481-1492. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200310122741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5-Triazine and azole can interact with various therapeutic targets, and their derivatives
possess promising in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Hybrid molecules have the potential to enhance
efficiency, overcome drug resistance and reduce side effects, and many hybrid molecules are under
different phases of clinical trials, so hybridization of 1,3,5-triazine with azole may provide valuable
therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cancer. Substantial efforts have been made to develop
azole-containing 1,3,5-triazine hybrids as novel anticancer agents, and some of them exhibited excellent
activity. This review emphasizes azole-containing 1,3,5-triazine hybrids with potential anticancer activity,
and the structure-activity relationships as well as the mechanisms of action are also discussed to
provide comprehensive and target-oriented information for the development of this kind of anticancer
drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, Liaoning, China
| | - Quan-Ping Diao
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, Liaoning, China
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Wang G, Sun J, Wang K, Han J, Li H, Duan G, You G, Li F, Xia C. Palladium-catalyzed direct C–H nitration and intramolecular C–H functionalization for the synthesis of 3-nitro-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole derivatives. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00367c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various 3-nitro-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole derivatives have been obtained in moderate to high yields using palladium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Jian Sun
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Kai Wang
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Junfen Han
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Hongshuang Li
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Guiyun Duan
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Guirong You
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Furong Li
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai'an 271016
- China
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Garces AE, Stocks MJ. Class 1 PI3K Clinical Candidates and Recent Inhibitor Design Strategies: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4815-4850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aimie E. Garces
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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7
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Guntuku L, Gangasani JK, Thummuri D, Borkar RM, Manavathi B, Ragampeta S, Vaidya JR, Sistla R, Vegi NGM. IITZ-01, a novel potent lysosomotropic autophagy inhibitor, has single-agent antitumor efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 2018; 38:581-595. [PMID: 30166591 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process that recycles damaged organelles and long-lived proteins by delivering them in double-membrane vesicles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy has a prominent role in survival, proliferation, and resistance of tumors in metabolic and chemotherapeutic stress conditions. Clinical trials with chloroquine-a known autophagy inhibitor-were unable to achieve complete autophagy inhibition in vivo, warranting the search for more potent autophagy inhibitors. In a process of exploring the mechanism of action of previously identified cytotoxic s-triazine analogs, we discovered that both IITZ-01 and IITZ-02 act as potent autophagy inhibitors. Treatment with these compounds resulted in the vacuolated appearance of cells due to their specific accumulation in lysosomes. In addition, these basic compounds also deacidify lysosomes as evidenced by the decrease in lysotracker red staining and inhibit maturation of lysosomal enzymes leading to lysosomal dysfunction. IITZ-01 and IITZ-02 enhance autophagosome accumulation but inhibit autophagosomal degradation by impairing lysosomal function, finally resulting in the inhibition of autophagy. Interestingly, compound IITZ-01 exhibited more than 10-fold potent autophagy inhibition along with 12- to 20-fold better cytotoxic action than CQ. IITZ-01 and IITZ-02 also abolished mitochondrial membrane potential and triggered apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Furthermore, IITZ-01 and IITZ-02 displayed potent antitumor action in vivo through autophagy inhibition and apoptosis induction in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft model with IITZ-01 exhibiting superior anticancer efficacy. Overall, these data demonstrate that IITZ-01 is potent autophagy inhibitor with single-agent anticancer activity and awaits further preclinical development as potential anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Guntuku
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, TS, India
| | - Jagadeesh Kumar Gangasani
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Training and Development Complex, CSIR Campus, CSIR Road, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Dinesh Thummuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, TS, India
| | - Roshan M Borkar
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India
| | - Bramanandam Manavathi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, TS, India
| | - Srinivas Ragampeta
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India
| | - Jayathirtha Rao Vaidya
- Crop Protection Chemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, TS, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Training and Development Complex, CSIR Campus, CSIR Road, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, TS, India
| | - Naidu G M Vegi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, TS, India. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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8
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Liu Y, Wan WZ, Li Y, Zhou GL, Liu XG. Recent development of ATP-competitive small molecule phosphatidylinostitol-3-kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7181-7200. [PMID: 27769061 PMCID: PMC5351699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinostitol-3-kinase (PI3K) is the potential anticancer target in the PI3K/Akt/ mTOR pathway. Here we reviewed the ATP-competitive small molecule PI3K inhibitors in the past few years, including the pan Class I PI3K inhibitors, the isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors and/or the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China.,Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Zhu Wan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Lian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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Cascioferro S, Parrino B, Spanò V, Carbone A, Montalbano A, Barraja P, Diana P, Cirrincione G. 1,3,5-Triazines: A promising scaffold for anticancer drugs development. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:523-549. [PMID: 29046238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covering literature reports from the beginning of this century to 2016 describes the synthetic pathways, the antitumor activity, the structure-activity relationship and, whenever reported, the possible mechanism of action of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as well as of their hetero-fused compounds. Many 1,3,5-triazine derivatives, both uncondensed and hetero-fused, have shown remarkable antitumor activities and some of them reached clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Parrino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Girolamo Cirrincione
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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10
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Wu CF, Seo EJ, Klauck SM, Efferth T. Cryptotanshinone deregulates unfolded protein response and eukaryotic initiation factor signaling in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:174-180. [PMID: 26926179 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unfolded protein responses (UPR) determine cell fate and are recognized as anticancer targets. In a previous research, we reported that cryptotanshinone (CPT) exerted cytotoxic effects toward acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. PURPOSE In the present study, we further investigated the role of UPR in CPT-induced cytotoxicity on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by applying tools of pharmacogenomics and bioinformatics. METHODS Gene expression profiling was performed by mRNA microarray hybridization. Potential transcription factor binding motifs were identified in the promoter regions of the deregulated genes by Cistrome software. Molecular docking on eIF-4A and PI3K was performed to investigate the inhibitory activity of CPT on translation initiation. RESULTS CPT regulated genes related to UPR and eIF2 signaling pathways. The DNA-Damage-Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3) gene, which is activated as consequence of UPR malfunction during apoptosis, was induced and validated by in vitro experiments. Transcription factor binding motif analysis of the microarrary-retrieved deregulated genes in the promoter region emphasized the relevance of transcription factors, such as ATF2, ATF4 and XBP1, regulating UPR and cell apoptosis. Molecular docking suggested inhibitory effects of CPT by binding to eIF-4A and PI3K providing evidence for a role of CPT's in the disruption of protein synthesis. CONCLUSION CPT triggered UPR and inhibited protein synthesis via eIF-mediated translation initiation, potentially supporting CPT-induced cytotoxic effects toward acute leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Working Group Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Asati V, Mahapatra DK, Bharti SK. PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways inhibitors as anticancer agents: Structural and pharmacological perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:314-41. [PMID: 26807863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinases regulate cellular functions such as transcription, translation, proliferation, growth and survival by the process of phosphorylation. Over activation of signaling pathways play a major role in oncogenesis. The PI3K signaling pathway is dysregulated almost in all cancers due to the amplification, genetic mutation of PI3K gene and the components of the PI3K pathway themselves. Stimulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways enhances growth, survival, and metabolism of cancer cells. Recently, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways have been identified as promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. The kinase inhibitors with enhanced specificity and improved pharmacokinetics have been considered for design and development of anticancer agents. This review focuses primarily on the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways as therapeutic targets of anticancer drugs, their specific and dual inhibitors, structure activity relationships (SARs) and inhibitors under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Asati
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Bharti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Stec MM, Andrews KL, Bo Y, Caenepeel S, Liao H, McCarter J, Mullady EL, San Miguel T, Subramanian R, Tamayo N, Whittington DA, Wang L, Wu T, Zalameda LP, Zhang N, Hughes PE, Norman MH. The imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring system as a scaffold for potent dual phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Kumar GJ, Kumar SN, Thummuri D, Adari LBS, Naidu VGM, Srinivas K, Rao VJ. Synthesis and characterization of new s-triazine bearing benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives as anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Class I PI3Ks are composed of four catalytic subunit variants (p110α, p110β, p110δ and p110γ). The PI3K pathway is among the most frequently activated pathways in many diseases, and has emerged as an attractive target for drug development, in particular for the treatment of many human cancers including breast, prostate, ovarian, gastric, colon and hepatocellular cancers. One of the challenges in the discovery of drugs that target kinases is designing small-molecule inhibitors that are sufficiently selective to minimize off-target activity and reduce the risk of potential toxicity. This review explores the current landscape of PI3K-selective inhibitor development and highlights recent advances in achieving selectivity for PI3Ks over other protein kinases, with an emphasis on available structural information.
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Welker ME, Kulik G. Recent syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4063-91. [PMID: 23735831 PMCID: PMC3711139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the syntheses of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors that have been reported outside of the patent literature in the last 5years but is largely centered on synthetic work reported in 2011 and 2012. While focused on syntheses of inhibitors, some information on in vitro and in vivo testing of compounds is also included. Many of these reported compounds are reversible, competitive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding inhibitors, so given the structural similarities of many of these compounds to the adenine core, this review presents recent work on inhibitors based on where the synthetic chemistry was started, that is, inhibitor syntheses which started with purines/pyrimidines are followed by inhibitor syntheses which began with pyridines, pyrazines, azoles, and triazines then moves to inhibitors which bear no structural resemblance to adenine: liphagal, wortmannin and quercetin analogs. The review then finishes with a short section on recent syntheses of phosphotidyl inositol (PI) analogs since competitive PI binding inhibitors represent an alternative to the competitive ATP binding inhibitors which have received the most attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Welker
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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16
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Estrada AA, Shore DG, Blackwood E, Chen YH, Deshmukh G, Ding X, DiPasquale AG, Epler JA, Friedman LS, Koehler MFT, Liu L, Malek S, Nonomiya J, Ortwine DF, Pei Z, Sideris S, St-Jean F, Trinh L, Truong T, Lyssikatos JP. Pyrimidoaminotropanes as Potent, Selective, and Efficacious Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3090-101. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400194n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio G. DiPasquale
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, University of California—Berkeley, 32 Lewis
Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Wu F, Hou X, Luo H, Zhou M, Zhang W, Ding Z, Li R. Exploring the selectivity of PI3Kα and mTOR inhibitors by 3D-QSAR, molecular dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA binding free energy decomposition. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Koehler MFT, Bergeron P, Blackwood E, Bowman KK, Chen YH, Deshmukh G, Ding X, Epler J, Lau K, Lee L, Liu L, Ly C, Malek S, Nonomiya J, Oeh J, Ortwine DF, Sampath D, Sideris S, Trinh L, Truong T, Wu J, Pei Z, Lyssikatos JP. Potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase domain exhibiting single agent antiproliferative activity. J Med Chem 2012. [PMID: 23199076 DOI: 10.1021/jm301389h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase based upon saturated heterocycles fused to a pyrimidine core were designed and synthesized. Each series produced compounds with K(i) < 10 nM for the mTOR kinase and >500-fold selectivity over closely related PI3 kinases. This potency translated into strong pathway inhibition, as measured by phosphorylation of mTOR substrate proteins and antiproliferative activity in cell lines with a constitutively active PI3K pathway. Two compounds exhibiting suitable mouse PK were profiled in in vivo tumor models and were shown to suppress mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling for over 12 h when dosed orally. Both compounds were additionally shown to suppress tumor growth in vivo in a PC3 prostate cancer model over a 14 day study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F T Koehler
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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19
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Matijssen C, Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Siddique S, Choi V, Sheldrake P, van Montfort RL, Blagg J. Benzimidazole inhibitors of the protein kinase CHK2: clarification of the binding mode by flexible side chain docking and protein-ligand crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6630-9. [PMID: 23058106 PMCID: PMC3778940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two closely related binding modes have previously been proposed for the ATP-competitive benzimidazole class of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) inhibitors; however, neither binding mode is entirely consistent with the reported SAR. Unconstrained rigid docking of benzimidazole ligands into representative CHK2 protein crystal structures reveals an alternative binding mode involving a water-mediated interaction with the hinge region; docking which incorporates protein side chain flexibility for selected residues in the ATP binding site resulted in a refinement of the water-mediated hinge binding mode that is consistent with observed SAR. The flexible docking results are in good agreement with the crystal structures of four exemplar benzimidazole ligands bound to CHK2 which unambiguously confirmed the binding mode of these inhibitors, including the water-mediated interaction with the hinge region, and which is significantly different from binding modes previously postulated in the literature.
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Key Words
- adp, adenosine diphosphate
- atm, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- atp, adenosine triphosphate
- chk2, checkpoint kinase 2
- gold, genetic optimisation for ligand docking
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- kd, kinase domain
- moe, molecular operating environment
- parp, poly adp-ribose polymerase
- pdb, protein data bank
- plif, protein ligand interaction fingerprints
- sar, structure activity relationship
- sift, structural interaction fingerprints
- kinase
- chk2
- flexible docking
- crystallography
- inhibitor
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Matijssen
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Samerene Siddique
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vanessa Choi
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter Sheldrake
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rob L.M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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20
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Ueda S, Buchwald SL. Catalyst-controlled chemoselective arylation of 2-aminobenzimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10364-7. [PMID: 22969040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Room 18-490, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Ueda S, Buchwald SL. Catalyst-Controlled Chemoselective Arylation of 2-Aminobenzimidazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Yu H, Liu Q, Li Y, Ni C. Copper-catalyzed synthesis of 2-aminobenzimidazoles from carbonimidoyl dichlorides and amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Peterson EA, Boezio AA, Andrews PS, Boezio CM, Bush TL, Cheng AC, Choquette D, Coats JR, Colletti AE, Copeland KW, DuPont M, Graceffa R, Grubinska B, Kim JL, Lewis RT, Liu J, Mullady EL, Potashman MH, Romero K, Shaffer PL, Stanton MK, Stellwagen JC, Teffera Y, Yi S, Cai T, La DS. Discovery and optimization of potent and selective imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine mTOR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4967-74. [PMID: 22765895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
mTOR is a critical regulator of cellular signaling downstream of multiple growth factors. The mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently mutated in human cancers and is thus an important oncology target. Herein we report the evolution of our program to discover ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors that demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties and selectivity compared to our previous leads. Through targeted SAR and structure-guided design, new imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine scaffolds were identified that demonstrated superior inhibition of mTOR in cellular assays, selectivity over the closely related PIKK family and improved in vivo clearance over our previously reported benzimidazole series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Peterson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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24
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Smith AL, D’Angelo ND, Bo YY, Booker SK, Cee VJ, Herberich B, Hong FT, Jackson CLM, Lanman BA, Liu L, Nishimura N, Pettus LH, Reed AB, Tadesse S, Tamayo NA, Wurz RP, Yang K, Andrews KL, Whittington DA, McCarter JD, Miguel TS, Zalameda L, Jiang J, Subramanian R, Mullady EL, Caenepeel S, Freeman DJ, Wang L, Zhang N, Wu T, Hughes PE, Norman MH. Structure-Based Design of a Novel Series of Potent, Selective Inhibitors of the Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5188-219. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300184s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Smith
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Noel D. D’Angelo
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yunxin Y. Bo
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shon K. Booker
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Victor J. Cee
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brad Herberich
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Fang-Tsao Hong
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Claire L. M. Jackson
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Brian A. Lanman
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Longbin Liu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nobuko Nishimura
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Liping H. Pettus
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anthony B. Reed
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Seifu Tadesse
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nuria A. Tamayo
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ryan P. Wurz
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kevin Yang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kristin L. Andrews
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas A. Whittington
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John D. McCarter
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tisha San Miguel
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Leeanne Zalameda
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jian Jiang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erin L. Mullady
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sean Caenepeel
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Daniel J. Freeman
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nancy Zhang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Tian Wu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul E. Hughes
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mark H. Norman
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Structure, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, ⊥High-Throughput
Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, #Oncology Research, and ×Pharmaceutics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks,
California 91320-1799, United States
- Departments
of Molecular Structure and ∇High-Throughput Screening/Molecular Pharmacology, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142, United States
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