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O'Donnell JS, Jaberolansar N, Chappell KJ. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and antiretroviral therapy: practical considerations for pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis, transmission prevention, and mitigation of severe disease. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e400-e408. [PMID: 38246188 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with substantial risk of secondary (often life-threatening) disease for the estimated 10 million to 20 million people infected globally. Despite a clear need, no HTLV-1-specific vaccine or antiretroviral therapy has been developed to date. Instead, existing public and primary health-care interventions inadequately focus on infection prevention and management of secondary diseases. In this Personal View, we discuss the evidence that exists to support the sensitivity of HTLV-1 to antiretroviral therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HIV-1, how this sensitivity is affected by clinically relevant virological and immunological features, and additional practical considerations for the use of antiretroviral therapies in the context of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S O'Donnell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Noushin Jaberolansar
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Petrillo N, Dinh K, Vogt KA, Ma S. Catalytic Mechanism of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Protease Investigated by Combined QM/MM Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37289654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the catalytic mechanism of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) protease, a retroviral aspartic protease that is a potential therapeutic target for curing HTLV-1-associated diseases. To elucidate the proteolytic cleavage mechanism, we determined the two-dimensional free energy surfaces of the HTLV-1 protease-catalyzed reactions through various possible pathways. The free energy simulations suggest that the catalytic reactions of the HTLV-1 protease occur in the following sequential steps: (1) a proton is transferred from the lytic water to Asp32', followed by the nucleophilic addition of the resulting hydroxyl to the carbonyl carbon of the scissile bond, forming a tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate, and (2) a proton is transferred from Asp32 to the peptide nitrogen of the scissile bond, leading to the spontaneous breakage of the scissile bond. The rate-limiting step of this catalytic process is the proton transfer from Asp32 to the peptide nitrogen of the scissile bond, with a free energy of activation of 21.1 kcal/mol. This free energy barrier is close to the experimentally determined free energy of activation (16.3 kcal/mol) calculated from the measured catalytic rate constant (kcat). This mechanistic study provides detailed dynamic and structural information that will facilitate the design of mechanism-based inhibitors for the treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Petrillo
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kim Dinh
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Kimberly A Vogt
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Momen Heravi M, Valizadeh N, Rafatpanah H, Shamsian SA, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Development of a Novel HTLV-1 Protease: Human Fcγ1 Recombinant Fusion Molecule in the CHO Eukaryotic Expression System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1862-1876. [PMID: 36399306 PMCID: PMC9673214 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of two life-threatening diseases, adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 protease (HTLV-1-PR) is an aspartic protease that represents a promising target for therapeutic purposes like human immunodeficiency virus-PR inhibitors (HIV-PR). Therefore, in this study, the human Fc fusion recombinant-PR (HTLV-1-PR:hFcγ1) was designed and expressed for two applications, finding a blocking substrate as a potential therapeutic or a potential subunit peptide vaccine. The PCR amplified DNA sequences encoding the HTLV-1-PR from the MT2-cell line using specific primers with restriction enzyme sites of Not1 and Xba1. The construct was then cloned to pTZ57R/T TA plasmid and, after confirming the PR sequence, subcloned into the pDR2ΔEF1α Fc-expression vector to create pDR2ΔEF1α.HTLV-1-PR:hFcγ1. The integrity of recombinant DNA was confirmed by sequencing to ensure that the engineered construct was in the frame. The recombinant fusion protein was then produced in the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO) system and was purified from its supernatant using HiTrap-rPA column affinity chromatography. Then, the immunofluorescence assay (IFA) co-localisation method showed that HTLV-1-PR:hFc recombinant fusion protein has appropriate folding as it binds to the anti-Fcγ antibody; the Fcγ1 tag participates to have HTLV-1-PR:hFcγ1 as a dimeric secretory protein. The development and production of HTLV-1-PR can be used to find a blocking substrate as a potential therapeutic molecule and apply it in an animal model to assess its immunogenicity and potential protection against HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical Campus, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Azadi Square, Ferdowsi University Campus, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 9177949367 Iran
| | - Mastoureh Momen Heravi
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical Campus, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical Campus, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical Campus, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
| | - Seyed Aliakbar Shamsian
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Azadi Square, Ferdowsi University Campus, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 9177949367 Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Azadi Square, Ferdowsi University Campus, Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 9177949367 Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical Campus, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 9177948564 Iran
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Machado LFA, Filho LRG, Santos FAA, Siravenha LQ, Silva ANMR, Queiroz MAF, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MOG, Ishak R. Bioprospection and Selection of Peptides by Phage Display as Novel Epitope-Based Diagnostic Probes for Serological Detection of HTLV-1 and Use in Future Vaccines. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:884738. [PMID: 35755076 PMCID: PMC9218527 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.884738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic worldwide and the infection results in severe diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM). There are some limitations of employing the present commercial serological assays for both diagnostic and epidemiological purposes in different geographical areas of the Brazil, such as the Amazon Region. Currently, methods for diagnosis are usually expensive to adapt for routine use. The aim of this work was to identify and characterize specific ligands to IgG that mimic HTLV-1 epitopes through the Phage Display technique, which could be used for diagnosis and as future vaccine candidates. Initially, IgG from 10 patients with HTLV-1 and 20 negative controls were covalently coupled to protein G-magnetic beads. After biopanning, genetic sequencing, bioinformatics analysis and Phage-ELISA were performed. The technique allowed the identification of 4 clones with HTLV-1 mimetic peptides, three aligned with gp46, A6 (SPYW), B6 (SQLP) and D7 (PLIL), and one with the protease and Tax, A8 (SPPR). Clones A6 and B6 showed higher values of accessibility, antigenicity and hydrophilicity. The reactivity of the clones evaluated by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the B6 clone had the highest Area Under Curve (0.83) and sensitivity and specificity values (both were 77.27 %; p < 0.001). The study showed that the Phage Display technique is effective for the identification of HTLV-1-related peptides. Clone B6 indicated to be a good marker for bioprospecting diagnostic test for HTLV-1 infection and could be used as a possible vaccine candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Quintão Siravenha
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
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Lockbaum GJ, Henes M, Talledge N, Rusere LN, Kosovrasti K, Nalivaika EA, Somasundaran M, Ali A, Mansky LM, Yilmaz NK, Schiffer CA. Inhibiting HTLV-1 Protease: A Viable Antiviral Target. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:529-538. [PMID: 33619959 PMCID: PMC8126997 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that can cause severe paralytic neurologic disease and immune disorders as well as cancer. An estimated 20 million people worldwide are infected with HTLV-1, with prevalence reaching 30% in some parts of the world. In stark contrast to HIV-1, no direct acting antivirals (DAAs) exist against HTLV-1. The aspartyl protease of HTLV-1 is a dimer similar to that of HIV-1 and processes the viral polyprotein to permit viral maturation. We report that the FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitor darunavir (DRV) inhibits the enzyme with 0.8 μM potency and provides a scaffold for drug design against HTLV-1. Analogs of DRV that we designed and synthesized achieved submicromolar inhibition against HTLV-1 protease and inhibited Gag processing in viral maturation assays and in a chronically HTLV-1 infected cell line. Cocrystal structures of these inhibitors with HTLV-1 protease highlight opportunities for future inhibitor design. Our results show promise toward developing highly potent HTLV-1 protease inhibitors as therapeutic agents against HTLV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J. Lockbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nathaniel Talledge
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Linah N. Rusere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Klajdi Kosovrasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ellen A. Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Yang YK, Shen DD, He P, Du LD, Wan DJ, Wang P, Wang T, Feng MQ. Chemically synthesized LYRM03 could inhibit the metastasis of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1719-1726. [PMID: 31126854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN) belongs to the aminopeptidase family, which is widely distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. APN is thought to be a very important target for cancer therapy as it is linked to cancer progression and metastasis. However, bestatin (Ubenimex) is the only approved drug that targets various aminopeptidases for the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia and lymphedema. A compound 3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoylvalylisoleucine (also known as LYRM03), isolated from a Streptomyces strain HCCB10043, exhibited more potent inhibitory activity than bestatin. In this work, we applied a chemical synthesis strategy to generate LYRM03 to overcome the low yields typically achieved from fermentation. Finally, we explored a suite of experiments to determine the bioactivity of LYRM03 and revealed that the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 cells was significantly restrained with LYRM03 treatment or injection both in vitro and in vivo. Because of its anti-metastasis capacity, further structure modifications of LYRM03 will be of interest for its use alone or in combination as a therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Da-Dong Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Liang-Dong Du
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceuticals R&D, 5B, Building 8 200 Niudun Road Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ding-Jian Wan
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceuticals R&D, 5B, Building 8 200 Niudun Road Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceuticals R&D, 5B, Building 8 200 Niudun Road Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Mei-Qing Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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Selvaraj C, Singh P, Singh SK. Molecular modeling studies and comparative analysis on structurally similar HTLV and HIV protease using HIV-PR inhibitors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:361-71. [PMID: 24694004 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.898659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses are most perilous viral family, which cause much damage to the Homo sapiens. HTLV-1 mechanism found to more similar with HIV-1 and both retroviruses are causative agents of severe and fatal diseases including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Both viruses code for a protease (PR) that is essential for replication and therefore represents a key target for drugs interfering with viral infection. In this work, the comparative study of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 PR enzymes through sequence and structural analysis is reported along with approved drugs of HIV-PR. Conformation of each HIV PR drugs have been examined with different parameters of interactions and energy scorings parameters. MD simulations with respect to timescale event of 20 ns favors that, few HIV-PR inhibitors can be more active inside the HTLV-1 PR binding pocket. Overall results suggest that, some of HIV inhibitors like Tipranavir, Indinavir, Darunavir and Amprenavir are having good energy levels with HTLV-1. Due to absence of interactions with MET37, here we report that derivatives of these compounds can be much better inhibitors for targeting HTLV-1 proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer-Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University , Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu , India and
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Novel BACE1 inhibitors with a non-acidic heterocycle at the P1′ position. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6665-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sugar–amino acid cyclic conjugates as novel conformationally constrained hydroxyethylamine transition-state isosteres. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kale SS, Chavan ST, Sabharwal SG, Puranik VG, Sanjayan GJ. Bicyclic amino acid-carbohydrate-conjugates as conformationally restricted hydroxyethylamine (HEA) transition-state isosteres. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7300-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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