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Khalil AM, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Antiviral responses versus virus-induced cellular shutoff: a game of thrones between influenza A virus NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357866. [PMID: 38375361 PMCID: PMC10875036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Following virus recognition of host cell receptors and viral particle/genome internalization, viruses replicate in the host via hijacking essential host cell machinery components to evade the provoked antiviral innate immunity against the invading pathogen. Respiratory viral infections are usually acute with the ability to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in/on host cells, resulting in the production and release of interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to reduce virus fitness and mitigate infection. Nevertheless, the game between viruses and the host is a complicated and dynamic process, in which they restrict each other via specific factors to maintain their own advantages and win this game. The primary role of the non-structural protein 1 (NS1 and Nsp1) of influenza A viruses (IAV) and the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respectively, is to control antiviral host-induced innate immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genesis, spatial structure, viral and cellular interactors, and the mechanisms underlying the unique biological functions of IAV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 in infected host cells. We also highlight the role of both non-structural proteins in modulating viral replication and pathogenicity. Eventually, and because of their important role during viral infection, we also describe their promising potential as targets for antiviral therapy and the development of live attenuated vaccines (LAV). Conclusively, both IAV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 play an important role in virus-host interactions, viral replication, and pathogenesis, and pave the way to develop novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic interventions for the treatment of these important human respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Vatsa A, Mishra A, Padhi SK. Monitoring of catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid by a ruthenium (II) complex through manometry. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Yaylı N, Kılıç G, Kahriman N, Kanbolat Ş, Bozdeveci A, Alpay Karaoğlu Ş, Aliyazıcıoğlu R, Erdinç Sellitepe H, Selin Doğan İ, Aydın A, Tatar G. Synthesis, biological evaluation (antioxidant, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic) and molecular docking study of hydroxy methoxy benzoin/benzil analogous. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105183. [PMID: 34339978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, due to the biological activity evaluation, a series of hydroxy methoxy benzoins (1-8), benzils (10-16) and methoxy benzoin/benzil-O-β-d-glucosides (17-28) were synthesized. Antioxidant (FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH), antimicrobial (16 microorganisms, and two yeast), enzyme inhibition (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase) of all synthesized benzoin/benzil analogs were investigated. Benzoins (1-8) showed the most effective antioxidant properties compared to all three methods. Compound 28 against α-amylase, compound 9 against α-glucosidase, compound 11 against AChE, compound 2 against BChE, and compound 13 against tyrosinase showed the best activities with the better or similar IC50 values as used standards. Hydroxy methoxy benzoin compounds (1-8) among all four groups were seen as the most effective against the tested microorganism. Molecular docking analysis showed that all tested compounds 1-28 (0.01-2.22 µM) had the best binding affinity against AChE enzyme. Cytotoxic effects of the many of compounds (1-16, 21, and 24) also investigated and it was found that they caused different effects in different cells. The LDH tests of compounds 1a + b, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 21, and 24, seemed to be effective compared to the positive control cisplatin. The cytotoxicity of compounds 6 (9.24%) for MCF7 cancer cells, 8 (5.16%) and 4 (8.26%) for HT29 cancer cells, 24 (9.84%) for Hep3B cells and 8 (8.52%), 7 (5.70%), 4 (6.94) and 9 (7.22%) for C6 cells were at normal values. And also cytotoxic activity of four compounds (5, 9, 21, and 24) among the all synthetic groups, were evaluated to the HeLa and RPE. Compound 5 showed anticancer activity on HeLa and RPE cancer cells as much as or better than cisplatin which was used as standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurettin Yaylı
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Gözde Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nuran Kahriman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Şeyda Kanbolat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Arif Bozdeveci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Rezzan Aliyazıcıoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hasan Erdinç Sellitepe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - İnci Selin Doğan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ali Aydın
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Bozok University, 66900 Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tatar
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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Structure and Activities of the NS1 Influenza Protein and Progress in the Development of Small-Molecule Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084242. [PMID: 33921888 PMCID: PMC8074201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus causes human disease on a global scale and significant morbidity and mortality. The existing vaccination regime remains vulnerable to antigenic drift, and more seriously, a small number of viral mutations could lead to drug resistance. Therefore, the development of a new additional therapeutic small molecule-based anti-influenza virus is urgently required. The NS1 influenza gene plays a pivotal role in the suppression of host antiviral responses, especially by inhibiting interferon (IFN) production and the activities of antiviral proteins, such as dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase R (PKR) and 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L. NS1 also modulates important aspects of viral RNA replication, viral protein synthesis, and virus replication cycle. Taken together, small molecules that target NS1 are believed to offer a means of developing new anti-influenza drugs.
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Zheng CB, Gao WC, Pang PP, Ma X, Peng LC, Yang L, Li X. Synthesis and vasorelaxant evaluation of novel 7-methoxyl-2,3-disubstituted-quinoxaline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127785. [PMID: 33444740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An array of novel 7-methoxyl-2,3-disubstituted quinoxaline derivatives was designed, synthesized and their potential antihypertensive activities were examined, in an attempt to discover potent small molecules with vasorelaxant effects. The vasoactivities of these compounds on vascular tone, as well as underlying mechanisms were hereby explored. Results showed that five compounds (7s, 7t, 7v, 7w, 7γ) could induce endothelium-independent relaxation in high extracellular K+- and phenylephrine-precontracted C57 mice aortic rings. These five compounds, unlike other commonly used vasodilators, could slowly but effectively inhibit vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Cong Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Pan-Pan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Chun Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xun Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong 250002, China.
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Quinoxaline Derivatives as Antiviral Agents: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122784. [PMID: 32560203 PMCID: PMC7356203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent decades, several viruses have jumped from animals to humans, triggering sizable outbreaks. The current unprecedent outbreak SARS-COV-2 is prompting a search for new cost-effective therapies to combat this deadly pathogen. Suitably functionalized polysubstituted quinoxalines show very interesting biological properties (antiviral, anticancer, and antileishmanial), ensuring them a bright future in medicinal chemistry. Objectives: Focusing on the promising development of new quinoxaline derivatives as antiviral drugs, this review forms part of our program on the anti-infectious activity of quinoxaline derivatives. Methods: Study compiles and discusses recently published studies concerning the therapeutic potential of the antiviral activity of quinoxaline derivatives, covering the literature between 2010 and 2020. Results: A final total of 20 studies included in this review. Conclusions: This review points to a growing interest in the development of compounds bearing a quinoxaline moiety for antiviral treatment. This promising moiety with different molecular targets warrants further investigation, which may well yield even more encouraging results regarding this scaffold.
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Rosário-Ferreira N, Preto AJ, Melo R, Moreira IS, Brito RMM. The Central Role of Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) in Influenza Biology and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1511. [PMID: 32098424 PMCID: PMC7073157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a contagious viral disease, which targets the human respiratory tract and spreads throughout the world each year. Every year, influenza infects around 10% of the world population and between 290,000 and 650,000 people die from it according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a negative sense eight-segment single-stranded RNA genome that encodes 11 different proteins. The only control over influenza seasonal epidemic outbreaks around the world are vaccines, annually updated according to viral strains in circulation, but, because of high rates of mutation and recurrent genetic assortment, new viral strains of influenza are constantly emerging, increasing the likelihood of pandemics. Vaccination effectiveness is limited, calling for new preventive and therapeutic approaches and a better understanding of the virus-host interactions. In particular, grasping the role of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and related known interactions in the host cell is pivotal to better understand the mechanisms of virus infection and replication, and thus propose more effective antiviral approaches. In this review, we assess the structure of NS1, its dynamics, and multiple functions and interactions, to highlight the central role of this protein in viral biology and its potential use as an effective therapeutic target to tackle seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícia Rosário-Ferreira
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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de Oliveira JK, Ueda-Nakamura T, Corrêa AG, Petrilli R, Lopez RFV, Nakamura CV, Auzely-Velty R. Liposome-based nanocarrier loaded with a new quinoxaline derivative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110720. [PMID: 32204033 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanocarriers for drug delivery is a strategy aimed to improve therapeutic indices through changes in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. Liposomes are well-investigated nanocarriers for drug delivery to macrophage-targeted therapy, the main hosts of intracellular pathogens of some infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis. In this study, we developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated liposomes by different methods that can encapsulate a new quinoxaline derivative, the LSPN331, to increase its solubility and improve its bioavailability. The surface modification of liposomes and their physicochemical characteristics may depend on the coating method, which may be a critical parameter with regard to the route of administration of the antileishmanial drug. Liposomes with identical phospholipid composition containing the same drug were developed, and different biological responses were verified, and our hypothesis is that it is related to the type of modification of the surface. Different physicochemical characterization techniques (dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis quantification of labeled-HA) were used to confirm the successful modification of liposomes as well as their stability upon storage. The encapsulation of LSPN331 was performed using HPLC method, and the entrapment efficiency (EE%) was satisfatory in all formulations, considering results of similar formulations in the literature. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy against the parasite Leishmania amazonensis. The in vitro activity was maintained or even improved and HA-coated liposomes showed the ability to target to the site of action by the proposed routes of administration, topically and intravenously. Both formulations are promising for future tests of antileishmania activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Petrilli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Auzely-Velty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Cermav, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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9
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Biological activity of esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide against E. histolytica and their analysis as potential thioredoxin reductase inhibitors. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:695-711. [PMID: 31907668 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica that affects millions of people throughout the world. The standard treatment is metronidazole, however, this drug causes several side effects, and is also mutagenic and carcinogenic. Therefore, the search for therapeutic alternatives is necessary. Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) derivatives have been shown to exhibit activity against different protozoan. In the present study, the effects of esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide (7-carboxylate QdNOs) derivatives on E. histolytica proliferation, morphology, ultrastructure, and oxidative stress were evaluated, also their potential as E. histolytica thioredoxin reductase (EhTrxR) inhibitors was analyzed. In vitro tests showed that 12 compounds from n-propyl and isopropyl series, were more active (IC50 = 0.331 to 3.56 μM) than metronidazole (IC50 = 4.5 μM). The compounds with better biological activity have a bulky, trifluoromethyl and isopropyl group at R1-, R2-, and R3-position, respectively. The main alterations found in trophozoites treated with some of these compounds included changes in chromatin, cell granularity, redistribution of vacuoles with cellular debris, and an increase in reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, docking studies suggested that 7-carboxylate QdNOs derivatives could interact with amino acid residues of the NADPH-binding domain and/or the redox-active site of EhTrxR. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that selected 7-carboxylate QdNOs inhibits EhTrxR disulfide reductase activity, and diaphorase activity shows that these compounds could act as electron acceptor substrates for the enzyme. Taken together, these data indicate that among the mechanisms involved in the antiamoebic effect of the 7-carboxylate QdNOs derivatives studied, is the induction of oxidative stress and the inhibition of EhTrxR activity.
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Motakatla VKR, Gokanapalli A, Peddiahgari VGR. Cu–N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalysed synthesis of 2‐aryl‐3‐(arylethynyl)quinoxalines from one‐pot tandem coupling of
o
‐phenylenediamines and terminal alkynes. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Gokanapalli
- Department of ChemistryYogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 Andhra Pradesh India
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Bou-Iserte L, Latorre A, Rodríguez S, González FV. Three-Step Telescoped Synthesis of Monosubstituted Vicinal Diamines from Aldehydes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2261-2267. [PMID: 31459468 PMCID: PMC6648690 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are easily transformed into vicinal diamines and piperazines through a one-pot procedure including a Darzens reaction and treatment with an amine or diamine and then with a reducing agent. Additionally, quinoxalines can be accessed by reaction with 1,2-benzenediamine under oxidative conditions. These transformations are simple methods for the preparation of synthetically interesting monosubstituted diamines, piperazines, and quinoxalines.
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12
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Kaushal T, Srivastava G, Sharma A, Singh Negi A. An insight into medicinal chemistry of anticancer quinoxalines. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:16-35. [PMID: 30502116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxalines are benzopyrazines containing benzene and pyrazine rings fused together. In the recent past, quinoxalines have attracted Medicinal Chemists considerably for their syntheses and chemistry due to their distinct pharmacological activities. Diverse synthetic protocols have been developed via multicomponent reactions, single pot synthesis and combinatorial approach using efficient catalysts, reagents, and nano-composites etc. Further, the versatility of the quinoxaline core and its reasonable chemical simplicity devise it extremely promising source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, a wide variety of bioactive quinoxalines has been realised as antitumour, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral agents. Already, a few of them are clinical drugs while many more are under various phases of clinical trials. Present review focuses on chemistry and pharmacology (both efficacy and safety) of quinoxalines and also provides some insight in to their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Kaushal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Gaurava Srivastava
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India
| | - Arvind Singh Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
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13
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Keri RS, Pandule SS, Budagumpi S, Nagaraja BM. Quinoxaline and quinoxaline-1,4-di-N
-oxides: An emerging class of antimycobacterials. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1700325. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S. Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore India
| | | | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore India
| | - Bhari M. Nagaraja
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University; Jain Global Campus; Bangalore India
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14
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Carta A, Sanna G, Briguglio I, Madeddu S, Vitale G, Piras S, Corona P, Peana AT, Laurini E, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, Serra A, Carta E, Loddo R, Giliberti G. Quinoxaline derivatives as new inhibitors of coxsackievirus B5. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 145:559-569. [PMID: 29339251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens for which there are no specific antiviral agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration so far. Particularly, coxsackievirus infections have a worldwide distribution and can cause many important diseases. We here report the synthesis of new 14 quinoxaline derivatives and the evaluation of their cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against representatives of ssRNA, dsRNA and dsDNA viruses. Promisingly, three compounds showed a very potent and selective antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B5, with EC50 in the sub-micromolar range (0.3-0.06 μM). A combination of experimental techniques (i.e. virucidal activity, time of drug addition and adsorption assays) and in silico modeling studies were further performed, aiming to understand the mode of action of the most active, selective and not cytotoxic compound, the ethyl 4-[(2,3-dimethoxyquinoxalin-6-yl)methylthio]benzoate (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carta
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Irene Briguglio
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Vitale
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sandra Piras
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Corona
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tiziana Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisa Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Loddo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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El-Zahabi HSA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Quinoxaline Derivatives as Antiviral Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28407276 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl (6,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-3-yl)acetate and ethyl (6-methyl-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-3-yl)acetate (1a,b), 3-methylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4) and 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (11) were the starting precursors for nine novel quinoxaline compounds, 3a, 6, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 20, via adopting different nucleophilic reactions. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against HCV, HBV, HSV-1, and HCMV. Concomitantly, their safety profile was investigated as well as their selectivity against the viral strains. The Virology Unit at the University of Alabama recorded that two compounds, i.e., 1a and 20, exhibited highly potent activity against HCMV with lower IC50 values (<0.05 μM) compared to ganciclovir (IC50 = 0.59 μM). Compounds 1a and 20 also exhibited low cytotoxicity together with a high selectivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S A El-Zahabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wu J, Mok CK, Chow VTK, Yuan YA, Tan YJ. Biochemical and structural characterization of the interface mediating interaction between the influenza A virus non-structural protein-1 and a monoclonal antibody. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33382. [PMID: 27633136 PMCID: PMC5025888 DOI: 10.1038/srep33382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that a non-structural protein 1 (NS1)-binding monoclonal antibody, termed as 2H6, can significantly reduce influenza A virus (IAV) replication when expressed intracellularly. In this study, we further showed that 2H6 binds stronger to the NS1 of H5N1 than A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1) because of an amino acid difference at residue 48. A crystal structure of 2H6 fragment antigen-binding (Fab) has also been solved and docked onto the NS1 structure to reveal the contacts between specific residues at the interface of antibody-antigen complex. In one of the models, the predicted molecular contacts between residues in NS1 and 2H6-Fab correlate well with biochemical results. Taken together, residues N48 and T49 in H5N1 NS1 act cooperatively to maintain a strong interaction with mAb 2H6 by forming hydrogen bonds with residues found in the heavy chain of the antibody. Interestingly, the pandemic H1N1-2009 and the majority of seasonal H3N2 circulating in humans since 1968 has N48 in NS1, suggesting that mAb 2H6 could bind to most of the currently circulating seasonal influenza A virus strains. Consistent with the involvement of residue T49, which is well-conserved, in RNA binding, mAb 2H6 was also found to inhibit the interaction between NS1 and double-stranded RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee-Keng Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent Tak Kwong Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y Adam Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yee-Joo Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
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In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of 2,3-Diarylsubstituted Quinoxaline Derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3433-44. [PMID: 27001812 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02582-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries and territories worldwide. The therapies available for leishmaniasis have serious side effects, thus prompting the search for new therapies. The present study investigated the antileishmanial activities of 2,3-diarylsubstituted quinoxaline derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis The antiproliferative activities of 6,7-dichloro-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (LSPN329) and 2,3-di-(4-methoxyphenyl)-quinoxaline (LSPN331) against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes were assessed, and the cytotoxicities of LSPN329 and LSPN331 were determined. Morphological and ultrastructural alterations were examined by electron microscopy, and biochemical alterations, reflected by the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial superoxide anion (O2·(-)) concentration, the intracellular ATP concentration, cell volume, the level of phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell membrane, cell membrane integrity, and lipid inclusions, were evaluated. In vivo antileishmanial activity was evaluated in a murine cutaneous leishmaniasis model. Compounds LSPN329 and LSPN331 showed significant selectivity for promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes and low cytotoxicity. In promastigotes, ultrastructural alterations were observed, including an increase in lipid inclusions, concentric membranes, and intense mitochondrial swelling, which were associated with hyperpolarization of ΔΨm, an increase in the O2·(-) concentration, decreased intracellular ATP levels, and a decrease in cell volume. Phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation were not observed. The cellular membrane remained intact after treatment. Thus, the multifactorial response that was responsible for the cellular collapse of promastigotes was based on intense mitochondrial alterations. BALB/c mice treated with LSPN329 or LSPN331 showed a significant decrease in lesion thickness in the infected footpad. Therefore, the antileishmanial activity and mitochondrial mechanism of action of LSPN329 and LSPN331 and the decrease in lesion thickness in vivo brought about by LSPN329 and LSPN331 make them potential candidates for new drug development for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Monod A, Swale C, Tarus B, Tissot A, Delmas B, Ruigrok RW, Crépin T, Slama-Schwok A. Learning from structure-based drug design and new antivirals targeting the ribonucleoprotein complex for the treatment of influenza. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:345-71. [PMID: 25792362 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1019859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza viruses are a threat to human health. There are presently only two methods for treating influenza: vaccines, which require yearly updates, and two classes of antivirals that suffer with the problem of resistance by current human influenza viruses; this is especially the case with amantadine and rimantadine. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of new antivirals with new mechanisms of action. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors focus on viral protein domains, their associated activity and their inhibition by small molecules defined by a structure-based design with a special emphasis on the ribonucleoprotein complex and its inhibitors. Several new classes of antiviral candidates targeting viral replication through individual domains of the polymerase and the nucleoprotein (NP) have been developed through structure-based design. EXPERT OPINION To date, the antivirals targeting neuraminidase are by far the most developed and potent. Antiviral candidates targeting the NP and polymerase domains are in the pipeline but their pharmacokinetics needs further studies. The recently published structures of the polymerase expand the possibilities for development of new antivirals. Combination therapies targeting conserved viral targets and new cellular proteins or exploiting drug promiscuity hold promises to fight against the emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Monod
- University of Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions , 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble , France
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,3-disubstituted quinoxaline derivatives as antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:107-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Present status of quinoxaline motifs: Excellent pathfinders in therapeutic medicine. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:688-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Loregian A, Mercorelli B, Nannetti G, Compagnin C, Palù G. Antiviral strategies against influenza virus: towards new therapeutic approaches. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3659-83. [PMID: 24699705 PMCID: PMC11114059 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are major human pathogens responsible for respiratory diseases affecting millions of people worldwide and characterized by high morbidity and significant mortality. Influenza infections can be controlled by vaccination and antiviral drugs. However, vaccines need annual updating and give limited protection. Only two classes of drugs are currently approved for the treatment of influenza: M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors. However, they are often associated with limited efficacy and adverse side effects. In addition, the currently available drugs suffer from rapid and extensive emergence of drug resistance. All this highlights the urgent need for developing new antiviral strategies with novel mechanisms of action and with reduced drug resistance potential. Several new classes of antiviral agents targeting viral replication mechanisms or cellular proteins/processes are under development. This review gives an overview of novel strategies targeting the virus and/or the host cell for counteracting influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padua, Italy,
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Viswanadham KKDR, Prathap Reddy M, Sathyanarayana P, Ravi O, Kant R, Bathula SR. Iodine-mediated oxidative annulation for one-pot synthesis of pyrazines and quinoxalines using a multipathway coupled domino strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13517-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05844e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Pereira JA, Pessoa AM, Cordeiro MNDS, Fernandes R, Prudêncio C, Noronha JP, Vieira M. Quinoxaline, its derivatives and applications: A State of the Art review. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:664-72. [PMID: 25011559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline derivatives are an important class of heterocycle compounds, where N replaces some carbon atoms in the ring of naphthalene. Its molecular formula is C8H6N2, formed by the fusion of two aromatic rings, benzene and pyrazine. It is rare in natural state, but their synthesis is easy to perform. In this review the State of the Art will be presented, which includes a summary of the progress made over the past years in the knowledge of the structure and mechanism of the quinoxaline and quinoxaline derivatives, associated medical and biomedical value as well as industrial value. Modifying quinoxaline structure it is possible to obtain a wide variety of biomedical applications, namely antimicrobial activities and chronic and metabolic diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A Pereira
- Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Ana M Pessoa
- REQUIMTE, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e Gestão do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESEIG-IPP), 4480-876 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - M Natália D S Cordeiro
- Escola Superior de Estudos Industriais e Gestão do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESEIG-IPP), 4480-876 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Centro de Farmacologia e Biopatologia Química (U38-FCT), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Centro de Farmacologia e Biopatologia Química (U38-FCT), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; USF Abel Salazar, ARS Norte, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Noronha
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Química, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mónica Vieira
- Ciências Químicas e Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto (ESTSP-IPP), Rua Valente Perfeito 322, 4400-330 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Química, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Vidal-Albalat A, Rodríguez S, González FV. Nitroepoxides as Versatile Precursors to 1,4-Diamino Heterocycles. Org Lett 2014; 16:1752-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500444z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Vidal-Albalat
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Florenci V. González
- Departament de Química
Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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Strategies for the Development of Influenza Drugs: Basis for New Efficient Combination Therapies. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Beyleveld G, White KM, Ayllon J, Shaw ML. New-generation screening assays for the detection of anti-influenza compounds targeting viral and host functions. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:120-32. [PMID: 23933115 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current options for influenza antiviral therapy are limited to the neuraminidase inhibitors, and knowledge that high levels of oseltamivir resistance have been seen among previously circulating H1N1 viruses increases the urgency to find new influenza therapeutics. To feed this pipeline, assays that are appropriate for use in high-throughput screens are being developed and are discussed in this review. Particular emphasis is placed on cell-based assays that capture both inhibitors of viral functions as well as the host functions that facilitate optimal influenza virus replication. Success in this area has been fueled by a greater understanding of the genome structure of influenza viruses and the ability to generate replication-competent recombinant viruses that carry a reporter gene, allowing for easy monitoring of viral infection in a high-throughput setting. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Treatment of influenza: targeting the virus or the host."
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Beyleveld
- Department of Microbiology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Engel DA. The influenza virus NS1 protein as a therapeutic target. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:409-16. [PMID: 23796981 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus plays a central role in virus replication and blockade of the host innate immune response, and is therefore being considered as a potential therapeutic target. The primary function of NS1 is to dampen the host interferon (IFN) response through several distinct molecular mechanisms that are triggered by interactions with dsRNA or specific cellular proteins. Sequestration of dsRNA by NS1 results in inhibition of the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway, and also inhibition of dsRNA-dependent signaling required for new IFN production. Binding of NS1 to the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 prevents activation of RIG-I signaling and subsequent IFN induction. Cellular RNA processing is also targeted by NS1, through recognition of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30), leading to inhibition of IFN-β mRNA processing as well as that of other cellular mRNAs. In addition NS1 binds to and inhibits cellular protein kinase R (PKR), thus blocking an important arm of the IFN system. Many additional proteins have been reported to interact with NS1, either directly or indirectly, which may serve its anti-IFN and additional functions, including the regulation of viral and host gene expression, signaling pathways and viral pathogenesis. Many of these interactions are potential targets for small-molecule intervention. Structural, biochemical and functional studies have resulted in hypotheses for drug discovery approaches that are beginning to bear experimental fruit, such as targeting the dsRNA-NS1 interaction, which could lead to restoration of innate immune function and inhibition of virus replication. This review describes biochemical, cell-based and nucleic acid-based approaches to identifying NS1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Engel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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Schmidt B, Krehl S, Hauke S. Assisted Tandem Catalytic Cross Metathesis–Oxidation: In One Flask from Styrenes to 1,2-Diketones and Further to Quinoxalines. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5427-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schmidt
- Universitaet Potsdam, Institut
fuer Chemie (Organische Synthesechemie), Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefan Krehl
- Universitaet Potsdam, Institut
fuer Chemie (Organische Synthesechemie), Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hauke
- Universitaet Potsdam, Institut
fuer Chemie (Organische Synthesechemie), Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of alkynes to 1,2-diketones under room temperature and one-pot synthesis of quinoxalines. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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A facile three- and four-component procedure toward the synthesis of functionalized pyrano- and benzo[f]quinoxaline derivatives. Mol Divers 2012; 16:453-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rajule R, Bryant VC, Lopez H, Luo X, Natarajan A. Perturbing pro-survival proteins using quinoxaline derivatives: a structure-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2227-34. [PMID: 22386982 PMCID: PMC3303926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In HeLa cells the combinatorial knockdown of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 is sufficient to induce spontaneous apoptosis. Quinoxaline derivatives were screened for the induction of Mcl-1 dependent apoptosis using a cell line without functional Bcl-xL. Quinoxaline urea analog 1 h was able to specifically induce apoptosis in an Mcl-1 dependent manner. We demonstrate that even small changes to 1h results in dramatic loss of activity. In addition, 1 h and ABT-737 synergistically inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis. Our results also suggest that 1h could have therapeutic potential against ABT-737 refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Rajule
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Vashti C. Bryant
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Hernando Lopez
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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Atkins C, Evans CW, White EL, Noah JW. Screening methods for influenza antiviral drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:429-38. [PMID: 22435452 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.674510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza antiviral high-throughput screens have been extensive, and yet no approved influenza antivirals have been identified through high-throughput screening. This underscores the idea that development of successful screens should focus on the exploitation of the underrepresented viral targets and novel, therapeutic host targets. AREAS COVERED The authors review conventional screening applications and emerging technologies with the potential to enhance influenza antiviral discovery. Real-world examples from the authors' work in biocontained environments are also provided. Future innovations are discussed, including the use of targeted libraries, multiplexed assays, proximity-based endpoint methods, non-laboratory-adapted virus strains, and primary cells, for immediate physiological relevance and translational applications. EXPERT OPINION The lack of successful anti-influenza drug discovery using high-throughput screening should not deter future efforts. Increased understanding of the functions of viral targets and host-pathogen interactions has broadened the target reservoir. Future screening efforts should focus on identifying new drugs against unexploited viral and host targets using currently developed assays, and on the development of novel, innovative assays to discover new drugs with novel mechanisms. Innovative screens must be designed to identify compounds that specifically inhibit protein-protein or protein-RNA interactions or other virus/host factor interactions that are crucial for viral replication. Finally, the use of recent viral isolates, increased biocontainment (for highly-pathogenic strains), primary cell lines, and targeted compound libraries must converge in efficient high-throughput primary screens to generate high-content, physiologically-relevant data on compounds with robust antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Atkins
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
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