1
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Zhang H, Fang M, Lin Q. Photo-activatable Reagents for Bioorthogonal Ligation Reactions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 382:1. [PMID: 38091203 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced bioorthogonal reactions offer spatiotemporal control over selective biomolecular labeling. This review covers the recent advances in the design of photo-activatable reagents for bioorthogonal conjugation reactions in living systems. These reagents are stable in the absence of light, but transformed into reactive species upon light illumination, which then undergo rapid ligation reactions. The light wavelength has been tuned from ultraviolet to near infrared to enable efficient photo-activation in reactions in deep tissues. The most prominent photo-activatable reagents are presented, including tetrazoles, tetrazines, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, diarylsydnones, and others. A particular focus is on the strategies for improving reaction kinetics and biocompatibility accomplished through careful molecular engineering. The utilities of these photo-activatable reagents are illustrated through a broad range of biological applications, including in vivo protein labeling, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, responsive hydrogels, and fluorescence microscopy. The further development and optimization of these biocompatible photo-activatable reagents should lead to new chemical biology strategies for studying biomolecular structure and function in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Ming Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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2
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Truong VX, Holloway JO, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence turn-on by photoligation - bright opportunities for soft matter materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13280-13290. [PMID: 36507164 PMCID: PMC9682895 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05403e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemical ligation has become an indispensable tool for applications that require spatially addressable functionalisation, both in biology and materials science. Interestingly, a number of photochemical ligations result in fluorescent products, enabling a self-reporting function that provides almost instantaneous visual feedback of the reaction's progress and efficiency. Perhaps no other chemical reaction system allows control in space and time to the same extent, while concomitantly providing inherent feedback with regard to reaction success and location. While photoactivable fluorescent properties have been widely used in biology for imaging purposes, the expansion of the array of photochemical reactions has further enabled its utility in soft matter materials. Herein, we concisely summarise the key developments of fluorogenic-forming photoligation systems and their emerging applications in both biology and materials science. We further summarise the current challenges and future opportunities of exploiting fluorescent self-reporting reactions in a wide array of chemical disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh X. Truong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)2 Fusionopolis WaySingapore 138 634Singapore,School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia
| | - Joshua O. Holloway
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344 Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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3
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Pirota V, Benassi A, Doria F. Lights on 2,5-diaryl tetrazoles: applications and limits of a versatile photoclick reaction. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:879-898. [DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRecently, photoclick chemistry emerged as a powerful tool employed in several research fields, from medicinal chemistry and biology to material sciences. The growing interest in this type of chemical process is justified by the possibility to produce complex molecular systems using mild reaction conditions. However, the elevated spatio-temporal control offered by photoclick chemistry is highly intriguing, as it expands the range of applications. In this context, the light-triggered reaction of 2,5-diaryl tetrazoles with dipolarophiles emerged for its interesting features: excellent stability of the substrates, fast reaction kinetic, and the formation of a highly fluorescent product, fundamental for sensing applications. In the last years, 2,5-diaryl tetrazoles have been extensively employed, especially for bioorthogonal ligations, to label biomolecules and nucleic acids. In this review, we summarized recent applications of this interesting photoclick reaction, with a particular focus on biological fields. Moreover, we described the main limits that affect this system and current strategies proposed to overcome these issues. The general discussion here presented could prompt further optimization of the process and pave the way for the development of new original structures and innovative applications.
Graphical abstract
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4
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Geiselhart CM, Mutlu H, Barner-Kowollik C. Passerini Multicomponent Reactions Enabling Self-Reporting Photosensitive Tetrazole Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1159-1166. [PMID: 35549082 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the synthesis of photosensitive tetrazole monomers via Passerini multicomponent reactions (MCRs). We exploit the MCR's tolerance toward various functional groups under mild, catalyst-free conditions in a one-pot reaction setup to generate tetrazole-containing monomers featuring a methacrylic moiety, which enables their subsequent reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. By employing tetrazoles with either a 4-methoxy phenyl or a pyrene substituent, further modifications of the polymers in a wavelength-orthogonal, self-reporting fashion upon irradiation with either UV or visible light become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Geiselhart
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces 3, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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5
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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6
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Marshall DL, Menzel JP, McKinnon BI, Blinco JP, Trevitt AJ, Barner-Kowollik C, Blanksby SJ. Laser Photodissociation Action Spectroscopy for the Wavelength-Dependent Evaluation of Photoligation Reactions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8091-8098. [PMID: 34019383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition is a widely used class of photoligation. Optimizing the reaction outcome requires detailed knowledge of the tetrazole photoactivation profile, which can only partially be ascertained from absorption spectroscopy, or otherwise involves laborious reaction monitoring in solution. Photodissociation action spectroscopy (PDAS) combines the advantages of optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in that only absorption events resulting in a mass change are recorded, thus revealing the desired wavelength dependence of product formation. Moreover, the sensitivity and selectivity afforded by the mass spectrometer enable reliable assessment of the photodissociation profile even on small amounts of crude material, thus accelerating the design and synthesis of next-generation substrates. Using this workflow, we demonstrate that the photodissociation onset for nitrile imine formation is red-shifted by ca. 50 nm with a novel N-ethylcarbazole derivative relative to a phenyl-substituted archetype. Benchmarked against solution-phase tunable laser experiments and supported by quantum chemical calculations, these discoveries demonstrate that PDAS is a powerful tool for rapidly screening the efficacy of new substrates in the quest toward efficient visible light-triggered ligation for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jan P Menzel
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Benjamin I McKinnon
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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7
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Fay R, Holland JP. Tuning Tetrazole Photochemistry for Protein Ligation and Molecular Imaging. Chemistry 2021; 27:4893-4897. [PMID: 33427351 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry provides a wide range of alternative reagents that hold potential for use in bimolecular functionalisation of proteins. Here, we report the synthesis and characterisation of metal ion binding chelates derivatised with disubstituted tetrazoles for the photoradiochemical labelling of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The photophysical properties of tetrazoles featuring extended aromatic systems and auxochromic substituents to tune excitation toward longer wavelengths (365 and 395 nm) were studied. Two photoactivatable chelates based on desferrioxamine B (DFO) and the aza-macrocycle NODAGA were functionalised with a tetrazole and developed for protein labelling with 89 Zr, 64 Cu and 68 Ga radionuclides. DFO-tetrazole (1) was assessed by direct conjugation to formulated trastuzumab and subsequent radiolabelling with 89 Zr. Radiochemical studies and cellular-based binding assays demonstrated that the radiotracer remained stable in vitro retained high immunoreactivity. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and biodistribution studies were used to measure the tumour specific uptake and pharmacokinetic profile in mice bearing SK-OV-3 xenografts. Experiments demonstrate that tetrazole-based photochemistry is a viable approach for the light-induced synthesis of PET radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason P Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Boase NRB. Shining a Light on Bioorthogonal Photochemistry for Polymer Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000305. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. B. Boase
- Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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9
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Zhang F, Chen Z, Cheung CW, Ma J. Aryl Diazonium
Salt‐Triggered
Cyclization and Cycloaddition Reactions: Past, Present, and Future. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fa‐Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 Fujian China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 Fujian China
| | - Jun‐An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 Fujian China
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10
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Chang CW, Cheng MC, Lee GH, Peng SM. Facile synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles by reacting a ruthenium acetylide complex with trimethylsilyl azide. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11732-11742. [PMID: 31298242 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of [Ru]-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh (1, [Ru] = (η5-C5H5)(dppe)Ru, dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) with trimethylsilyl azide afforded the cationic nitrile complex {[Ru]NCCH2Ph}[N3] (2) and the further cycloaddition of 2 with trimethylsilyl azide at 60 °C afforded the N(2)-bound tetrazolato complex [Ru]N4CCH2Ph (3). The regiospecific alkylation of 3 gave a series of cationic N(2)-bound N(4)-alkylated-5-benzyl tetrazolato complexes {[Ru]N4(CH2R)CCH2Ph}[Br] (4a, R = C6F5; 4b, R = Ph; 4c, R = 4-CN-C6H4; 4d, R = 2,6-F2-C6H3; 4e, R = 6-CH2Br-C5NH3) and the subsequent cleavage of the Ru-N bond of 4a-4e gave N(1)-alkylated-5-benzyl tetrazoles N4(CH2R)CCH2Ph (5a-5e) in good to excellent yields and [Ru]-Br, which, on reacting with phenylacetylene, resulted in the formation of 1 thus forming a reaction cycle. The structures of 2, 3, 4a, 4c and 5a were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wan Chang
- Division of Preparatory Programs for Overseas Chinese Students, National Taiwan Normal University, New Taipei City 24449, Linkou, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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11
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An P, Lewandowski TM, Lin Q. Design and Synthesis of a BODIPY-Tetrazole Based "Off-On" in-Cell Fluorescence Reporter of Hydrogen Peroxide. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1326-1333. [PMID: 29385317 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-linked bithiophene-tetrazoles were designed and synthesized for bioorthogonal photoclick reactions in vitro and in vivo. The reactivity of these tetrazoles toward dimethyl fumarate was found to depend on the BODIPY attachment site, with the meta-linked BODIPY-tetrazole being the most reactive. The resulting pyrazoline cycloadduct showed drastically reduced BODIPY fluorescence. However, BODIPY fluorescence recovered after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. This turn-on effect was attributed to conversion from the pyrazoline to a pyrazole. Finally, we showed that this unique BODIPY-tetrazole off-on fluorescence probe can be used to detect hydrogen peroxide inside HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng An
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Tracey M Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
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12
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Braun AC, Gutmann M, Lühmann T, Meinel L. Bioorthogonal strategies for site-directed decoration of biomaterials with therapeutic proteins. J Control Release 2018; 273:68-85. [PMID: 29360478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging strategies targeting site-specific protein modifications allow for unprecedented selectivity, fast kinetics and mild reaction conditions with high yield. These advances open exciting novel possibilities for the effective bioorthogonal decoration of biomaterials with therapeutic proteins. Site-specificity is particularly important to the therapeutics' end and translated by targeting specific functional groups or introducing new functional groups into the therapeutic at predefined positions. Biomimetic strategies are designed for modification of therapeutics emulating enzymatic strategies found in Nature. These strategies are suitable for a diverse range of applications - not only for protein-polymer conjugation, particle decoration and surface immobilization, but also for the decoration of complex biomaterials and the synthesis of bioresponsive drug delivery systems. This article reviews latest chemical and enzymatic strategies for the biorthogonal decoration of biomaterials with therapeutic proteins and inter-positioned linker structures. Finally, the numerous reports at the interface of biomaterials, linkers, and therapeutic protein decoration are integrated into practical advice for design considerations intended to support the selection of productive ligation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Braun
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Blasco E, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Driven Polymeric Network Formation: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28075059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric networks have been intensely investigated and a large number of applications have been found in areas ranging from biomedicine to materials science. Network fabrication via light-induced reactions is a particularly powerful tool, since light provides ready access to temporal and spatial control, opening an array of synthetic access routes for structuring the network geometry as well as functionality. Herein, the most recent light-induced modular reactions and their use in the formation of precision polymeric networks are collated. The synthetic strategies including photoinduced thiol-based reactions, Diels-Alder systems, and photogenerated reactive dipoles, as well as photodimerizations, are discussed in detail. Importantly, applications of the fabricated networks via the aforementioned reactions are highlighted with selected examples. Concomitantly, we provide future directions for the field, emphasizing the most critically required advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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14
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Blasco E, Sugawara Y, Lederhose P, Blinco JP, Kelterer AM, Barner-Kowollik C. Understanding Reactivity Patterns in Light-Induced Nitrile Imine Mediated Tetrazole-Ene Cycloadditions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Yuuki Sugawara
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Paul Lederhose
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesserstrasse 18 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); 2 George Street Brisbane, QLD 4001 Australia
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15
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Singh MS, Chowdhury S, Koley S. Advances of azide-alkyne cycloaddition-click chemistry over the recent decade. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Sugawara Y, Jasinski N, Kaupp M, Welle A, Zydziak N, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-driven nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition as a versatile platform for fullerene conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:13000-3. [PMID: 26179054 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient methodology for modular fullerene functionalization via the photo-induced nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC) is introduced. The versatility and platform character of the method is illustrated by the light-driven reaction of fullerenes with small molecule, polymeric and surface-immobilized tetrazoles. The efficient fullerene conjugation is evidenced via mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sugawara
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Herner A, Lin Q. Photo-Triggered Click Chemistry for Biological Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:1. [PMID: 27397964 PMCID: PMC4935935 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade and a half, numerous bioorthogonal reactions have been developed with a goal to study biological processes in their native environment, i.e., in living cells and animals. Among them, the photo-triggered reactions offer several unique advantages including operational simplicity with the use of light rather than toxic metal catalysts and ligands, and exceptional spatiotemporal control through the application of an appropriate light source with pre-selected wavelength, light intensity and exposure time. While the photoinduced reactions have been studied extensively in materials research, e.g., on macromolecular surface, the adaptation of these reactions for chemical biology applications is still in its infancy. In this chapter, we review the recent efforts in the discovery and optimization the photo-triggered bioorthogonal reactions, with a focus on those that have shown broad utility in biological systems. We discuss in each cases the chemical and mechanistic background, the kinetics of the reactions and the biological applicability together with the limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Herner
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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18
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19
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Lederhose P, Wüst KNR, Barner-Kowollik C, Blinco JP. Catalyst free visible light induced cycloaddition as an avenue for polymer ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5928-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00942e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study introduces a tetrazole species able to perform a rapid, visible light induced nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lederhose
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Queensland 4001
| | - Kilian N. R. Wüst
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Engesserstr. 18
- 76128 Karlsruhe
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Queensland 4001
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Queensland 4001
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20
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Ramanathan M, Wang YH, Liu ST. One-Pot Reactions for Synthesis of 2,5-Substituted Tetrazoles from Aryldiazonium Salts and Amidines. Org Lett 2015; 17:5886-9. [PMID: 26600121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One-pot sequential reactions of aryldiazonium salts with amidines followed by the treatment of I2/KI under basic conditions provide 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles in moderate to excellent yields. This one-pot synthesis has several advantages such as mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, convenient workup, and high yields, making this methodology practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Tzung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
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21
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Cserép GB, Herner A, Kele P. Bioorthogonal fluorescent labels: a review on combined forces. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:042001. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Abt D, Schmidt BVKJ, Pop-Georgievski O, Quick AS, Danilov D, Kostina NY, Bruns M, Wenzel W, Wegener M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Barner-Kowollik C. Designing Molecular Printboards: A Photolithographic Platform for Recodable Surfaces. Chemistry 2015; 21:13186-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Merkel M, Peewasan K, Arndt S, Ploschik D, Wagenknecht HA. Copper-Free Postsynthetic Labeling of Nucleic Acids by Means of Bioorthogonal Reactions. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1541-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Lim SI, Kwon I. Bioconjugation of therapeutic proteins and enzymes using the expanded set of genetically encoded amino acids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:803-15. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1048504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA and
| | - Inchan Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA and
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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25
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de los Santos Pereira A, Kostina NY, Bruns M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Barner-Kowollik C. Phototriggered functionalization of hierarchically structured polymer brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5899-5907. [PMID: 25961109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The precise design of bioactive surfaces, essential for the advancement of many biomedical applications, depends on achieving control of the surface architecture as well as on the ability to attach bioreceptors to antifouling surfaces. Herein, we report a facile avenue toward hierarchically structured antifouling polymer brushes of oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylates via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) presenting photoactive tetrazole moieties, which permitted their functionalization via nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cyclocloaddition (NITEC). A maleimide-functional ATRP initiator was photoclicked to the side chains of a brush enabling a subsequent polymerization of carboxybetaine acrylamide to generate a micropatterned graft-on-graft polymer architecture as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Furthermore, the spatially resolved biofunctionalization of the tetrazole-presenting brushes was accessed by the photoligation of biotin-maleimide and subsequent binding of streptavidin. The functionalized brushes bearing streptavidin were able to resist the fouling from blood plasma (90% reduction with respect to bare gold). Moreover, they were employed to demonstrate a model biosensor by immobilization of a biotinylated antibody and subsequent capture of an antigen as monitored in real time by surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres de los Santos Pereira
- †Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nina Yu Kostina
- †Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bruns
- ‡Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM), Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- †Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- ∥Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- §Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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26
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Stummer D, Herrmann C, Rentmeister A. Quantum Chemical Calculations and Experimental Validation of the Photoclick Reaction for Fluorescent Labeling of the 5' cap of Eukaryotic mRNAs. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:295-301. [PMID: 26246991 PMCID: PMC4522179 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioorthogonal click reactions are powerful tools to specifically label biomolecules in living cells. Considerable progress has been made in site-specific labeling of proteins and glycans in complex biological systems, but equivalent methods for mRNAs are rare. We present a chemo-enzymatic approach to label the 5’ cap of eukaryotic mRNAs using a bioorthogonal photoclick reaction. Herein, the N7-methylated guanosine of the 5’ cap is enzymatically equipped with an allyl group using a variant of the trimethylguanosine synthase 2 from Giardia lamblia (GlaTgs2). To elucidate whether the resulting N2-modified 5’ cap is a suitable dipolarophile for photoclick reactions, we used Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) and calculated the HOMO and LUMO energies of this molecule and nitrile imines. Our in silico studies suggested that combining enzymatic allylation of the cap with subsequent labeling in a photoclick reaction was feasible. This could be experimentally validated. Our approach generates a turn-on fluorophore site-specifically at the 5’ cap and therefore presents an important step towards labeling of eukaryotic mRNAs in a bioorthogonal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Stummer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany ; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany ; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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27
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Holstein JM, Stummer D, Rentmeister A. Enzymatic modification of 5'-capped RNA with a 4-vinylbenzyl group provides a platform for photoclick and inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Chem Sci 2014; 6:1362-1369. [PMID: 29560223 PMCID: PMC5811123 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic transfer of 4-vinylbenzyl to the mRNA 5′-cap gives access to the fluorogenic photoclick and the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction.
Chemo-enzymatic strategies provide a highly selective means to label different classes of biomolecules in vitro, but also in vivo. In the field of RNA, efficient labeling of eukaryotic mRNA with small organic reporter molecules would provide a way to detect endogenous mRNA and is therefore highly attractive. Although more and more bioorthogonal reactions are being reported, they can only be applied to chemo-enzymatic strategies if a suitable (i.e., click compatible) modification can be introduced into the RNA of interest. We report enzymatic site-specific transfer of a 4-vinylbenzyl group to the 5′-cap typical of eukaryotic mRNAs. The 4-vinylbenzyl group gives access to mRNA labeling using the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction, which does not work with an enzymatically transferred allyl group. The 4-vinylbenzyl-modified 5′-cap can also be converted in a photoclick reaction generating a “turn-on” fluorophore. Both click reactions are bioorthogonal and the two step approach also works in eukaryotic cell lysate. Enzymatic transfer of the 4-vinylbenzyl group addresses the lack of flexibility often attributed to biotransformations and thus advances the potential of chemo-enzymatic approaches for labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephin Marie Holstein
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institute of Biochemistry , 48149 Muenster , Germany .
| | - Daniela Stummer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institute of Biochemistry , 48149 Muenster , Germany . .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM) , University of Muenster , 48149 Muenster , Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Institute of Biochemistry , 48149 Muenster , Germany . .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM) , University of Muenster , 48149 Muenster , Germany
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28
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Espeel P, Du Prez FE. “Click”-Inspired Chemistry in Macromolecular Science: Matching Recent Progress and User Expectations. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501386v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Espeel
- Department
of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department
of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Photoclick chemistry: a fluorogenic light-triggered in vivo ligation reaction. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:89-95. [PMID: 25022432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to use chemical reactivity to monitor and control biomolecular processes with a spatial and temporal precision motivated the development of light-triggered in vivo chemistries. To this end, the photoinduced tetrazole-alkene cycloaddition, also termed 'photoclick chemistry' offers a very rapid chemical ligation platform for the manipulation of biomolecules and matrices in vivo. Here we outline the recent developments in the optimization of this chemistry, ranging from the search for substrates that offer two-photon photoactivatability, superior reaction kinetics, and/or genetic encodability, to the study of the reaction mechanism. The applications of the photoclick chemistry in protein labeling in vitro and in vivo as well as in preparing 'smart' hydrogels for 3D cell culture are highlighted.
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30
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King M, Wagner A. Developments in the Field of Bioorthogonal Bond Forming Reactions—Past and Present Trends. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:825-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias King
- Laboratory of Functional
Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional
Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg - CNRS, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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31
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An P, Yu Z, Lin Q. Design of oligothiophene-based tetrazoles for laser-triggered photoclick chemistry in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9920-2. [PMID: 24036983 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 405 nm light-activatable terthiophene-based tetrazole was designed that reacts with a fumarate dipolarophile with the second-order rate constant k2 exceeding 10(3) M(-1) s(-1). The utility of this laser-activatable tetrazole in imaging microtubules in a spatiotemporally controlled manner in live cells was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng An
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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32
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Lang K, Chin JW. Cellular incorporation of unnatural amino acids and bioorthogonal labeling of proteins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4764-806. [PMID: 24655057 DOI: 10.1021/cr400355w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site-specific incorporation of diverse designer amino acids into proteins produced in cells and animals. Recent advances are enhancing the efficiency of unnatural amino acid incorporation by creating and evolving orthogonal ribosomes and manipulating the genome. Increasing the number of distinct amino acids that can be site-specifically encoded has been facilitated by the evolution of orthogonal quadruplet decoding ribosomes and the discovery of mutually orthogonal synthetase/tRNA pairs. Rapid progress in moving genetic code expansion from bacteria to eukaryotic cells and animals (C. elegans and D. melanogaster) and the incorporation of useful unnatural amino acids has been aided by the development and application of the pyrrolysyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase/tRNA pair for unnatural amino acid incorporation. Combining chemoselective reactions with encoded amino acids has facilitated the installation of posttranslational modifications, as well as rapid derivatization with diverse fluorophores for imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, United Kingdom;
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34
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Mueller JO, Voll D, Schmidt FG, Delaittre G, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescent polymers from non-fluorescent photoreactive monomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15681-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07792j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A facile, fast and ambient-temperature avenue towards highly fluorescent polymers is introduced via polymerizing non-fluorescent photoreactive monomers based on light-induced NITEC chemistry, providing a platform technology for fluorescent polymers. The resulting polypyrazolines were analyzed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O. Mueller
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
| | - Dominik Voll
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
| | | | - Guillaume Delaittre
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
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35
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Mueller JO, Guimard NK, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C. Sunlight-induced crosslinking of 1,2-polybutadienes: access to fluorescent polymer networks. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Abstract
The use of covalent chemistry to track biomolecules in their native environment-a focus of bioorthogonal chemistry-has received considerable interest recently among chemical biologists and organic chemists alike. To facilitate wider adoption of bioorthogonal chemistry in biomedical research, a central effort in the last few years has been focused on the optimization of a few known bioorthogonal reactions, particularly with respect to reaction kinetics improvement, novel genetic encoding systems, and fluorogenic reactions for bioimaging. During these optimizations, three strategies have emerged, including the use of ring strain for substrate activation in the cycloaddition reactions, the discovery of new ligands and privileged substrates for accelerated metal-catalysed reactions, and the design of substrates with pre-fluorophore structures for rapid "turn-on" fluorescence after selective bioorthogonal reactions. In addition, new bioorthogonal reactions based on either modified or completely unprecedented reactant pairs have been reported. Finally, increasing attention has been directed toward the development of mutually exclusive bioorthogonal reactions and their applications in multiple labeling of a biomolecule in cell culture. In this feature article, we wish to present the recent progress in bioorthogonal reactions through the selected examples that highlight the above-mentioned strategies. Considering increasing sophistication in bioorthogonal chemistry development, we strive to project several exciting opportunities where bioorthogonal chemistry can make a unique contribution to biology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo P Ramil
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA.
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37
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An P, Yu Z, Lin Q. Design and synthesis of laser-activatable tetrazoles for a fast and fluorogenic red-emitting 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Org Lett 2013; 15:5496-9. [PMID: 24111736 PMCID: PMC3854928 DOI: 10.1021/ol402645q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new class of laser light activatable tetrazoles with extended π-systems is reported. Upon 405 nm laser light irradiation, these bithiophene-substituted tetrazoles underwent extremely fast 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with dimethyl fumarate with second-order rate constants approaching 4000 M(-1) s(-1). The resulting pyrazoline cycloadducts exhibited solvent-dependent red fluorescence, making these tetrazoles potentially useful as fluorogenic probes for detecting alkenes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng An
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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38
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Yu Z, Ohulchanskyy TY, An P, Prasad PN, Lin Q. Fluorogenic, two-photon-triggered photoclick chemistry in live mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16766-9. [PMID: 24168622 DOI: 10.1021/ja407867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tetrazole-based photoclick chemistry has provided a powerful tool to image proteins in live cells. To extend photoclick chemistry to living organisms with improved spatiotemporal control, here we report the design of naphthalene-based tetrazoles that can be efficiently activated by two-photon excitation with a 700 nm femtosecond pulsed laser. A water-soluble, cell-permeable naphthalene-based tetrazole was identified that reacts with acrylamide with the effective two-photon cross-section for the cycloaddition reaction determined to be 3.8 GM. Furthermore, the use of this naphthalene-tetrazole for real-time, spatially controlled imaging of microtubules in live mammalian cells via the fluorogenic, two-photon-triggered photoclick chemistry was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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39
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Dürr CJ, Lederhose P, Hlalele L, Abt D, Kaiser A, Brandau S, Barner-Kowollik C. Photo-Induced Ligation of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber: Selective Tetrazole–Ene Coupling of Chain-End-Functionalized Copolymers of 1,3-Butadiene. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J. Dürr
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Paul Lederhose
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Lebohang Hlalele
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Doris Abt
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Lanxess Emulsion Rubber, BP 7−Z.I. Rue du Ried, 67610 La Wantzenau,
France
| | - Sven Brandau
- Lanxess Emulsion Rubber, BP 7−Z.I. Rue du Ried, 67610 La Wantzenau,
France
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative
Macromolecular Chemistry,
Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische
Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany
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Tasdelen MA, Yagci Y. Light-Induced Click Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5930-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yu Z, Pan Y, Wang Z, Wang J, Lin Q. Genetically encoded cyclopropene directs rapid, photoclick-chemistry-mediated protein labeling in mammalian cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10600-4. [PMID: 22997015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We just click: Genetic incorporation of a cyclopropene amino acid CpK (see scheme) site-specifically into proteins in E. coli and mammalian cells was achieved using an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA(CUA) pair (CpKRS/MbtRNA(CUA)). Cyclopropene exhibited fast reaction kinetics in the photoclick reaction and allowed rapid (ca. 2 min) labeling of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Genetically Encoded Cyclopropene Directs Rapid, Photoclick-Chemistry-Mediated Protein Labeling in Mammalian Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lim RKV, Lin Q. Photoinducible bioorthogonal chemistry: a spatiotemporally controllable tool to visualize and perturb proteins in live cells. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:828-39. [PMID: 21609129 DOI: 10.1021/ar200021p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Visualization in biology has been greatly facilitated by the use of fluorescent proteins as in-cell probes. The genes coding for these wavelength-tunable proteins can be readily fused with the DNA coding for a protein of interest, which enables direct monitoring of natural proteins in real time inside living cells. Despite their success, however, fluorescent proteins have limitations that have only begun to be addressed in the past decade through the development of bioorthogonal chemistry. In this approach, a very small bioorthogonal tag is embedded within the basic building blocks of the cell, and then a variety of external molecules can be selectively conjugated to these pretagged biomolecules. The result is a veritable palette of biophysical probes for the researcher to choose from. In this Account, we review our progress in developing a photoinducible, bioorthogonal tetrazole-alkene cycloaddition reaction ("photoclick chemistry") and applying it to probe protein dynamics and function in live cells. The work described here summarizes the synthesis, structure, and reactivity studies of tetrazoles, including their optimization for applications in biology. Building on key insights from earlier reports, our initial studies of the reaction have revealed full water compatibility, high photoactivation quantum yield, tunable photoactivation wavelength, and broad substrate scope; an added benefit is the formation of fluorescent cycloadducts. Subsequent studies have shown fast reaction kinetics (up to 11.0 M(-1) s(-1)), with the rate depending on the HOMO energy of the nitrile imine dipole as well as the LUMO energy of the alkene dipolarophile. Moreover, through the use of photocrystallography, we have observed that the photogenerated nitrile imine adopts a bent geometry in the solid state. This observation has led to the synthesis of reactive, macrocyclic tetrazoles that contain a short "bridge" between two flanking phenyl rings. This photoclick chemistry has been used to label proteins rapidly (within ∼1 min) both in vitro and in E. coli . To create an effective interface with biology, we have identified both a metabolically incorporable alkene amino acid, homoallylglycine, and a genetically encodable tetrazole amino acid, p-(2-tetrazole)phenylalanine. We demonstrate the utility of these two moieties, respectively, in spatiotemporally controlled imaging of newly synthesized proteins and in site-specific labeling of proteins. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of the photoclick chemistry to perturb the localization of a fluorescent protein in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna K. V. Lim
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Yu Z, Ho LY, Lin Q. Rapid, photoactivatable turn-on fluorescent probes based on an intramolecular photoclick reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11912-5. [PMID: 21736329 DOI: 10.1021/ja204758c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivatable fluorescent probes are invaluable tools for the study of biological processes with high resolution in space and time. Numerous strategies have been developed in generating photoactivatable fluorescent probes, most of which rely on the photo-"uncaging" and photoisomerization reactions. To broaden photoactivation modalities, here we report a new strategy in which the fluorophore is generated in situ through an intramolecular tetrazole-alkene cycloaddition reaction ("photoclick chemistry"). By conjugating a specific microtubule-binding taxoid core to the tetrazole/alkene prefluorophores, robust photoactivatable fluorescent probes were obtained with fast photoactivation (∼1 min) and high fluorescence turn-on ratio (up to 112-fold) in acetonitrile/PBS (1:1). Highly efficient photoactivation of the taxoid-tetrazoles inside the mammalian cells was also observed under a confocal fluorescence microscope when the treated cells were exposed to either a metal halide lamp light passing through a 300/395 filter or a 405 nm laser beam. Furthermore, a spatially controlled fluorescent labeling of microtubules in live CHO cells was demonstrated with a long-wavelength photoactivatable taxoid-tetrazole probe. Because of its modular design and tunability of the photoactivation efficiency and photophysical properties, this intramolecular photoclick reaction based approach should provide a versatile platform for designing photoactivatable fluorescent probes for various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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