Synthesis and evaluation of pyridazinone–phenethylamine derivatives as selective and orally bioavailable histamine H3 receptor antagonists with robust wake-promoting activity

Molecular structure, spectroscopic properties, NLO, HOMO-LUMO and NBO analyses of 6-hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone

The molecular structure and relative stabilities of the six possible isomers of 6-hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone (DHP) in the gas phase and in solutions of different polarities are predicted using the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method. The oxo-hydroxo isomer is the most stable form in the gas phase and in solution. These results agree with our reported X-ray structure. The effect of solvents on the spectroscopic properties of the most stable isomer has been studied using the polarized continuum method (PCM) at the same level of theory. The vibrational spectra of the compound studied are calculated and compared with the experimentally measured FTIR spectra. The electronic spectra in gas phase and in solution were calculated using the TD-DFT method. The most intense absorption band is predicted at 312.4 nm and belongs mainly to a π→π(*) transition. In polar solvents, this spectral band undergoes a hypsochromic shift. Two stable dimer forms were calculated at same level of theory. Dimer A is more stable than dimer B, by 6.66 kcal mol(-1). The former is stabilized by stronger O-H⋯O H-bonds compared to the weaker N-H⋯O interactions in the latter. The effect of these H-bonding interactions on the molecular structure and vibrational spectra of these compounds are predicted. NBO analyses were carried out to investigate the stabilization energy of various inter- and intramolecular charge transfer interactions within the systems studied.

Histamine H4 receptor ligands: future applications and state of art

Histamine is a chemical transmitter found practically in whole organism and exerts its effects through the interaction with H1 to H4 histaminergic receptors. Specifically, H4 receptors are found mainly in immune cells and blood-forming tissues, thus are involved in inflammatory and immune processes, as well as some actions in central nervous system. Therefore, H4 receptor ligands can have applications in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and immune diseases and may be novel therapeutic option in these conditions. Several H4 receptor ligands have been described from early 2000's until nowadays, being imidazole, indolecarboxamide, 2-aminopyrimidine, quinazoline, and quinoxaline scaffolds the most explored and discussed in this review. Moreover, several studies of molecular modeling using homology models of H4 receptor and QSAR data of the ligands are summarized. The increasing and promising therapeutic applications are leading these compounds to clinical trials, which probably will be part of the next generation of blockbuster drugs.

Discovery of (1R,6S)-5-[4-(1-cyclobutyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-3,4-diaza-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-en-2-one (R,S-4a): histamine H(3) receptor inverse agonist demonstrating potent cognitive enhancing and wake promoting activity

A series of fused cyclopropyl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3-one (3,4-diaza-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-en-2-one) phenoxypiperidine analogs was designed and synthesized, leading to the identification of (1R,6S)-5-[4-(1-cyclobutyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-3,4-diaza-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-en-2-one (R,S-4a) as a second-generation pyridazin-3-one H3R antagonist. Compound R,S-4a was a potent H3R functional antagonist in vivo in the rat dipsogenia model, demonstrated potent wake activity in the rat EEG/EMG model, and enhanced short-term memory in the rat social recognition memory model at doses as low as 0.03-0.3 mg/kg po.

Discovery of aryl ureas and aryl amides as potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity (part I)

A series of structurally novel aryl ureas was derived from optimization of the HTS lead as selective histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists. The SAR was explored and the data obtained set up the starting point and foundation for further optimization. The most potent tool compounds, as exemplified by compounds 2l, 5b, 5d, and 5e, displayed antagonism potencies in the subnanomolar range in in vitro human-H3R FLIPR assays and rhesus monkey H3R binding assays.

4-phenoxypiperidine pyridazin-3-one histamine H(3) receptor inverse agonists demonstrating potent and robust wake promoting activity

Structure-activity relationships for a series of phenoxypiperidine pyridazin-3-one H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists are disclosed. The search for compounds with improved hERG and DAT selectivity without the formation of in vivo active metabolites identified 6-[4-(1-cyclobutyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyridazin-3-one 17b. Compound 17b met discovery flow criteria, demonstrated potent H(3)R functional antagonism in vivo in the rat dipsogenia model and potent wake activity in the rat EEG/EMG model at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg ip.