Synthesis and antihepatotoxic activity of 5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxane-6-yl)-3-substituted-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives

Diverse Pharmacological Potential of different Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives

The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds has been a topic of research interest. Some five-membered heterocyclic compounds have been the subject of extensive research due to their different types of pharmacological effects. The five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone derivatives have a lot of interest in the fields of medical and agricultural chemistry due to their diverse spectrum of therapeutic activities. Various substituted pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone compounds exhibited diverse pharmacological effects like Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-depressant, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anti-leishmanial, antidiabetic, and antiviral, etc. In recent decades, the synthesis of numerous pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone derivatives by different synthetic methods as well as research into their chemical and biological behavior have become more important. This review focuses on synthetic methods of the pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone derivatives, which have significant biological properties and a variety of applications.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular dynamics studies of oxadiazine derivatives as potential anti-hepatotoxic agents

Generally, herbal medicines having remarkable popularity for treating liver ailments, but they are still unacceptable because of the deprivation of herbal drug standardization. Therefore, there is a need for promising synthetic drugs to overcome the critical liver problem. We introduce 1, 3, 4-oxadiazine ring in this study to identify better anti-hepatotoxic agents via a suitable synthetic route. These oxadiazine-based derivatives were structurally confirmed by analytical and spectral data and evaluated for their anti-hepatotoxic potential. Further, in vitro hepatotoxicity studies have been done to check the toxicity level in the synthesized compound. Compounds 5a, 5b, 5c and 9d were selected for further biological evaluation according to in vitro results. After that, CCl₄-induced animal model was used to evaluate in vivo anti-hepatotoxicity activity. Compound 5a with 52.99%, 59.3%, 79.34% and 5b with 52.16%, 57.65%, 75.10% revealed to be most promising for reduction in level of SGPT, SGOT and ALKP, respectively. Moreover, it was also observed that the compound 5a with 411.01%, 53.39% and 5b with 378.63%, 48.9% level of albumin and total protein were respectively. The induced-fit docking results of the compounds 5a and 5b reveal some essential binding information and exhibited desirable ADME properties, and obeyed Lipinski's rule of five. In addition, molecular dynamics studies for 100 ns further confirm the protein-ligand complex's stability, supporting the in vitro and in vivo data, and help in establishing the SAR of synthesized compounds. Two compounds, 5a and 5 b, exhibited higher anti-hepatotoxic activity than the standard drug silymarin.

Comparison of various synthesis methods and synthesis parameters of pyrazoline derivates

Pyrazoline plays an important role in the development of heterocyclic chemistry theory and is widely used as a synthesis useful in organic synthesis. The structure of the pyrazoline derivative compound contains a 5-membered heterocyclic framework with two nitrogen atoms and one endocyclic double bond. The function of pyrazoline as a fragment was stable enough in the bioactive group to synthesize new compounds with various biological activities. Various methods that could be used for the synthesis of pyrazole derivatives were ultrasonic irradiation, microwave assistance, ionic liquids, grinding techniques, and conventional methods. However, the synthesis of pyrazoline derivatives using conventional methods had many problems, one of which is the product yield, which was <70%. Therefore, this article will discuss the importance of optimizing the synthesis reaction conditions by taking into account several synthesis parameters to get the best organic product results based on conventional methods. A literature search was conducted by employing PubChem, Chemspider Google Scholar, Research Gate, Science Direct, and Elsevier by selecting pyrazoline synthesis based on physicochemical profile, reaction mechanism, and synthesis method.

Substituted Pyrazoles and Their Heteroannulated Analogs-Recent Syntheses and Biological Activities

Pyrazoles are considered privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. Previous reviews have discussed the importance of pyrazoles and their biological activities; however, few have dealt with the chemistry and the biology of heteroannulated derivatives. Therefore, we focused our attention on recent topics, up until 2020, for the synthesis of pyrazoles, their heteroannulated derivatives, and their applications as biologically active moieties. Moreover, we focused on traditional procedures used in the synthesis of pyrazoles.

1,4-Benzodioxane, an evergreen, versatile scaffold in medicinal chemistry: A review of its recent applications in drug design

1,4-Benzodioxane has long been a versatile template widely employed to design molecules endowed with diverse bioactivities. Its use spans the last decades of medicinal chemistry until today concerning many strategies of drug discovery, not excluding the most advanced ones. Here, more than fifty benzodioxane-related lead compounds, selected from recent literature, are presented showing the different approaches with which they have been developed. Agonists and antagonists at neuronal nicotinic, α₁ adrenergic and serotoninergic receptor subtypes and antitumor and antibacterial agents form the most representative classes, but a variety of other biological targets are addressed by benzodioxane-containing compounds.

Assessment of the Antitumor Potentiality of Newly Designed Steroid Derivatives: Pre-Clinical Study

Cancer is recognized as one of the most prevalent contributors to mortality in several nations and it remains one of the common health issues globally. In particular, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a public health problem along with the increase of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) virus infections. Based on this fact, our study goaled to synthesize newly hybrid drugs containing heterocyclic rings incorporated to steroid moiety and to examine the potential antitumor activity of the newly designed heterosteroid derivatives against HCC induced in animal model. Several heterocyclic steroids were synthesized 2-7 and confirmed via the analytical and spectral data (IR, ¹H NMR¹³C NMR and Mass spectroscopy). Compounds 3, 4, and 5 were chosen to be investigated as anticancer agents in HCC rat model by means of validated biomarkers (alfa –fetoprotein, endoglin, lipocali-2 and heat shock protein-70). Following administration of compounds 3, 4 or 5, availability of the active tumor marker molecules was significantly dropped and a substantial decrease of the angiogenic and inflammatory mediators was also evident. These findings were supported by the histological examination of liver tissue. Taken together, this study indicates the potential anticancer activity of the newly synthesized heterosteroid derivatives against HCC in vivo. The antitumor activity of these compounds was likely attributable to modulating some signal transduction pathways involved in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and inflammation.

Design, synthesis and anticancer evaluation of novel pyrazole, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and their glycoside derivatives

The chalcone derivatives 3a,b were cyclized upon reaction with thiourea to give the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives 5a,b. Condensation of 5a,b and their hydrazide derivatives 8a,b with cyclic and acyclic glucose gave the condensed S- and N-glycosides 7a,b and 9a,b, respectively. Reaction of 3b with ethyl cyanoacetate followed by reaction with cyclic glucose afforded a mixture of the O- and/or N-glycoside isomers 12 and 13, respectively. The pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole derivative 14 was also obtained from the reaction of 3b with hydrazine hydrate. A number of the synthesized compounds were screened for their antitumor activity against three different tumor cell lines HEPG2 (liver), HCT116 (colon) and MCF-7 (breast) with a docking study against CDK2.

Review: biologically active pyrazole derivatives

Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives have historically been invaluable as a source of therapeutic agents.

Optimized Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole Based Thiazole Derivatives and their Antimicrobial Evaluation

A series of nitro pyrazole based thiazole derivatives compounds were synthesized by using solid base catalyst. The process was further optimized by setting up the solvent and catalyst ratio. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectra) analysis. Synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against the representative panel of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory action against strains of fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillusclavatus).

Design, synthesis, topoisomerase I & II inhibitory activity, antiproliferative activity, and structure-activity relationship study of pyrazoline derivatives: An ATP-competitive human topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitor

A series of pyrazoline derivatives (5) were synthesized in 92-96% yields from chalcones (3) and hydrazides (4). Subsequently, topo-I and IIα-mediated relaxation and antiproliferative activity assays were evaluated for 5. Among the tested compounds, 5h had a very strong topo-I activity of 97% (Camptothecin, 74%) at concentration of 100 μM. Nevertheless, all the compounds 5a-5i showed significant topo II inhibitory activity in the range of 90-94% (Etoposide, 96%) at the same concentration. Cytotoxic potential of these compounds was tested in a panel of three human tumor cell lines, HCT15, BT474 and T47D. All the compounds showed strong activity against HCT15 cell line with IC50 at the range of 1.9-10.4 μM (Adriamycin, 23.0; Etoposide, 6.9; and Camptothecin, 7.1 μM). Moreover, compounds 5c, 5f and 5i were observed to have strong antiproliferative activity against BT474 cell lines. Since, compound 5d showed antiproliferative activity at a very low IC50 thus 5d was then selected to study on their mode of action with diverse methods of ATP competition assay, ATPase assay and DNA-topo IIα cleavable complex assay and the results revealed that it functioned as a ATP-competitive human topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitor. Further evaluation of endogenous topo-mediated DNA relaxation in cells has been conducted to find that, 5d inhibited endogenous topo-mediated pBR322 plasmid relaxation is more efficient (78.0 ± 4.7% at 50 μM) than Etoposide (36.0 ± 1.7% at 50 μM).

Microwave-Assisted Condensation Reactions of Acetophenone Derivatives and Activated Methylene Compounds with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Boric Acid under Solvent-Free Conditions

We here disclosed a new protocol for the condensation of acetophenone derivatives and active methylene compounds with aldehydes in the presence of boric acid under microwave conditions. Implementation of the reaction is simple, healthy and environmentally friendly owing to the use of a non-toxic catalyst coupled to a solvent-free procedure. A large variety of known or novel compounds have thus been prepared, including with substrates bearing acid or base-sensitive functional groups.

Synthesis, characterisation, and in vitro anticancer activity of curcumin analogues bearing pyrazole/pyrimidine ring targeting EGFR tyrosine kinase

In search of potential therapeutics for cancer, we described herein the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro anticancer activity of a novel series of curcumin analogues. The anticancer effects were evaluated on a panel of 60 cell lines, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) screening protocol. There were 10 tested compounds among 14 synthesized compounds, which showed potent anticancer activity in both one-dose and 5-dose assays. The most active compound of the series was 3,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylstyryl)-1H-pyrazole-1-yl(phenyl)methanone (10) which showed mean growth percent of −28.71 in one-dose assay and GI₅₀ values between 0.0079 and 1.86 µM in 5-dose assay.

Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and optical properties of novel 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline derivatives and the fluorescent sensor for Cu2+

A series of novel 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline derivatives was synthesized by the reaction of chalcone and 5-aryl-2-hydrazinyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole in 43.3-84.7% yields. The structures of compounds were characterized using IR, (1)H NMR and HRMS spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of the compounds were investigated in dichloromethane, toluene, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The results showed that the absorption maxima of the compounds vary from 366 to 370nm depending on the group bound to benzene rings. The maximum emission spectra of the compounds in dichloromethane were dependent on nature of groups in benzene ring. Furthermore, the compound 3b can be used to determine Cu(2+) ion with high selectivity and a low detection limit in the DMF:H2O=1:1 (v/v) solution.

Synthesis, antibacterial and antifungal activity of some new pyrazoline and pyrazole derivatives

A series of 2-pyrazolines 5-9 have been synthesized from α,β-unsaturated ketones 2-4. New 2-pyrazoline derivatives 13-15 bearing benzenesulfonamide moieties were then synthesized by condensing the appropriate chalcones 2-4 with 4-hydrazinyl benzenesulfonamide hydrochloride. Ethyl [1,2,4] triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]-5H-indole-5-ethanoate (26) and 1-(5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b] indol-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one (32) were synthesized from 3-hydrazinyl-5H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indole (24). On the other hand ethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]-5,10-dihydroquinoxaline- 5-ethanoate (27) and 1-(5,10-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]quinoxalin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one (33) were synthesized from 3-hydrazinyl-5,10-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]quinoxaline (25) by reaction with diethyl malonate or ethyl acetoacetate, respectively. Condensation of 6,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole-2-carbaldehyde (1') with compound 24 or 25 afforded the corresponding Schiff's bases 36 and 37, respectively. Reaction of the Schiff's base 37 with benzoyl hydrazine or acetic anhydride afforded benzohydrazide derivative 39 and the cyclized compound 40, respectively. Furthermore, the pyrazole derivatives 42-44 were synthesized by cyclization of hydrazine derivative 25 with the prepared chalcones 2-4. All the newly synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of IR and 1H-NMR spectral data as well as physical data. Antimicrobial activity against the organisms E. coli ATCC8739 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 as examples of Gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus ATCC 6583P as an example of Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans ATCC 2091 as an example of a yeast-like fungus have been studied using the Nutrient Agar (NA) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) diffusion methods. The best performance was found for the compounds 16, 17, 19 and 20.