1
|
Ragshaniya A, Kumar V, Tittal RK, Lal K. Nascent pharmacological advancement in adamantane derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300595. [PMID: 38128028 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The adamantane moiety has attracted significant attention since its discovery in 1933 due to its remarkable structural, chemical, and medicinal properties. This molecule has a notable impact in the therapeutic field because of its "add-on" lipophilicity to any pharmacophoric moieties. As in the case of molecular hybridization, in which one pharmacophore is attached to another one(s) with a probability of increasing the biological activity, adding an adamantane unit improves the absorption distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of the resultant hybrid molecule. This review summarizes various reports highlighting the biological activities of adamantane-based synthetic compounds and their structure-activity relationship study. The information presented in this review may open up possible dimensions for adamantane-based drug development and discovery in the pharmaceutical industry after proper structural modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ragshaniya
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar Tittal
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Kashmiri Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baber MA, Crist CM, Devolve NL, Patrone JD. Tyrosinase Inhibitors: A Perspective. Molecules 2023; 28:5762. [PMID: 37570734 PMCID: PMC10420840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its integral role in the biosynthesis of melanin in all kingdoms of life, tyrosinase has become an extremely important target for inhibition in several sectors of research including agricultural and cosmetic research. Inhibitors of tyrosinase have made it to the market in the cosmetics industry, but their use has been limited due to conflicting efficacy and potential toxicity, which has led to several small molecules being removed from the market. Undaunted, researchers have continued to pursue tyrosinase inhibitors with varying degrees of success. These pursuits have built an impressive and rich library of research. This review is intended to provide a perspective of the past twenty years (2003-2023) of research on tyrosinase inhibitors by highlighting exemplar molecules and developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mason A. Baber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48209, USA;
| | - Cole M. Crist
- Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
| | - Noah L. Devolve
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
| | - James D. Patrone
- Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tivari S, Singh PK, Singh PP, Srivastava V. Visible light-induced photoredox catalyzed C-N coupling of amides with alcohols. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35221-35226. [PMID: 36540212 PMCID: PMC9730743 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated method for the construction of N-monoalkylated products from easily available benzamides and benzyl alcohol in the presence of eosin Y has been developed. The reaction proceeded smoothly, for a wide range of derivatives of benzamides and benzyl alcohols, to give the desired products in good to excellent yields. Biological studies, such as those on drug-likeness and molecular docking, are carried out on the molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Tivari
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj-211002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pravin K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj-211002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Naini Prayagraj-211010 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj-211002 Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmed A, Saeed A, Ali OM, El-Bahy ZM, Channar PA, Khurshid A, Tehzeeb A, Ashraf Z, Raza H, Ul-Hamid A, Hassan M. Exploring Amantadine Derivatives as Urease Inhibitors: Molecular Docking and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237150. [PMID: 34885728 PMCID: PMC8658948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the design and synthesis of a series of novel amantadine-thiourea conjugates (3a–j) as Jack bean urease inhibitors. The synthesized hybrids were assayed for their in vitro urease inhibition. Accordingly, N-(adamantan-1-ylcarbamothioyl)octanamide (3j) possessing a 7-carbon alkyl chain showed excellent activity with IC50 value 0.0085 ± 0.0011 µM indicating that the long alkyl chain plays a vital role in enzyme inhibition. Whilst N-(adamantan-1-ylcarbamothioyl)-2-chlorobenzamide (3g) possessing a 2-chlorophenyl substitution was the next most efficient compound belonging to the aryl series with IC50 value of 0.0087 ± 0.001 µM. The kinetic mechanism analyzed by Lineweaver–Burk plots revealed the non-competitive mode of inhibition for compound 3j. Moreover, in silico molecular docking against target protein (PDBID 4H9M) indicated that most of the synthesized compounds exhibit good binding affinity with protein. The compound 3j forms two hydrogen bonds with amino acid residue VAL391 having a binding distance of 1.858 Å and 2.240 Å. The interaction of 3j with amino acid residue located outside the catalytic site showed its non-competitive mode of inhibition. Based upon these results, it is anticipated that compound 3j may serve as a lead structure for the design of more potent urease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atteeque Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +92-51-9064-2128
| | - Omar M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zeinhom M. El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Asma Khurshid
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (A.A.); (P.A.C.); (A.K.)
| | - Arfa Tehzeeb
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, 56 Gongjudehak-Ro, Gongju 314-701, Chungnam, Korea;
| | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis and Bioactivity of Hydrazide-Hydrazones with the 1-Adamantyl-Carbonyl Moiety. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24214000. [PMID: 31694218 PMCID: PMC6864450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24214000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction of 1-adamantyl carbohydrazide (1) with various substituted benzaldehydes and acetophenones yielded the corresponding hydrazide-hydrazones with a 1-adamantane carbonyl moiety. The new synthesized compounds were tested for activities against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and the fungus Candida albicans. Compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5c displayed potential antibacterial activity against tested Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans, while compounds 4e and 5e possessed cytotoxicity against tested human cancer cell lines.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wolińska E, Hałdys K, Góra J, Olszewski TK, Boduszek B, Latajka R. Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acid Derivatives as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Kinetic Studies and Molecular Docking. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900167. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wolińska
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hałdys
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Jerzy Góra
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tomasz K. Olszewski
- Department of Organic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Bogdan Boduszek
- Department of Organic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał Latajka
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryWrocław University of Science and Technology Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dehghani Z, Khoshneviszadeh M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Ranjbar S. Veratric acid derivatives containing benzylidene-hydrazine moieties as promising tyrosinase inhibitors and free radical scavengers. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2644-2651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Shin HJ, Beak HS, Il Kim S, Joo YH, Choi J. Development and evaluation of topical formulations for a novel skin whitening agent (AP736) using Hansen solubility parameters and PEG-PCL polymers. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:251-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
9
|
Ha JH, Park SN. Mechanism underlying inhibitory effect of six dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers on melanogenesis and the computational molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4201-4208. [PMID: 30030001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCQA), which contain 2 caffeic acids and a quinic acid, is 6 isomeric compounds (1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 3,4-, 3,5-, and 4,5-DCQA). In this study, the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of DCQA isomers on melanogenesis in B16F1 murine melanoma cells stimulated by melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) was evaluated. DCQA isomers showed inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in α-MSH-stimulated B16F1 cells. Furthermore, the anti-melanogenesis activities of 1,5-DCQA and 4,5-DCQA were 61% and 84%, respectively, which were greater than that of arbutin (35%). For cell-free tyrosinase, 3,4-DCQA and 4,5-DCQA indicated high inhibitory effects, similar to the activity to arbutin (35%) at 25 μM. DCQA isomers inhibited the melanogenic enzymes including tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) on α-MSH-stimulated B16F1 cells. Interestingly, 4,5-DCQA, the most potent inhibitor of melanogenesis among the six DCQA isomers, significantly downregulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) containing tyrosinase, and DCT. In particular, the inhibitory mechanism of 4,5-DCQA on MITF expression was elucidated, revealing that 4,5-DCQA inhibits the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) by attenuating cAMP generation during melanogenesis. A molecular docking study was conducted to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of 4,5-DCQA on cAMP production. DCQA isomers dock to the residues of adenylyl cyclase with a distance of <3 Å, except for 1,3-DCQA. Especially, 4,5-DCQA showed Full Fitness of -1304.68 kcal/mol and △G of -8.33 kcal/mol, as well as H-bonding with adenylyl cyclase at ILE953 and LYS930 residues. In conclusion, DCQA isomers have different effects on melanogenesis depending on their structure. Especially, 4,5-DCQA has depigmentation activity through the inhibitory effect on cellular tyrosinase directly and binding effect on adenylyl cyclase, resulting in the downregulation of MITF protein, thereby reducing the expression of melanogenic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Ha
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, College of Energy and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Nam Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, College of Energy and Biotechnology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baek HS, Hwang JA, Bae IH, Kim KH, Joo YH, Kim YJ, Shin HJ, Lee JH, Park YH, Kim JW, Lee CS. AP736 induces miR-125b expression for the efficient whitening and anti-ageing action in human epidermal cells. Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:451-454. [PMID: 27714863 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heung Soo Baek
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Hwang
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Han Kim
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyup Joo
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Ju Shin
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwan Lee
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- Amorepacific CO R&D Center, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yoo JW, Hong YD, Baek HS, Choi SJ, Lee CS, Byoun KH, Rho HS, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Joo YH. Substituted N-Benzylbenzamide: A New Series of Depigmentation Agents with Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Yoo
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Soo Baek
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Choi
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seok Lee
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Byoun
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sik Rho
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwan Lee
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyup Joo
- R & D Center; AmorePacific Corporation; Yongin Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie J, Dong H, Yu Y, Cao S. Inhibitory effect of synthetic aromatic heterocycle thiosemicarbazone derivatives on mushroom tyrosinase: Insights from fluorescence, 1 H NMR titration and molecular docking studies. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Jeong YS, Kim JH, Choi J, Baek HS, Joo YH, Lee CS, Shin HJ, Park YH, Kim BJ, Shin SS. Antimelanogenic activity of a novel adamantyl benzylbenzamide derivative, AP736: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparative clinical trial performed in patients with hyperpigmentation during the summer. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:e321-6. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Su Jeong
- AMOREPACIFIC Corporation R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
- Department of Medicine; Graduate School; Chung-Ang University; Seoul Korea
| | | | - Joonho Choi
- AMOREPACIFIC Corporation R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | | | - Yung Hyup Joo
- AMOREPACIFIC Corporation R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | | | - Hong-Ju Shin
- AMOREPACIFIC Corporation R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Corporation R&D Center; Yongin-si Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Medicine; Graduate School; Chung-Ang University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee CS, Joo YH, Baek HS, Park M, Kim JH, Shin HJ, Park NH, Lee JH, Park YH, Shin SS, Lee HK. Different effects of five depigmentary compounds, rhododendrol, raspberry ketone, monobenzone, rucinol and AP736 on melanogenesis and viability of human epidermal melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:44-9. [PMID: 26440747 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous medications are used to treat hyperpigmentation. However, several reports have indicated that repeated application of some agents, such as rhododendrol (RD), raspberry ketone (RK) and monobenzone (MB), can be toxic to melanocytes. Although these agents had severe side effects in human trials, no current in vitro methods can predict the safety of such drugs. This study assessed the in vitro effects of five depigmentary compounds including leukoderma-inducing agents. In particular, we determined the effects of different concentrations and exposure times of different depigmentary agents on cell viability and melanogenesis in the presence and absence of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Concentrations of RD, RK and MB that inhibit melanogenesis are similar to concentrations that are cytotoxic; however, concentrations of rucinol (RC) and AP736 that inhibit melanogenesis are much lower than concentrations that are cytotoxic. Furthermore, the concentrations that cause toxic effects depend on exposure duration, and prolonged exposure to RD, RK and MB had more cytotoxic effects than prolonged exposure to RC and AP736. The cytotoxic effects of RD and RK appear to be mediated by apoptosis due to increased expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8; UVB radiation increased the cytotoxicity of these agents and also increased caspase activity. Our results indicate that different leukoderma-inducing compounds have different effects on the viability of normal epidermal melanocytes and suggest that the in vitro assay used here can be used to predict whether an investigational compound that induces leukoderma may lead to adverse effects in human trials.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Tyrosinase plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of melanin pigment synthesis on skin utilizing tyrosine as a substrate. Melanin is responsible for the protection against harmful ultraviolet irradiation, which can cause significant pathological conditions, such as skin cancers. However, it can also create esthetic problems when accumulated as hyperpigmented spots. Various skin-whitening ingredients which inhibit tyrosinase activity have been identified. Some of them, especially ones with natural product origins, possess phenolic moiety and have been employed in cosmetic products. Semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have also been developed under inspiration of the natural inhibitors yet some of which have no phenolic groups. In this review, tyrosinase inhibitors with natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origins are listed up with their structures, activities and characteristics. Further, a recent report on the adverse effect of a natural melanin synthesis inhibitor which was included in skin-whitening cosmetics is also briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeul Lee
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Namhuk Baek
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| | - Tae-gyu Nam
- a Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Hanyang University , Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
NF-κB/AP-1-targeted inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses by depigmenting compound AP736 derived from natural 1,3-diphenylpropane skeleton. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:354843. [PMID: 25386046 PMCID: PMC4217328 DOI: 10.1155/2014/354843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AP736 was identified as an antimelanogenic drug that can be used for the prevention of melasma, freckles, and dark spots in skin by acting as a suppressor of melanin synthesis and tyrosinase expression. Since macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are critical for skin health, here we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory activity of AP736. The effects of AP736 on various inflammatory events such as nitric oxide (NO)/prostaglandin (PG) E2 production, inflammatory gene expression, phagocytic uptake, and morphological changes were examined in RAW264.7 cells. AP736 was found to strongly inhibit the production of both NO and PGE2 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AP736 strongly inhibited both LPS-induced morphological changes and FITC-dextran-induced phagocytic uptake. Furthermore, AP736 also downregulated the expression of multiple inflammatory genes, such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2, and interleukin- (IL-) 1β in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Transcription factor analysis, including upstream signalling events, revealed that both NF-κB and AP-1 were targeted by AP736 via inhibition of the IKK/IκBα and IRAK1/TAK1 pathways. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that AP736 is a potential anti-inflammatory drug due to its suppression of NF-κB-IKK/IκBα and AP-1-IRAK1/TAK1 signalling, which may make AP736 useful for the treatment of macrophage-mediated skin inflammation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee CS, Jang WH, Park M, Jung K, Baek HS, Joo YH, Park YH, Lim KM. A novel adamantyl benzylbenzamide derivative, AP736, suppresses melanogenesis through the inhibition of cAMP-PKA-CREB-activated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase expression. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:762-4. [PMID: 24107097 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is essential for the protection of skin against UV, but excessive production of melanin causes unaesthetic hyperpigmentation. Much effort is being made to develop effective depigmenting agents. Here, we found that a tyrosinase inhibitor, AP736 (5-adamantan-1-yl-N-(2,4-dihydroxy-benzyl)-2,4-dimethoxy-benzamide) potently suppresses tyrosinase expression, and the mechanism underlying was elucidated. AP736 attenuated the melanin production induced by diverse melanogenic stimuli in murine and human melanocytes. It suppressed the expression of key melanogenic enzymes; tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 and tyrosinase-related protein-2. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF), a major promoter of melanogenesis was also decreased. AP736 inhibited the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and phosphokinase A (PKA), and cAMP elevation, reflecting that cAMP-PKA-CREB signalling axis was suppressed, resulting in the downregulation of MiTF and tyrosinase. Along with the previously reported tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the suppression of cAMP-PKA-CREB-mediated MiTF and tyrosinase expression by AP736 may be efficient for the treatment for hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mendes E, Perry MDJ, Francisco AP. Design and discovery of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors and their therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:533-54. [PMID: 24708040 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.907789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosinase inhibitors could have a huge importance in medicine, cosmetics and agriculture. Although many tyrosinase inhibitors are available, they have demonstrated only mild efficacy and safety concerns. This has led to the discovery of novel tyrosinase inhibitors that are more safe, potent and efficacious. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an overview of the recent scientific accounts describing the design of new molecules. These compounds belong to different chemical families. The review emphasizes the rationale behind the discovery, the study of structure-activity relationships, the study of the mechanism and kinetic of inhibition and the cellular effect of the inhibitors. The article is based on the literature published from 2007 onward related with the development of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Although a great number of tyrosinase inhibitors have been published in the literature, none, as of yet, have reached the potency and safety requirements needed to enter clinical trials. The emergence of new in vitro and in vivo tests will finally allow the arrival of new compounds that are more potent and safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Mendes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Department of Toxicological and Bromatological Sciences , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa , Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fong P, Tong HHY, Chao CM. In Silico Prediction of Tyrosinase and Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors from Natural Compounds. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many herbal medicines are effective in the treatment of hyperpigmentation, the potency of different constituents remains unknown. In this work, more than 20,000 herbal ingredients from 453 herbs were docked into the crystal structures of adenylyl cyclase and a human homology tyrosinase model using Surflex-Dock. These two enzymes are responsible for melanin production and inhibition of them may attain a skin-whitening effect superior to currently available agents. The essential drug properties for topical formulation of the herbal ingredients, including skin permeability, sensitization, irritation, corrosive and carcinogenic properties were predicted by Dermwin, Skin Sensitization Alerts (SSA), Skin Irritation Corrosion Rules Estimation Tool (SICRET) and Benigni/Bossa rulebase module of Toxtree. Moreover, similarity ensemble and pharmacophore mapping approaches were used to forecast other potential targets for these herbal compounds by the software, SEArch and PharmMapper. Overall, this study predicted seven compounds to have advanced drug-like properties over the well-known effective tyrosinase inhibitors, arbutin and kojic acid. These seven compounds have the highest potential for further in vitro and in vivo investigation with the aim of developing safe and high-efficacy skin-whitening agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fong
- School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Henry H. Y. Tong
- School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Chi M. Chao
- School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hong YD, Baek HS, Cho H, Ahn SM, Rho HS, Park YH, Joo YH, Shin SS. 3D-QSAR study of adamantyl N-benzylbenzamides as melanogenesis inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Song J, Lee HE, Kim YJ, Kim SY, Kim DS, Min KH. Discovery of small molecules that inhibit melanogenesis via regulation of tyrosinase expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6943-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Fong P, Tong HHY. In Silico Prediction of the Cosmetic Whitening Effects of Naturally Occurring Lead Compounds. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200701010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of tyrosinase inhibitors is important, not only for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma, but also for the production of cosmetic whitening effects. The aim of this study was the in silico prediction of the naturally occurring lead compounds in three commonly used skin-whitening herbs: Ampelopsis japonica, Lindera aggregata, and Ginkgo biloba. The active ingredients responsible for the whitening effect of these herbs remain largely unknown. The tyrosinase binding affinities and skin permeation, skin irritancy, and corrosive properties of 43 natural constituents of the three herbs were predicted by docking simulations using Surflex-Dock and the QSAR-based Dermal Permeability Coefficient Program (DERMWINTM) and Skin Irritation Corrosion Rules Estimation Tool (SICRET) implemented in Toxtree. Nine constituents of the three herbs were found to have more advanced binding energies than the gold standard whitening agents, arbutin and kojic acid, but 40 were indicative of at least one skin sensitization alert, and many exhibited poor skin permeability. Linderagalactone c and (+)- n-methyllaurotetanine were found to have the strongest prospects for use in topical formulations, as they achieved high predicted tyrosinase binding scores and displayed good skin permeation properties and minimal potential for skin sensitization and irritation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fong
- School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Henry H. Y. Tong
- School of Health Sciences, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|